Stresses Latest open access articles published in Stresses at https://www.mdpi.com/journal/stresses https://www.mdpi.com/journal/stresses MDPI en Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) MDPI support@mdpi.com Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 27: Leaf Anatomical Traits as Candidate Biomarkers for Salt Tolerance Screening in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) ‘Tubtim Chumphae’ Identified by Discriminant Analysis https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/27 Rice cultivation faces major environmental challenges due to climate change, particularly soil salinity, which limits plant growth and productivity. Salt tolerance in rice is typically evaluated using physiological and biochemical traits, whereas leaf anatomical traits combined with advanced statistical analyses remain underexplored. This study investigated leaf anatomical characteristics of the rice cultivar Tubtim Chumphae at the seedling stage under different salinity levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM NaCl). Seedlings were cultivated in a soil-based pot system for 42 days prior to treatment, and salinity stress was applied for 4 weeks. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and multivariate approaches, including Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC) and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). The results revealed that several anatomical traits significantly varied with salinity, including vertical epidermal cell size of long cells (Epi-VL-LC), major vascular bundle size in the lamina (MVB-la-HL), major vascular bundle size in the midrib (MVB-mid-HL and MVB-mid-VL), as well as stomatal size (St-HL and St-VL) and stomatal density (StD) (p < 0.01). DAPC effectively distinguished salinity levels based on leaf anatomical traits, and the PLS-DA results further supported the robustness of the classification. Epidermal cell size, cell wall and cuticle thickness, stomatal traits, and vascular bundle dimensions were identified as key candidate anatomical biomarkers of salt tolerance. S75 (75 mM NaCl treatment) was suitable as a screening level and S100 (100 mM NaCl treatment) as a confirmation level. The findings provide a useful reference for evaluating salt tolerance in this rice cultivar and may be integrated with morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits to support future rice breeding programs. These findings provide a reference for evaluating salt tolerance in this cultivar and may complement morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits in future rice breeding programs. 2026-05-10 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 27: Leaf Anatomical Traits as Candidate Biomarkers for Salt Tolerance Screening in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) ‘Tubtim Chumphae’ Identified by Discriminant Analysis

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6020027

Authors: Chaichan Maneerattanarungroj Narisa Kunpratum Ploinapat Mahatthanaphatcharakun Worasitikulya Taratima

Rice cultivation faces major environmental challenges due to climate change, particularly soil salinity, which limits plant growth and productivity. Salt tolerance in rice is typically evaluated using physiological and biochemical traits, whereas leaf anatomical traits combined with advanced statistical analyses remain underexplored. This study investigated leaf anatomical characteristics of the rice cultivar Tubtim Chumphae at the seedling stage under different salinity levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM NaCl). Seedlings were cultivated in a soil-based pot system for 42 days prior to treatment, and salinity stress was applied for 4 weeks. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and multivariate approaches, including Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC) and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). The results revealed that several anatomical traits significantly varied with salinity, including vertical epidermal cell size of long cells (Epi-VL-LC), major vascular bundle size in the lamina (MVB-la-HL), major vascular bundle size in the midrib (MVB-mid-HL and MVB-mid-VL), as well as stomatal size (St-HL and St-VL) and stomatal density (StD) (p < 0.01). DAPC effectively distinguished salinity levels based on leaf anatomical traits, and the PLS-DA results further supported the robustness of the classification. Epidermal cell size, cell wall and cuticle thickness, stomatal traits, and vascular bundle dimensions were identified as key candidate anatomical biomarkers of salt tolerance. S75 (75 mM NaCl treatment) was suitable as a screening level and S100 (100 mM NaCl treatment) as a confirmation level. The findings provide a useful reference for evaluating salt tolerance in this rice cultivar and may be integrated with morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits to support future rice breeding programs. These findings provide a reference for evaluating salt tolerance in this cultivar and may complement morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits in future rice breeding programs.

]]> Leaf Anatomical Traits as Candidate Biomarkers for Salt Tolerance Screening in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) ‘Tubtim Chumphae’ Identified by Discriminant Analysis Chaichan Maneerattanarungroj Narisa Kunpratum Ploinapat Mahatthanaphatcharakun Worasitikulya Taratima doi: 10.3390/stresses6020027 Stresses 2026-05-10 Stresses 2026-05-10 6 2 Article 27 10.3390/stresses6020027 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/27 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 26: Salicylate Hydroxylase Transgene Affects Protein Content, Nitration, and Waterlogging-Induced Senescence in Tobacco https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/26 The role of endogenous salicylic acid (SA), a major signaling molecule, was addressed in relation to the waterlogging (WL) stress response, including redox homeostasis and senescence. Wild-type and salicylate hydroxylase-expressing (NahG) tobacco plants were studied to reveal the stress-related effects of the transgene, which is known to deplete the endogenous SA pool. In control conditions, SA levels of the top leaves of NahG plants were moderately lower than those of wild-type, while SA was considerably reduced in the bottom leaves. WL conditions triggered a rise in H2O2 concentrations in young leaves, which was exaggerated in NahG plants, pointing to a mitigating effect of SA against the stress-associated oxidative burden. The NahG transgenic leaves displayed lower protein levels than their wild-type counterparts, indicating a role of SA in protein retention. In non-stressed NahG plants, young (top) leaves showed an increased level of protein nitration. WL treatment triggered decreased protein contents in the leaves of both genotypes. This coincided with the high H2O2 content of old leaves exceeding that of young leaves in most cases. The expression of the senescence marker gene Cysteine protease 1 was upregulated in WL-stressed bottom leaves. According to this marker, senescence progressed faster in NahG leaves. Links between SA, protein nitration, and leaf senescence were discussed. Additionally, a stimulating effect of the NahG transgene was confirmed on adventitious roots (AR) formation, which may have helped root functions and thus probably contributed to maintaining the growth of the WL-stressed plants. Our results have implications for how endogenous SA levels influence plants in a WL stress situation. According to our findings, the depletion of SA may trigger protein loss and tyrosine nitration, but at the same time accelerates AR formation in WL-stressed tobacco. 2026-05-08 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 26: Salicylate Hydroxylase Transgene Affects Protein Content, Nitration, and Waterlogging-Induced Senescence in Tobacco

