The Impact of Micro-Nanoplastics on Mitochondria in the Context of Diet and Diet-Related Diseases

Pollution by emerging contaminants, such as micro-nanoplastics, alongside the exponential prevalence of diet-related diseases like obesity and type 2 diabetes, poses significant concerns for modern societies. There is an urgent need to explore the synergistic effects of these two factors, as unhealthy lifestyles may increase disease susceptibility and amplify the harmful impacts of pollutants on human health. Mitochondria play a crucial role in both micro-nanoplastic-induced toxicity and in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes. This makes them a potential target for assessing the combined effects of micro-nanoplastic exposure and poor dietary habits. To address this issue, we conducted a review of the latest investigations evaluating the effects of micro-nanoplastics in the presence of unhealthy diets. Although the evidence is limited, the reviewed studies indicate that these particles may exacerbate common metabolic disturbances associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes: elevated fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Some studies have identified mitochondrial dysfunction as a potential underlying mechanism driving these effects. Thus, mitochondria appear to be a key link between micro-nanoplastic exposure and diet-related diseases. Assessing the function of this organelle may allow a more fitted risk assessment of the potential impacts of micro-nanoplastics.