Geospatial Analysis of Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Coastal Marine Environment of Beihai, Guangxi During April 2021
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Region
2.2. Sample Collection and Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals and Nutrients (DIN, PO43−) in Surface Seawater
4.2. Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals and Nutrients (DIN, PO43−) in Bottom Seawater
4.3. Comparison with Heavy Metals in Adjacent Coastal Regions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Station | Depth/m | Latitude | Longitude |
---|---|---|---|
C1 | 9 | 21°36.3213′ | 108°40.4959′ |
C2 | 5.8 | 21°32.0214′ | 108°37.8169′ |
C3 | 15.3 | 21°27.1675′ | 108°34.8850′ |
C4 | 20.4 | 21°23.6146′ | 108°31.7859′ |
C5 | 6.7 | 21°34.7318′ | 108°44.6104′ |
C6 | 12.7 | 21°30.1876′ | 108°42.7251′ |
C7 | 14.3 | 21°25.3352′ | 108°39.7912′ |
C8 | 16.3 | 21°21.5483′ | 108°35.9986′ |
C9 | 6.2 | 21°32.9055′ | 108°49.1849′ |
C10 | 11 | 21°28.1258′ | 108°47.3539′ |
C11 | 17.9 | 21°22.4029′ | 108°44.4931′ |
C12 | 20.1 | 21°18.2397′ | 108°40.1305′ |
C13 | 8.3 | 21°30.8257′ | 108°53.6273′ |
C14 | 11.9 | 21°25.6488′ | 108°52.5277′ |
C15 | 19.2 | 21°20.5087′ | 108°49.4039′ |
C16 | 25.3 | 21°14.7417′ | 108°45.7000′ |
C17 | 6.8 | 21°28.4784′ | 108°58.9844′ |
C18 | 10 | 21°23.6137′ | 108°57.6413′ |
C19 | 16.2 | 21°18.1637′ | 108°54.7561′ |
C20 | 25.8 | 21°11.7338′ | 108°51.3855′ |
F14 | 24.2 | 21°10.0274′ | 108°32.2898′ |
F16 | 22.5 | 21°17.1288′ | 108°34.6947′ |
F17 | 27.5 | 21°08.2742′ | 108°37.0892′ |
F19 | 22.5 | 21°14.4520′ | 108°38.7602′ |
F20 | 26 | 21°09.6830′ | 108°43.1785′ |
Station | Layer/m | T | S | NO2− | NO3− | NH4+ | DIN | PO43− |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | Surface (0.5) | 26.8 | 22.6 | 0.0416 | 0.1382 | 0.0323 | 0.2121 | 0.0134 |
C2 | Surface (0.5) | 26.4 | 30 | 0.0351 | 0.1297 | 0.027 | 0.1918 | 0.0145 |
C3 | Surface (0.5) | 26.2 | 31 | 0.0192 | 0.1103 | 0.0286 | 0.1582 | 0.0137 |
C3 | Bottom (13) | 25.5 | 32.9 | 0.0316 | 0.1443 | 0.0193 | 0.1953 | 0.0145 |
C4 | Surface (0.5) | 26.1 | 31.3 | 0.0104 | 0.1123 | 0.0305 | 0.1532 | 0.0132 |
C4 | Bottom (18) | 25.7 | 32 | 0.0279 | 0.1317 | 0.037 | 0.1966 | 0.0141 |
C5 | Surface (0.5) | 25.4 | 29.8 | 0.0362 | 0.1285 | 0.0261 | 0.1908 | 0.0141 |
C6 | Surface (0.5) | 26.8 | 30.3 | 0.0311 | 0.1073 | 0.0357 | 0.1741 | 0.0137 |
C6 | Bottom (10) | 25.9 | 31.3 | 0.0386 | 0.1153 | 0.0364 | 0.1903 | 0.0142 |
C7 | Surface (0.5) | 25.8 | 31.9 | 0.0183 | 0.089 | 0.0236 | 0.1309 | 0.0136 |
C7 | Bottom (12) | 25.7 | 31.7 | 0.0386 | 0.1307 | 0.0261 | 0.1954 | 0.0142 |
C8 | Surface (0.5) | 25.8 | 32.1 | 0.0183 | 0.0717 | 0.0207 | 0.1106 | 0.0115 |
C8 | Bottom (14) | 25.5 | 32.6 | 0.0244 | 0.109 | 0.028 | 0.1614 | 0.014 |
C9 | Surface (0.5) | 26.3 | 31 | 0.0252 | 0.1368 | 0.0312 | 0.1932 | 0.0138 |