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6020026

Authors: Henriett Kolozs Neda Hesari Gabriella Szalai Lóránt Király Erzsébet Kiss-Bába Melinda Kánya Angole Yubu István Papp Anita Szegő

The role of endogenous salicylic acid (SA), a major signaling molecule, was addressed in relation to the waterlogging (WL) stress response, including redox homeostasis and senescence. Wild-type and salicylate hydroxylase-expressing (NahG) tobacco plants were studied to reveal the stress-related effects of the transgene, which is known to deplete the endogenous SA pool. In control conditions, SA levels of the top leaves of NahG plants were moderately lower than those of wild-type, while SA was considerably reduced in the bottom leaves. WL conditions triggered a rise in H2O2 concentrations in young leaves, which was exaggerated in NahG plants, pointing to a mitigating effect of SA against the stress-associated oxidative burden. The NahG transgenic leaves displayed lower protein levels than their wild-type counterparts, indicating a role of SA in protein retention. In non-stressed NahG plants, young (top) leaves showed an increased level of protein nitration. WL treatment triggered decreased protein contents in the leaves of both genotypes. This coincided with the high H2O2 content of old leaves exceeding that of young leaves in most cases. The expression of the senescence marker gene Cysteine protease 1 was upregulated in WL-stressed bottom leaves. According to this marker, senescence progressed faster in NahG leaves. Links between SA, protein nitration, and leaf senescence were discussed. Additionally, a stimulating effect of the NahG transgene was confirmed on adventitious roots (AR) formation, which may have helped root functions and thus probably contributed to maintaining the growth of the WL-stressed plants. Our results have implications for how endogenous SA levels influence plants in a WL stress situation. According to our findings, the depletion of SA may trigger protein loss and tyrosine nitration, but at the same time accelerates AR formation in WL-stressed tobacco.

]]> Salicylate Hydroxylase Transgene Affects Protein Content, Nitration, and Waterlogging-Induced Senescence in Tobacco Henriett Kolozs Neda Hesari Gabriella Szalai Lóránt Király Erzsébet Kiss-Bába Melinda Kánya Angole Yubu István Papp Anita Szegő doi: 10.3390/stresses6020026 Stresses 2026-05-08 Stresses 2026-05-08 6 2 Article 26 10.3390/stresses6020026 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/26 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 25: The Crisis of Forest Methane Absorption Capacity Due to Increased Anaerobic Stress in High-CO2 Environments: Mitigation Measures https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/25 Methane (CH4) is the second most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide (CO2), and its atmospheric concentration is on the rise. Soil CH4 consumption (=absorption) capacity is declining due to reduced forests and green spaces, as well as other environmental factors and anaerobic stresses. Environmental and stand structure parameters were cross-referenced with publicly available international ecosystem databases, such as FLUXNET, ICOS, NEON, AmeriFlux, the TRY plant trait database and the Oak Ridge FACE site. Searches were conducted using keywords such as region, water level, and stand density. The data indicate that under high-CO2 conditions, the increase of forest canopy density leads to increased litter accumulation on the forest floor and reduced sunlight penetration, creating anaerobic conditions. This can cause forests to shift from CH4 consumption to CH4 release. Based on these findings, we discussed methods to maintain and enhance the CH4-absorbing capacity of forest soils. This can be achieved through management practices that improve environmental conditions and increase soil fauna’s activity, such as those associated with thinning operations in overmature forest stands across various regions. This ecological manipulation through thinning practices promotes ground-level temperature increases and the activities of soil fauna, as well as maintaining aerobic conditions near the soil surface. 2026-05-03 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 25: The Crisis of Forest Methane Absorption Capacity Due to Increased Anaerobic Stress in High-CO2 Environments: Mitigation Measures

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6020025

Authors: Satoshi Kitaoka Hiyori Namie Toshihiro Watanabe Takayoshi Koike

Methane (CH4) is the second most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide (CO2), and its atmospheric concentration is on the rise. Soil CH4 consumption (=absorption) capacity is declining due to reduced forests and green spaces, as well as other environmental factors and anaerobic stresses. Environmental and stand structure parameters were cross-referenced with publicly available international ecosystem databases, such as FLUXNET, ICOS, NEON, AmeriFlux, the TRY plant trait database and the Oak Ridge FACE site. Searches were conducted using keywords such as region, water level, and stand density. The data indicate that under high-CO2 conditions, the increase of forest canopy density leads to increased litter accumulation on the forest floor and reduced sunlight penetration, creating anaerobic conditions. This can cause forests to shift from CH4 consumption to CH4 release. Based on these findings, we discussed methods to maintain and enhance the CH4-absorbing capacity of forest soils. This can be achieved through management practices that improve environmental conditions and increase soil fauna’s activity, such as those associated with thinning operations in overmature forest stands across various regions. This ecological manipulation through thinning practices promotes ground-level temperature increases and the activities of soil fauna, as well as maintaining aerobic conditions near the soil surface.

