Insights into the Function of Regulatory RNAs in Bacteria and Archaea

Soltani-Fard, Elahe; Taghvimi, Sina; Abedi Kichi, Zahra; Weber, Christian; Shabaninejad, Zahra; Taheri-Anganeh, Mortaza; Hossein Khatami, Seyyed; Mousavi, Pegah; Movahedpour, Ahmad; Natarelli, Lucia

doi:10.3390/ijtm1030024

Open AccessReview

Insights into the Function of Regulatory RNAs in Bacteria and Archaea

by

Elahe Soltani-Fard

^1,†,

Sina Taghvimi

^2,†,

Zahra Abedi Kichi

^3,4,†

,

Christian Weber

³,

Zahra Shabaninejad

⁵,

Mortaza Taheri-Anganeh

⁶,

Seyyed Hossein Khatami

⁷,

Pegah Mousavi

⁸,

Ahmad Movahedpour

^6,* and

Lucia Natarelli

^3,*

¹

Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord 8815713471, Iran

²

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 6135743135, Iran

³

Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximillians University, 80336 Munich, Germany

⁴

Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-154, Iran

⁵

Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-154, Iran

⁶

Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345-1583, Iran

⁷

Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran

⁸

Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas 7919693116, Iran

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

Authors equally contribute at the manuscript.

Int. J. Transl. Med. 2021, 1(3), 403-423; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtm1030024

Submission received: 22 October 2021 / Revised: 7 December 2021 / Accepted: 14 December 2021 / Published: 16 December 2021

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Translational Aspects of Infectious Diseases: From Bench to Bedside)

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Abstract

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are functional RNA molecules that comprise about 80% of both mammals and prokaryotes genomes. Recent studies have identified a large number of small regulatory RNAs in Escherichia coli and other bacteria. In prokaryotes, RNA regulators are a diverse group of molecules that modulate a wide range of physiological responses through a variety of mechanisms. Similar to eukaryotes, bacterial microRNAs are an important class of ncRNAs that play an important role in the development and secretion of proteins and in the regulation of gene expression. Similarly, riboswitches are cis-regulatory structured RNA elements capable of directly controlling the expression of downstream genes in response to small molecule ligands. As a result, riboswitches detect and respond to the availability of various metabolic changes within cells. The most extensive and most widely studied set of small RNA regulators act through base pairing with RNAs. These types of RNAs are vital for prokaryotic life, activating or suppressing important physiological processes by modifying transcription or translation. The majority of these small RNAs control responses to changes in environmental conditions. Finally, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) RNAs, a newly discovered RNA regulator group, contains short regions of homology to bacteriophage and plasmid sequences that bacteria use to splice phage DNA as a defense mechanism. The detailed mechanism is still unknown but devoted to target homologous foreign DNAs. Here, we review the known mechanisms and roles of non-coding regulatory RNAs, with particular attention to riboswitches and their functions, briefly introducing translational applications of CRISPR RNAs in mammals.

Keywords: non-coding RNA (ncRNA); microRNA; riboswitches; CRISPR; regulatory RNA

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MDPI and ACS Style

Soltani-Fard, E.; Taghvimi, S.; Abedi Kichi, Z.; Weber, C.; Shabaninejad, Z.; Taheri-Anganeh, M.; Hossein Khatami, S.; Mousavi, P.; Movahedpour, A.; Natarelli, L. Insights into the Function of Regulatory RNAs in Bacteria and Archaea. Int. J. Transl. Med. 2021, 1, 403-423. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtm1030024

AMA Style

Soltani-Fard E, Taghvimi S, Abedi Kichi Z, Weber C, Shabaninejad Z, Taheri-Anganeh M, Hossein Khatami S, Mousavi P, Movahedpour A, Natarelli L. Insights into the Function of Regulatory RNAs in Bacteria and Archaea. International Journal of Translational Medicine. 2021; 1(3):403-423. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtm1030024

Chicago/Turabian Style

Soltani-Fard, Elahe, Sina Taghvimi, Zahra Abedi Kichi, Christian Weber, Zahra Shabaninejad, Mortaza Taheri-Anganeh, Seyyed Hossein Khatami, Pegah Mousavi, Ahmad Movahedpour, and Lucia Natarelli. 2021. "Insights into the Function of Regulatory RNAs in Bacteria and Archaea" International Journal of Translational Medicine 1, no. 3: 403-423. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtm1030024

APA Style

Soltani-Fard, E., Taghvimi, S., Abedi Kichi, Z., Weber, C., Shabaninejad, Z., Taheri-Anganeh, M., Hossein Khatami, S., Mousavi, P., Movahedpour, A., & Natarelli, L. (2021). Insights into the Function of Regulatory RNAs in Bacteria and Archaea. International Journal of Translational Medicine, 1(3), 403-423. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtm1030024

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Insights into the Function of Regulatory RNAs in Bacteria and Archaea

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