C10 | Surface (0.5) | 26.8 | 31.5 | 0.0117 | 0.056 | 0.0143 | 0.082 | 0.0089 |
C10 | Bottom (9) | 25.6 | 32.3 | 0.0143 | 0.0643 | 0.0168 | 0.0955 | 0.0103 |
C11 | Surface (0.5) | 26.1 | 32.2 | 0.0178 | 0.0817 | 0.0216 | 0.1211 | 0.0125 |
C11 | Bottom (15) | 25.4 | 33.1 | 0.0146 | 0.0743 | 0.0198 | 0.1087 | 0.0115 |
C12 | Surface (0.5) | 26 | 32.5 | 0.0152 | 0.067 | 0.0184 | 0.1006 | 0.0108 |
C12 | Bottom (18) | 25.4 | 33.1 | 0.0135 | 0.062 | 0.0161 | 0.0916 | 0.0096 |
C13 | Surface (0.5) | 25.6 | 30.6 | 0.0214 | 0.1321 | 0.0206 | 0.1741 | 0.0144 |
C14 | Surface (0.5) | 26.4 | 32.7 | 0.0142 | 0.075 | 0.0198 | 0.109 | 0.0115 |
C14 | Bottom (10) | 26.3 | 32.7 | 0.0152 | 0.0743 | 0.0209 | 0.1104 | 0.0115 |
C15 | Surface (0.5) | 26.2 | 30.5 | 0.0133 | 0.067 | 0.0186 | 0.0989 | 0.0103 |
C15 | Bottom (17) | 25.6 | 33.9 | 0.0138 | 0.0703 | 0.0209 | 0.105 | 0.0103 |
C16 | Surface (0.5) | 26.3 | 33 | 0.0125 | 0.062 | 0.0186 | 0.0931 | 0.0096 |
C16 | Middle (10) | 26 | 33.3 | 0.0109 | 0.0523 | 0.0134 | 0.0766 | 0.0082 |
C16 | Bottom (23) | 25.6 | 33.9 | 0.0134 | 0.0673 | 0.0175 | 0.0982 | 0.0103 |
C17 | Surface (0.5) | 25.4 | 30.8 | 0.0369 | 0.103 | 0.0301 | 0.17 | 0.0135 |
C18 | Surface (0.5) | 26.8 | 30.5 | 0.0134 | 0.067 | 0.0175 | 0.0979 | 0.0103 |
C18 | Bottom (8) | 25.6 | 32.6 | 0.0142 | 0.075 | 0.0186 | 0.1078 | 0.0115 |
C19 | Surface (0.5) | 26 | 33 | 0.0125 | 0.0587 | 0.0186 | 0.0898 | 0.0096 |
C19 | Bottom (14) | 25.8 | 33.3 | 0.0138 | 0.0607 | 0.0209 | 0.0954 | 0.0103 |
C20 | Surface (0.5) | 25.8 | 32.9 | 0.0087 | 0.0523 | 0.0134 | 0.0744 | 0.0082 |
C20 | Middle (10) | 25.6 | 33.3 | 0.0056 | 0.0277 | 0.007 | 0.0403 | 0.0036 |
C20 | Bottom (23) | 25.4 | 33.7 | 0.0112 | 0.057 | 0.0148 | 0.083 | 0.0089 |
F14 | Surface (0.5) | 26.6 | 33.1 | 0.0147 | 0.0743 | 0.0186 | 0.1077 | 0.0114 |
F14 | Bottom (22) | 26.2 | 33.6 | 0.0161 | 0.0823 | 0.0218 | 0.1203 | 0.0126 |
F16 | Surface (0.5) | 27.2 | 32 | 0.0214 | 0.1107 | 0.0302 | 0.1623 | 0.0145 |
F16 | Bottom (20) | 25.6 | 33.9 | 0.0192 | 0.1003 | 0.0268 | 0.1464 | 0.0132 |
F17 | Surface (0.5) | 26.9 | 33.1 | 0.0162 | 0.0683 | 0.0216 | 0.1061 | 0.0125 |
F17 | Middle (10) | 26.5 | 33.8 | 0.0141 | 0.0713 | 0.0186 | 0.1041 | 0.011 |
F17 | Bottom (25) | 26.3 | 34.1 | 0.0147 | 0.0743 | 0.0195 | 0.1086 | 0.0114 |
F19 | Surface (0.5) | 27.2 | 32.1 | 0.0198 | 0.1037 | 0.0277 | 0.1512 | 0.0117 |
F19 | Bottom (20) | 25.5 | 34.1 | 0.0167 | 0.0857 | 0.023 | 0.1253 | 0.0101 |
F20 | Surface (0.5) | 26.6 | 32.9 | 0.0241 | 0.0873 | 0.0241 | 0.1355 | 0.0138 |
F20 | Middle (10) | 25.9 | 34 | 0.0399 | 0.067 | 0.0173 | 0.1242 | 0.0103W |
F20 | Bottom (24) | 25.9 | 33.8 | 0.0095 | 0.0713 | 0.0186 | 0.0995 | 0.011 |
Station | Layer/m | Cu | Pb | Cd | Zn | Cr | Hg | As |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | Surface (0.5) | 1.57 | 0.95 | 0.104 | 18.64 | 1.32 | 0.0237 | 1.646 |