]]> The Crisis of Forest Methane Absorption Capacity Due to Increased Anaerobic Stress in High-CO2 Environments: Mitigation Measures Satoshi Kitaoka Hiyori Namie Toshihiro Watanabe Takayoshi Koike doi: 10.3390/stresses6020025 Stresses 2026-05-03 Stresses 2026-05-03 6 2 Review 25 10.3390/stresses6020025 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/25 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 24: NF-κB-Associated Redox Signaling and Intrinsic Apoptotic Activation in Polystyrene Nanoplastic–Induced Testicular Toxicity and Modulatory Effects of Nelumbo nucifera https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/24 Polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) are emerging environmental contaminants increasingly linked to male reproductive toxicity; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying testicular damage remain unclear. This study evaluated PS-NP-associated testicular damage in rats after 55 days of exposure and assessed the modulatory effects of Nelumbo nucifera leaf, flower, and rhizome extracts, with quercetin as a reference. PS-NP exposure reduced spermatogenic cell populations, testicular, epididymal weights, and sperm motility. These changes were accompanied by increased NOX4 and NF-κB expression, upregulation of intrinsic apoptosis-related genes (Tp53, Bax, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3), elevated caspase-3 and caspase-9 protein levels, and enhanced cleaved caspase-3 immunoreactivity. In contrast, Fas and Caspase-8 were downregulated, confirming intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis. PS-NP exposure also altered reproductive hormone receptor expression (LHr, FSHr, and AR) and dysregulated chromatin-regulatory genes, with increased Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Ehmt2 (G9a) and decreased Hdac1 and Ep300. Co-administration of N. nucifera attenuated most of these alterations, with the rhizome extract exhibiting the most pronounced protective effect. GO and PPI network analyses suggested functional connectivity among stress-responsive, apoptotic, and chromatin-modifying proteins. Docking simulations indicated phytochemical-apoptosis-related protein interactions. PS-NPs may impair testicular homeostasis through coordinated stress, apoptosis, endocrine disturbance, and epigenetic dysregulation, with possible relevance to male reproductive health, while N. nucifera shows promise as a protective modulator. 2026-05-02 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 24: NF-κB-Associated Redox Signaling and Intrinsic Apoptotic Activation in Polystyrene Nanoplastic–Induced Testicular Toxicity and Modulatory Effects of Nelumbo nucifera

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6020024

Authors: Putri Ayu Ika Setiyowati Febriyansyah Saputra Aulia Umi Rohmatika Farah Annisa Nurbani Mochammad Aqilah Herdiansyah Vuanghao Lim Alfiah Hayati

Polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) are emerging environmental contaminants increasingly linked to male reproductive toxicity; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying testicular damage remain unclear. This study evaluated PS-NP-associated testicular damage in rats after 55 days of exposure and assessed the modulatory effects of Nelumbo nucifera leaf, flower, and rhizome extracts, with quercetin as a reference. PS-NP exposure reduced spermatogenic cell populations, testicular, epididymal weights, and sperm motility. These changes were accompanied by increased NOX4 and NF-κB expression, upregulation of intrinsic apoptosis-related genes (Tp53, Bax, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3), elevated caspase-3 and caspase-9 protein levels, and enhanced cleaved caspase-3 immunoreactivity. In contrast, Fas and Caspase-8 were downregulated, confirming intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis. PS-NP exposure also altered reproductive hormone receptor expression (LHr, FSHr, and AR) and dysregulated chromatin-regulatory genes, with increased Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Ehmt2 (G9a) and decreased Hdac1 and Ep300. Co-administration of N. nucifera attenuated most of these alterations, with the rhizome extract exhibiting the most pronounced protective effect. GO and PPI network analyses suggested functional connectivity among stress-responsive, apoptotic, and chromatin-modifying proteins. Docking simulations indicated phytochemical-apoptosis-related protein interactions. PS-NPs may impair testicular homeostasis through coordinated stress, apoptosis, endocrine disturbance, and epigenetic dysregulation, with possible relevance to male reproductive health, while N. nucifera shows promise as a protective modulator.

]]> NF-κB-Associated Redox Signaling and Intrinsic Apoptotic Activation in Polystyrene Nanoplastic–Induced Testicular Toxicity and Modulatory Effects of Nelumbo nucifera Putri Ayu Ika Setiyowati Febriyansyah Saputra Aulia Umi Rohmatika Farah Annisa Nurbani Mochammad Aqilah Herdiansyah Vuanghao Lim Alfiah Hayati doi: 10.3390/stresses6020024 Stresses 2026-05-02 Stresses 2026-05-02 6 2 Article 24 10.3390/stresses6020024 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/24 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 23: Reactive Oxygen and Carbonyl Species: Dual Regulators of Abiotic Stress Signaling and Tolerance in Plants https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/23 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are integral components of plant signaling networks that mediate interactions between plants and their environment, thereby regulating diverse physiological and biochemical processes. While controlled ROS production is essential for stress perception and signal transduction, excessive ROS accumulation induces oxidative damage. ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids leads to the formation of highly electrophilic α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds collectively referred to as reactive carbonyl species (RCS). Under severe abiotic stress conditions, excessive RCS accumulation exerts cytotoxic effects and causes widespread cellular dysfunction. In contrast, at subtoxic levels, RCS function as important secondary messengers that modulate stress-responsive signaling pathways, including programmed cell death, stomatal regulation, and adaptive responses to abiotic stresses. This review critically synthesizes current advances in understanding the dual roles of ROS and RCS as both damaging agents and signaling molecules in plants. Particular emphasis is placed on the mechanistic basis of ROS-RCS crosstalk and their interactions in abiotic stress tolerance. Furthermore, this review highlights emerging research gaps and outlines future perspectives aimed at translating redox signaling insights into strategies for improving plant stress resilience under changing environmental conditions. 2026-04-30 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 23: Reactive Oxygen and Carbonyl Species: Dual Regulators of Abiotic Stress Signaling and Tolerance in Plants

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6020023

Authors: Mohammad Saidur Rhaman Shams Ur Rehman Israt Jahan Bir Jahangir Shirazy Jotirmoy Chakrobortty Md. Asadulla Al Galib Rojina Akter Sumaiya Farzana Yanjie Xie

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are integral components of plant signaling networks that mediate interactions between plants and their environment, thereby regulating diverse physiological and biochemical processes. While controlled ROS production is essential for stress perception and signal transduction, excessive ROS accumulation induces oxidative damage. ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids leads to the formation of highly electrophilic α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds collectively referred to as reactive carbonyl species (RCS). Under severe abiotic stress conditions, excessive RCS accumulation exerts cytotoxic effects and causes widespread cellular dysfunction. In contrast, at subtoxic levels, RCS function as important secondary messengers that modulate stress-responsive signaling pathways, including programmed cell death, stomatal regulation, and adaptive responses to abiotic stresses. This review critically synthesizes current advances in understanding the dual roles of ROS and RCS as both damaging agents and signaling molecules in plants. Particular emphasis is placed on the mechanistic basis of ROS-RCS crosstalk and their interactions in abiotic stress tolerance. Furthermore, this review highlights emerging research gaps and outlines future perspectives aimed at translating redox signaling insights into strategies for improving plant stress resilience under changing environmental conditions.