C2 | Surface (0.5) | 0.96 | 0.56 | 0.063 | 10.88 | 0.88 | 0.0144 | 0.928 |
C3 | Surface (0.5) | — | 0.32 | 0.032 | 6.83 | 0.57 | 0.0086 | 0.682 |
C3 | Bottom (13) | 0.75 | 0.55 | 0.056 | 10.45 | 0.82 | 0.0139 | 0.993 |
C4 | Surface (0.5) | — | 0.31 | 0.038 | 6.98 | — | 0.0086 | 0.58 |
C4 | Bottom (18) | — | 0.48 | 0.056 | 11.97 | 0.81 | 0.0135 | 0.969 |
C5 | Surface (0.5) | 1.52 | 0.96 | 0.104 | 17.13 | 1.38 | 0.0239 | 1.591 |
C6 | Surface (0.5) | — | 0.53 | 0.044 | 10.04 | 0.68 | 0.0114 | 0.823 |
C6 | Bottom (10) | 0.73 | 0.5 | 0.056 | 11.05 | 0.81 | 0.0135 | 0.868 |
C7 | Surface (0.5) | — | 0.56 | 0.028 | 5.77 | — | — | — |
C7 | Bottom (12) | — | 0.43 | 0.044 | 10.25 | 0.68 | 0.0114 | 0.823 |
C8 | Surface (0.5) | — | 0.26 | 0.028 | 5.97 | — | — | — |
C8 | Bottom (14) | — | 0.32 | 0.028 | 7.81 | — | 0.0079 | 0.58 |
C9 | Surface (0.5) | 1.36 | 0.86 | 0.104 | 20.53 | 1.32 | 0.0234 | 1.532 |
C10 | Surface (0.5) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
C10 | Bottom (9) | — | 0.18 | — | — | — | — | — |
C11 | Surface (0.5) | — | 0.22 | 0.028 | 5.83 | — | 0.0061 | — |
C11 | Bottom (15) | — | 0.18 | 0.021 | 4.97 | — | 0.0057 | — |
C12 | Surface (0.5) | — | 0.18 | 0.021 | 6.46 | — | 0.0054 | — |
C12 | Bottom (18) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
C13 | Surface (0.5) | 1.32 | 0.82 | 0.104 | 18.29 | 1.21 | 0.0224 | 1.484 |
C14 | Surface (0.5) | — | 0.21 | 0.028 | 4.99 | — | — | — |
C14 | Bottom (10) | — | 0.24 | 0.028 | 5.4 | — | — | — |
C15 | Surface (0.5) | — | 0.18 | 0.021 | 4.63 | — | — | — |
C15 | Bottom (17) | — | 0.21 | 0.021 | 4.88 | — | — | — |
C16 | Surface (0.5) | — | 0.18 | — | 4.34 | — | — | — |
C16 | Middle (10) | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
C16 | Bottom (23) | — | 0.18 | — | 4.85 | — | — | — |
C17 | Surface (0.5) | 1.44 | 0.86 | 0.088 | 18.14 | 1.18 | 0.0221 | 1.567 |
C18 | Surface (0.5) | — | 0.18 | 0.021 | 4.75 | — | — | — |
C18 | Bottom (8) | — | 0.21 | 0.021 | 4.93 | — | — | — |
C19 | Surface (0.5) | — | 0.18 | 4.31 | — | — | — | |
C19 | Bottom (14) | — | 0.21 | 0.021 | 4.52 | — | — | — |
C20 | Surface (0.5) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
C20 | Middle (10) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.982 |
C20 | Bottom (23) | — | 0.18 | — | 4.31 | — | — | — |
F14 | Surface (0.5) | — | 0.18 | 0.021 | — | — | 0.0056 | 0.422 |
F14 | Bottom (22) | — | 0.21 | 0.021 | 4.4 | — | 0.0061 | 0.456 |
F16 | Surface (0.5) | — | 0.32 | 0.038 | 4.95 | — | 0.0079 | 0.58 |
F16 | Bottom (20) | — | 0.26 | 0.021 | 4.63 | — | 0.0072 | 0.53 |
F17 | Surface (0.5) | — | 0.21 | 0.021 | — | — | 0.0062 | 0.453 |
F17 | Middle (10) | — | 0.18 | 0.021 | — | — | — | 0.411 |
F17 | Bottom (25) | — | 0.18 | 0.021 | — | — | 0.0055 | 0.422 |
F19 | Surface (0.5) | — | 0.26 | 0.038 | 5.45 | — | 0.0074 | 0.544 |
F19 | Bottom (20) | — | 0.21 | 0.021 | 4.95 | — | 0.0063 | 0.47 |