]]> Reactive Oxygen and Carbonyl Species: Dual Regulators of Abiotic Stress Signaling and Tolerance in Plants Mohammad Saidur Rhaman Shams Ur Rehman Israt Jahan Bir Jahangir Shirazy Jotirmoy Chakrobortty Md. Asadulla Al Galib Rojina Akter Sumaiya Farzana Yanjie Xie doi: 10.3390/stresses6020023 Stresses 2026-04-30 Stresses 2026-04-30 6 2 Review 23 10.3390/stresses6020023 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/23 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 22: Oleanolic Acid in Organelle Stress: Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Autophagy, and Apoptosis https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/22 Oleanolic acid (OA) is a hydrophobic pentacyclic triterpene widely distributed in the plant kingdom and characterized by broad biological activity, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, renoprotective, and anticancer effects. Increasing evidence suggests, however, that many of these actions are better explained not by single molecular targets, but by OA-dependent modulation of an integrated organelle stress network involving mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), autophagy, mitophagy, and apoptosis. This review critically analyzes the available evidence on the effects of OA on the mitochondria–ER–autophagy–apoptosis axis, with particular emphasis on mechanisms governing the transition between cellular adaptation and cell death. The available literature indicates that, in non-cancer models, OA most commonly lowers reactive oxygen species (ROS), stabilizes mitochondrial function, attenuates the ER stress signature, and promotes adaptive autophagy and mitophagy. In contrast, in many cancer models, OA may enhance mitochondrial dysfunction, lower the threshold for mitochondrial apoptosis, and induce autophagy that can be either protective or cytotoxic depending on the biological context. Overall, the current evidence supports a model in which OA acts as a context-dependent modulator of the organelle stress threshold, shifting the balance of an integrated mitochondria–ER–autophagy–apoptosis network rather than functioning as a uniformly cytoprotective or uniformly proapoptotic compound. At the same time, the literature remains heterogeneous with respect to models, doses, exposure times, and markers used, while poor aqueous solubility and limited bioavailability continue to constrain translation. Future studies should therefore integrate analyses of mitochondria, ER, mitochondria–ER contact sites (MERCS), autophagy, apoptosis, pharmacokinetics, formulation, and safety in order to define the true potential of OA as a modulator of biological stress. 2026-04-16 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 22: Oleanolic Acid in Organelle Stress: Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Autophagy, and Apoptosis

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6020022

Authors: Andrzej Günther Barbara Bednarczyk-Cwynar

Oleanolic acid (OA) is a hydrophobic pentacyclic triterpene widely distributed in the plant kingdom and characterized by broad biological activity, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, renoprotective, and anticancer effects. Increasing evidence suggests, however, that many of these actions are better explained not by single molecular targets, but by OA-dependent modulation of an integrated organelle stress network involving mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), autophagy, mitophagy, and apoptosis. This review critically analyzes the available evidence on the effects of OA on the mitochondria–ER–autophagy–apoptosis axis, with particular emphasis on mechanisms governing the transition between cellular adaptation and cell death. The available literature indicates that, in non-cancer models, OA most commonly lowers reactive oxygen species (ROS), stabilizes mitochondrial function, attenuates the ER stress signature, and promotes adaptive autophagy and mitophagy. In contrast, in many cancer models, OA may enhance mitochondrial dysfunction, lower the threshold for mitochondrial apoptosis, and induce autophagy that can be either protective or cytotoxic depending on the biological context. Overall, the current evidence supports a model in which OA acts as a context-dependent modulator of the organelle stress threshold, shifting the balance of an integrated mitochondria–ER–autophagy–apoptosis network rather than functioning as a uniformly cytoprotective or uniformly proapoptotic compound. At the same time, the literature remains heterogeneous with respect to models, doses, exposure times, and markers used, while poor aqueous solubility and limited bioavailability continue to constrain translation. Future studies should therefore integrate analyses of mitochondria, ER, mitochondria–ER contact sites (MERCS), autophagy, apoptosis, pharmacokinetics, formulation, and safety in order to define the true potential of OA as a modulator of biological stress.

]]> Oleanolic Acid in Organelle Stress: Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Autophagy, and Apoptosis Andrzej Günther Barbara Bednarczyk-Cwynar doi: 10.3390/stresses6020022 Stresses 2026-04-16 Stresses 2026-04-16 6 2 Review 22 10.3390/stresses6020022 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/22 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 21: Dual-Mechanism Induced by 24-Epibrassinolide Synergistically Improves Anatomical Structures and the Antioxidant Defense System in Soybean Plants Under Cadmium Excess https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/21 Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in plant tissues causes several damages, including disturbances in anatomical structures, negative impacts on photochemical reactions, and reducing the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus. 24-Epibrassinolide (EBR) is a plant steroid that regulates multiple physiological and biochemical processes to counteract the harmful effects of metal stress. The aim of this research was to investigate whether exogenous EBR application affects leaf and root anatomical structures, including stomatal responses, redox-metabolism-related biochemical responses intrinsically related to photosynthetic apparatus, and nutritional status in soybean plants under Cd excess. The experiment was randomized with four treatments: two cadmium concentrations (0 and 500 µM Cd, described as −Cd and +Cd, respectively) and two EBR levels (0 and 100 nM EBR, described as −EBR and +EBR, respectively). Results demonstrated that EBR positively regulated root and leaf structures and stomatal performance, with significant increases in epidermis and cortex (root) and benefits for spongy parenchyma and stomatal density (leaf), clearly protecting the photosynthetic apparatus against Cd excess. Simultaneously, this steroid mitigated Cd-induced oxidative stress by stimulating the activities of superoxide dismutase (25%), catalase (28%), ascorbate peroxidase (30%) and peroxidase (48%), while simultaneously reducing the content of oxidative compounds, including superoxide (16%), hydrogen peroxide (8%), malondialdehyde (12%) and electrolyte leakage (14%). The dual mechanism modulated by EBR protected anatomical structures and stimulated antioxidant defense. Therefore, the results prove that exogenous EBR application effectively attenuates the adverse effects of Cd excess in soybean plants. 2026-04-15 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 21: Dual-Mechanism Induced by 24-Epibrassinolide Synergistically Improves Anatomical Structures and the Antioxidant Defense System in Soybean Plants Under Cadmium Excess

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6020021

Authors: Andreza Sousa Carmo Ivan Becari Viana Caroline Cristine Augusto Bruno Lemos Batista Allan Klynger da Silva Lobato

Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in plant tissues causes several damages, including disturbances in anatomical structures, negative impacts on photochemical reactions, and reducing the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus. 24-Epibrassinolide (EBR) is a plant steroid that regulates multiple physiological and biochemical processes to counteract the harmful effects of metal stress. The aim of this research was to investigate whether exogenous EBR application affects leaf and root anatomical structures, including stomatal responses, redox-metabolism-related biochemical responses intrinsically related to photosynthetic apparatus, and nutritional status in soybean plants under Cd excess. The experiment was randomized with four treatments: two cadmium concentrations (0 and 500 µM Cd, described as −Cd and +Cd, respectively) and two EBR levels (0 and 100 nM EBR, described as −EBR and +EBR, respectively). Results demonstrated that EBR positively regulated root and leaf structures and stomatal performance, with significant increases in epidermis and cortex (root) and benefits for spongy parenchyma and stomatal density (leaf), clearly protecting the photosynthetic apparatus against Cd excess. Simultaneously, this steroid mitigated Cd-induced oxidative stress by stimulating the activities of superoxide dismutase (25%), catalase (28%), ascorbate peroxidase (30%) and peroxidase (48%), while simultaneously reducing the content of oxidative compounds, including superoxide (16%), hydrogen peroxide (8%), malondialdehyde (12%) and electrolyte leakage (14%). The dual mechanism modulated by EBR protected anatomical structures and stimulated antioxidant defense. Therefore, the results prove that exogenous EBR application effectively attenuates the adverse effects of Cd excess in soybean plants.

]]> Dual-Mechanism Induced by 24-Epibrassinolide Synergistically Improves Anatomical Structures and the Antioxidant Defense System in Soybean Plants Under Cadmium Excess Andreza Sousa Carmo Ivan Becari Viana Caroline Cristine Augusto Bruno Lemos Batista Allan Klynger da Silva Lobato doi: 10.3390/stresses6020021 Stresses 2026-04-15 Stresses 2026-04-15 6 2 Article 21 10.3390/stresses6020021 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/21 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 20: The Association of Cadmium Exposure from Active and Passive Smoking with Sperm Quality, DNA Fragmentation, and Chromatin Decondensation in Male Partners of Infertile Couples https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/20 Smoking is a major lifestyle factor associated with impaired male reproductive health, affecting both active smokers and individuals exposed to secondhand smoke. It also represents a significant source of cadmium (Cd) exposure, a toxic metal associated with altered sperm quality. This study aimed to evaluate the association between active and passive smoking and semen parameters, sperm DNA fragmentation, and chromatin decondensation, as well as cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) levels in seminal plasma. A total of 280 men from infertile couples were included and categorized into three groups: 104 non-smokers (control), 90 active smokers, and 86 passive smokers. Semen samples were analyzed according to the WHO 2021 guidelines. Cadmium and zinc concentrations in seminal plasma were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and sperm DNA fragmentation and chromatin decondensation were evaluated. The findings indicated that both active and passive smoking were associated with impaired semen parameters, increased sperm DNA fragmentation and chromatin decondensation, decreased zinc levels, and elevated cadmium concentrations in seminal plasma. 2026-04-10 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 20: The Association of Cadmium Exposure from Active and Passive Smoking with Sperm Quality, DNA Fragmentation, and Chromatin Decondensation in Male Partners of Infertile Couples

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6020020

Authors: Jihane Ait Benbella Mouad El Badr Samy Housbane Noureddine Louanjli Achraf Zakaria Othmane Hammani Rachid Aboutaieb

Smoking is a major lifestyle factor associated with impaired male reproductive health, affecting both active smokers and individuals exposed to secondhand smoke. It also represents a significant source of cadmium (Cd) exposure, a toxic metal associated with altered sperm quality. This study aimed to evaluate the association between active and passive smoking and semen parameters, sperm DNA fragmentation, and chromatin decondensation, as well as cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) levels in seminal plasma. A total of 280 men from infertile couples were included and categorized into three groups: 104 non-smokers (control), 90 active smokers, and 86 passive smokers. Semen samples were analyzed according to the WHO 2021 guidelines. Cadmium and zinc concentrations in seminal plasma were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and sperm DNA fragmentation and chromatin decondensation were evaluated. The findings indicated that both active and passive smoking were associated with impaired semen parameters, increased sperm DNA fragmentation and chromatin decondensation, decreased zinc levels, and elevated cadmium concentrations in seminal plasma.

]]> The Association of Cadmium Exposure from Active and Passive Smoking with Sperm Quality, DNA Fragmentation, and Chromatin Decondensation in Male Partners of Infertile Couples Jihane Ait Benbella Mouad El Badr Samy Housbane Noureddine Louanjli Achraf Zakaria Othmane Hammani Rachid Aboutaieb doi: 10.3390/stresses6020020 Stresses 2026-04-10 Stresses 2026-04-10 6 2 Article 20 10.3390/stresses6020020 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/20 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 19: Combined Fertilization with Filter Cake, Microbial Consortium, and Amino Acids Improves Peanut Performance Under Water Scarcity Conditions https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/19 Water deficit is a major abiotic constraint limiting peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production. This study evaluated the combined effects of filter cake, foliar application of an amino acid-based biostimulant, microbial consortium inoculation, on peanut growth, physiology, and yield under water scarcity conditions. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with four replicates, where filter cake (0 and 5 t ha−1) was assigned to main plots, amino acid application to subplots (0.25 and 0.50 L ha−1), and microbial consortium to sub-subplots (100 and 200 mL m−2). At 50 days after sowing, plant growth parameters, relative chlorophyll content, and aboveground biomass were assessed, while yield components and seed yield were determined at harvest. Results indicated that the combined treatment with 5 t ha−1 filter cake, 0.50 L ha−1 amino acids, and 200 mL m−2 microbial consortium, consistently produced the highest main stem length (increase of 40%), aboveground biomass accumulation (increase of 41%), number of matured pods per plant (increase of 38%), seed mass per plant (increase of 87%), and final seed yield (increase of 86%) compared to the lowest-input treatment (F0A0.25M100) under water-limited conditions. These findings indicate that the integrated fertilization can improve phenological, physiological, and yield responses and represents a sustainable approach to improve peanut resilience and productivity under water scarcity. 2026-04-07 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 19: Combined Fertilization with Filter Cake, Microbial Consortium, and Amino Acids Improves Peanut Performance Under Water Scarcity Conditions