F20 | Surface (0.5) | — | 0.21 | 0.021 | 4.8 | — | 0.0066 | 0.419 |
F20 | Middle (10) | — | — | 0.021 | — | — | — | 0.391 |
F20 | Bottom (24) | — | 0.18 | 0.021 | — | — | — | 0.422 |
Ocean Region | Cu (μg/L) | Pb (μg/L) | Cd (μg/L) | Zn (μg/L) | Cr (μg/L) | Hg (μg/L) | As (μg/L) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beihai coast: north surface | 1.36 ± 0.22 (n = 6) | 0.64 ± 0.27 (n = 11) | 0.07 ± 0.03 (n = 11) | 12.66 ± 5.90 (n = 11) | 1.07 ± 0.31 (n = 8) | 0.02 ± 0.007 (n = 9) | 1.20 ± 0.44 (n = 9) | this study |
Beihai coast: south surface | * | 0.21 ± 0.04 (n = 12) | 0.03 ± 0.007 (n = 10) | 5.05 ± 0.68 (n = 10) | * | 0.006 ± 0.001 (n = 7) | 0.48 ± 0.07 (n = 5) | |
Average surface | 1.36 ± 0.22 (n = 6) | 0.41 ± 0.28 (n = 23) | 0.047 ± 0.032 (n = 23) | 9.034 ± 5.722 (n = 21) | 1.068 ± 0.314 (n = 8) | 0.013 ± 0.008 (n = 16) | 0.947 ± 0.499 (n = 14) | |
Beihai coast: north bottom | 0.74 (n = 2) | 0.46 ± 0.09 (n = 5) | 0.05 ± 0.01 (n = 5) | 10.31 ± 1.55 (n = 5) | 0.78 ± 0.07 (n = 4) | 0.012 ± 0.003 (n = 5) | 0.85 ± 0.17 (n = 5) | |
Beihai coast: south bottom | * | 0.20 ± 0.03 (n = 13) | 0.022 ± 0.002 (n = 10) | 4.78 ± 0.32 (n = 10) | * | 0.006 ± 0.001 (n = 5) | 0.46 ± 0.04 (n = 5) | |
Average bottom | 0.74 (n = 2) | 0.27 ± 0.13 (n = 18) | 0.03 ± 0.02 (n = 15) | 6.63 ± 2.83 (n = 15) | 0.78 ± 0.07 (n = 4) | 0.009 ± 0.004 (n = 10) | 0.65 ± 0.23 (n = 10) | |
Beibu Gulf | 1.06 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 12.12 | 0.65 | 0.08 | 0.62 | [34] |
West Guangdong coastal | 1.91 | 1.81 | 0.09 | 11.86 | 1.27 | — | 1.86 | [48] |
Global average | 1.68 | 0.079 | 0.08 | 0.6 | — | — | 0.62 | [49] |
Grade I | 5 | 1 | 1 | 20 | 50 | 0.05 | 20 | GB 3097- 1997 * |
Grade II | 10 | 5 | 5 | 50 | 100 | 0.2 | 30 |
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Chaolu; Miao, B.; Qian, N. Geospatial Analysis of Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Coastal Marine Environment of Beihai, Guangxi During April 2021. Coasts 2025, 5, 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/coasts5030027
Chaolu, Miao B, Qian N. Geospatial Analysis of Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Coastal Marine Environment of Beihai, Guangxi During April 2021. Coasts. 2025; 5(3):27. https://doi.org/10.3390/coasts5030027
Chicago/Turabian StyleChaolu, Bo Miao, and Na Qian. 2025. "Geospatial Analysis of Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Coastal Marine Environment of Beihai, Guangxi During April 2021" Coasts 5, no. 3: 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/coasts5030027
APA StyleChaolu, Miao, B., & Qian, N. (2025). Geospatial Analysis of Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Coastal Marine Environment of Beihai, Guangxi During April 2021. Coasts, 5(3), 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/coasts5030027