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6020019

Authors: Lissett Abreus Hernández Alexander Calero Hurtado Kolima Peña Calzada Ana María Espinosa Negrín Janet Jiménez Hernández

Water deficit is a major abiotic constraint limiting peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production. This study evaluated the combined effects of filter cake, foliar application of an amino acid-based biostimulant, microbial consortium inoculation, on peanut growth, physiology, and yield under water scarcity conditions. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with four replicates, where filter cake (0 and 5 t ha−1) was assigned to main plots, amino acid application to subplots (0.25 and 0.50 L ha−1), and microbial consortium to sub-subplots (100 and 200 mL m−2). At 50 days after sowing, plant growth parameters, relative chlorophyll content, and aboveground biomass were assessed, while yield components and seed yield were determined at harvest. Results indicated that the combined treatment with 5 t ha−1 filter cake, 0.50 L ha−1 amino acids, and 200 mL m−2 microbial consortium, consistently produced the highest main stem length (increase of 40%), aboveground biomass accumulation (increase of 41%), number of matured pods per plant (increase of 38%), seed mass per plant (increase of 87%), and final seed yield (increase of 86%) compared to the lowest-input treatment (F0A0.25M100) under water-limited conditions. These findings indicate that the integrated fertilization can improve phenological, physiological, and yield responses and represents a sustainable approach to improve peanut resilience and productivity under water scarcity.

]]> Combined Fertilization with Filter Cake, Microbial Consortium, and Amino Acids Improves Peanut Performance Under Water Scarcity Conditions Lissett Abreus Hernández Alexander Calero Hurtado Kolima Peña Calzada Ana María Espinosa Negrín Janet Jiménez Hernández doi: 10.3390/stresses6020019 Stresses 2026-04-07 Stresses 2026-04-07 6 2 Article 19 10.3390/stresses6020019 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/19 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 18: From Gut to Green: Cross-Kingdom Adaptation of Human Pathogens in Plant Hosts https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/18 Cross-kingdom pathogenesis—human and animal pathogens colonizing and persisting in plants—is transforming our understanding of microbial ecology, food safety, and public health. This review translates incoming research that demonstrates plants as more than mute carriers to dynamic ecological interfaces where human and zoonotic pathogens, such as Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes, will adhere, internalize, and, in some cases, potentially evade host defenses. Such pathogens exploit evolutionarily conserved molecular processes like Type III secretion system 1 (TTSS), biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and small RNA-mediated immune sabotage that have allowed them to cross biological kingdom boundaries. To provide an entry point for pathogens, environmental conditions (e.g., contaminated irrigation water, manure application, wildlife access, and mechanical wounding) promote pathogen transfer to and penetration into plant tissues through stomata hydathodes above ground or roots below ground. Once inside, pathogens confront a range of plant immune responses, indigenous microbiota, and abiotic stresses such as UV radiation exposure, nutrient starvation, and osmotic fluctuations. Nonetheless, biofilm production, metabolic versatility, and virulence gene expression contribute to their persistence. Interactions with plant pathogens and microbiomes additionally shape colonization dynamics, for example, through co-survival and niche manipulation. With the acceleration of these processes due to climate change, urbanization, and intensified agriculture, cross-kingdom pathogenesis becomes a rising concern for One Health. Critical knowledge gaps, including seedborne transmission, microbiome engineering, and predictive modeling, are pointed out in the review along with emerging mitigation strategies, including point-of-care diagnostics and microbial biocontrol. In conclusion, this review advocates for interdisciplinary collaboration from microbiology, plant science, and One Health perspectives to predict and mitigate cross-kingdom threats to global food production. 2026-04-05 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 18: From Gut to Green: Cross-Kingdom Adaptation of Human Pathogens in Plant Hosts

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6020018

Authors: Jamial Hashin Himel Y. S. Sumaiya Mrinmoy Kundu Mahabuba Mostafa Md. Motaher Hossain

Cross-kingdom pathogenesis—human and animal pathogens colonizing and persisting in plants—is transforming our understanding of microbial ecology, food safety, and public health. This review translates incoming research that demonstrates plants as more than mute carriers to dynamic ecological interfaces where human and zoonotic pathogens, such as Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes, will adhere, internalize, and, in some cases, potentially evade host defenses. Such pathogens exploit evolutionarily conserved molecular processes like Type III secretion system 1 (TTSS), biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and small RNA-mediated immune sabotage that have allowed them to cross biological kingdom boundaries. To provide an entry point for pathogens, environmental conditions (e.g., contaminated irrigation water, manure application, wildlife access, and mechanical wounding) promote pathogen transfer to and penetration into plant tissues through stomata hydathodes above ground or roots below ground. Once inside, pathogens confront a range of plant immune responses, indigenous microbiota, and abiotic stresses such as UV radiation exposure, nutrient starvation, and osmotic fluctuations. Nonetheless, biofilm production, metabolic versatility, and virulence gene expression contribute to their persistence. Interactions with plant pathogens and microbiomes additionally shape colonization dynamics, for example, through co-survival and niche manipulation. With the acceleration of these processes due to climate change, urbanization, and intensified agriculture, cross-kingdom pathogenesis becomes a rising concern for One Health. Critical knowledge gaps, including seedborne transmission, microbiome engineering, and predictive modeling, are pointed out in the review along with emerging mitigation strategies, including point-of-care diagnostics and microbial biocontrol. In conclusion, this review advocates for interdisciplinary collaboration from microbiology, plant science, and One Health perspectives to predict and mitigate cross-kingdom threats to global food production.

]]> From Gut to Green: Cross-Kingdom Adaptation of Human Pathogens in Plant Hosts Jamial Hashin Himel Y. S. Sumaiya Mrinmoy Kundu Mahabuba Mostafa Md. Motaher Hossain doi: 10.3390/stresses6020018 Stresses 2026-04-05 Stresses 2026-04-05 6 2 Review 18 10.3390/stresses6020018 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/18 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 17: Seed Treatment with Selected Trichoderma Isolates Enhances Plantlet Growth and Proline Accumulation in Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/17 Harsh environments and climate change hamper industrial hemp productivity. Under stress conditions, uniform germination and vigorous seedlings are key to sustaining crop establishment and performance. Trichoderma spp. are beneficial micromycetes, able to colonize plant roots and promote plant development even under abiotic stress conditions. Thus, the seed treatment with specifically selected Trichoderma isolates could be a useful strategy to enhance hemp seed germination and plantlet growth. In this view, a preliminary screening was performed with ‘Eletta campana’ cv. Nine out of 20 Trichoderma isolates enhanced the radicle growth (+66–111%); most of them resulted in good root colonization, but only four isolates significantly enhanced the shoot DW (+18–22%). Three isolates were selected for a pot experiment, compared to T. afroharzianum T22, to evaluate the effect on plant growth, root architecture, accumulation of photosynthetic pigments and stress-related compounds, and variation in antioxidant activity in 20-day-old plantlets. T. afroharzianum OR4 significantly promoted plantlet growth (+9% shoot DW and +11% leaf DW). The seed treatment had a low impact on the other variables studied, except in the case of foliar proline content, a marker of stress tolerance, that was greatly increased with T. afroharzianum T22 and T. atrobrunneum X44 (+32% and +17% DW). 2026-04-04 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 17: Seed Treatment with Selected Trichoderma Isolates Enhances Plantlet Growth and Proline Accumulation in Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6020017

Authors: Stefania Galletti Stefano Cianchetta

Harsh environments and climate change hamper industrial hemp productivity. Under stress conditions, uniform germination and vigorous seedlings are key to sustaining crop establishment and performance. Trichoderma spp. are beneficial micromycetes, able to colonize plant roots and promote plant development even under abiotic stress conditions. Thus, the seed treatment with specifically selected Trichoderma isolates could be a useful strategy to enhance hemp seed germination and plantlet growth. In this view, a preliminary screening was performed with ‘Eletta campana’ cv. Nine out of 20 Trichoderma isolates enhanced the radicle growth (+66–111%); most of them resulted in good root colonization, but only four isolates significantly enhanced the shoot DW (+18–22%). Three isolates were selected for a pot experiment, compared to T. afroharzianum T22, to evaluate the effect on plant growth, root architecture, accumulation of photosynthetic pigments and stress-related compounds, and variation in antioxidant activity in 20-day-old plantlets. T. afroharzianum OR4 significantly promoted plantlet growth (+9% shoot DW and +11% leaf DW). The seed treatment had a low impact on the other variables studied, except in the case of foliar proline content, a marker of stress tolerance, that was greatly increased with T. afroharzianum T22 and T. atrobrunneum X44 (+32% and +17% DW).

]]> Seed Treatment with Selected Trichoderma Isolates Enhances Plantlet Growth and Proline Accumulation in Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Stefania Galletti Stefano Cianchetta doi: 10.3390/stresses6020017 Stresses 2026-04-04 Stresses 2026-04-04 6 2 Article 17 10.3390/stresses6020017 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/17 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 16: The Role of Chewing and Chronic Stress in Breast Cancer Progression and Metastasis: A Review https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/16 Chronic stress is defined as a prolonged state of emotional disturbance and psychological strain resulting from an inability to maintain internal homeostasis. It is recognized as a significant risk factor for breast cancer, primarily through the chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. This neuroendocrine activation leads to elevated systemic levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucocorticoids. By binding to their respective adrenergic and glucocorticoid receptors, these hormones disrupt immune homeostasis and exacerbate oxidative stress within the tumor microenvironment. Such physiological shifts promote critical oncogenic processes, including angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation, thereby driving the development, progression, and distant metastasis of breast cancer. Mastication, or the act of chewing, serves as a practical and effective behavioral strategy for modulating the deleterious effects of chronic psychological stress. Recent animal studies have provided compelling evidence that chewing can attenuate excessive stress responses. Specifically, it has been shown to mitigate stress-induced breast cancer progression and metastasis by modulating the expression of stress hormones, their corresponding receptors, and key downstream signaling pathways. These findings suggest that the rhythmic activity of chewing may exert a protective effect against stress-related tumor exacerbation. Consequently, further clinical research is warranted to determine whether chewing interventions can serve as a viable complementary strategy alongside conventional breast cancer prevention and treatment protocols. 2026-04-02 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 16: The Role of Chewing and Chronic Stress in Breast Cancer Progression and Metastasis: A Review

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6020016

Authors: Kagaku Azuma Suzuko Ochi Kyoko Kajimoto Ayumi Suzuki Mitsuo Iinuma Kumiko Yamada Toru Tamaki Kin-ya Kubo

Chronic stress is defined as a prolonged state of emotional disturbance and psychological strain resulting from an inability to maintain internal homeostasis. It is recognized as a significant risk factor for breast cancer, primarily through the chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. This neuroendocrine activation leads to elevated systemic levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucocorticoids. By binding to their respective adrenergic and glucocorticoid receptors, these hormones disrupt immune homeostasis and exacerbate oxidative stress within the tumor microenvironment. Such physiological shifts promote critical oncogenic processes, including angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation, thereby driving the development, progression, and distant metastasis of breast cancer. Mastication, or the act of chewing, serves as a practical and effective behavioral strategy for modulating the deleterious effects of chronic psychological stress. Recent animal studies have provided compelling evidence that chewing can attenuate excessive stress responses. Specifically, it has been shown to mitigate stress-induced breast cancer progression and metastasis by modulating the expression of stress hormones, their corresponding receptors, and key downstream signaling pathways. These findings suggest that the rhythmic activity of chewing may exert a protective effect against stress-related tumor exacerbation. Consequently, further clinical research is warranted to determine whether chewing interventions can serve as a viable complementary strategy alongside conventional breast cancer prevention and treatment protocols.

]]> The Role of Chewing and Chronic Stress in Breast Cancer Progression and Metastasis: A Review Kagaku Azuma Suzuko Ochi Kyoko Kajimoto Ayumi Suzuki Mitsuo Iinuma Kumiko Yamada Toru Tamaki Kin-ya Kubo doi: 10.3390/stresses6020016 Stresses 2026-04-02 Stresses 2026-04-02 6 2 Review 16 10.3390/stresses6020016 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/2/16 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 15: Selenium Neurotoxicity and Nutritional Signaling: Integrated Oxidative Stress Pathways in C. elegans https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/15 Selenium (Se) is a trace element with a narrow margin between beneficial effects and stress from toxic effects. The determinants of the transition from selenium adequacy to toxicity remain unknown. Moreover, the roles of selenoproteins and other adaptive responses also remain unclear. The effects of dynamic and localized redox fluctuations on survival and neurodegeneration also require further investigation. To better understand the underlying mechanisms, several studies utilized the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as a model. This review systematically addresses pivotal mechanistic controversies. Thioredoxin reductase-1 (TRXR-1) is the only protein in a small amount of the selenoproteome, and it also has a fully conserved selenocysteine insertion mechanism. Moreover, this systematic review also incorporates the current understanding of the molecular factors that determine selenium homeostasis, ranging from neurotoxicological diseases to biosynthetic circumstances. TRXR-1 supports health benefits such as enhance lipid metabolism, longevity, and stress response. During acute selenium toxicity, TRXR-1 is not needed for survival. Instead, cells defend against adverse effects by using the HIF-1 pathway. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) inhibit the prolyl hydroxylase EGL-9 in high-selenium conditions, stabilizing HIF-1 and initiating a transcriptional detoxification process independent of the selenoprotein mechanism. Finally, this review also discuss selective neurotoxicity, a condition in which degeneration that occurs solely in cholinergic ventral cord motor neurons plays a distinctive and precarious role among trace elements. 2026-03-17 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 15: Selenium Neurotoxicity and Nutritional Signaling: Integrated Oxidative Stress Pathways in C. elegans

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6010015

Authors: Sirirak Mukem Anchaleekorn Somkasetrin Jirapan Thongsroy Jerald Tan Bunsita Srichai Sirithip Chuaijit

Selenium (Se) is a trace element with a narrow margin between beneficial effects and stress from toxic effects. The determinants of the transition from selenium adequacy to toxicity remain unknown. Moreover, the roles of selenoproteins and other adaptive responses also remain unclear. The effects of dynamic and localized redox fluctuations on survival and neurodegeneration also require further investigation. To better understand the underlying mechanisms, several studies utilized the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as a model. This review systematically addresses pivotal mechanistic controversies. Thioredoxin reductase-1 (TRXR-1) is the only protein in a small amount of the selenoproteome, and it also has a fully conserved selenocysteine insertion mechanism. Moreover, this systematic review also incorporates the current understanding of the molecular factors that determine selenium homeostasis, ranging from neurotoxicological diseases to biosynthetic circumstances. TRXR-1 supports health benefits such as enhance lipid metabolism, longevity, and stress response. During acute selenium toxicity, TRXR-1 is not needed for survival. Instead, cells defend against adverse effects by using the HIF-1 pathway. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) inhibit the prolyl hydroxylase EGL-9 in high-selenium conditions, stabilizing HIF-1 and initiating a transcriptional detoxification process independent of the selenoprotein mechanism. Finally, this review also discuss selective neurotoxicity, a condition in which degeneration that occurs solely in cholinergic ventral cord motor neurons plays a distinctive and precarious role among trace elements.

]]> Selenium Neurotoxicity and Nutritional Signaling: Integrated Oxidative Stress Pathways in C. elegans Sirirak Mukem Anchaleekorn Somkasetrin Jirapan Thongsroy Jerald Tan Bunsita Srichai Sirithip Chuaijit doi: 10.3390/stresses6010015 Stresses 2026-03-17 Stresses 2026-03-17 6 1 Review 15 10.3390/stresses6010015 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/15 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 14: Light Pretreatment Improves the Heat Tolerance of Pea Plants’ Photosynthetic Apparatus https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/14 This study investigated the impact of the pretreatment of pea plants (Pisum sativum L. Ran 1) for five days by three times higher light intensity (360 μmol m−2 s−1) than the intensity for their cultivation (120 μmol m−2 s−1) on the photosynthetic apparatus’s ability to withstand moderately high temperatures. Photosystem II (PSII) performance was assessed by pulse amplitude-modulated (PAM) fluorometry—evaluation of Fv/Fm, Chl fluorescence decrease ratio—RFd, excitation pressure on PSII (1 − qP), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) analysis, and PsbA (D1) abundance. The redox state of P700 was used to examine photosystem I (PSI), and the redox kinetics of P700 was evaluated as an estimate of cyclic electron flow (CEF). The energy distribution and interaction between the two photosystems were assessed by 77 K chlorophyll fluorescence. Diphenylhexatriene (DPH) fluorescence polarization and PsbS accumulation were followed to estimate alterations in thylakoid membrane characteristics. Our data show that pea plants pretreated with a higher level of light intensity showed higher resistance to temperature increase, maintaining RFd values similar to control plants, and the effect of high temperature on PSII excitation pressure (1 − qP) was mitigated. A significant difference between the two groups of plants was observed in terms of quantum yields in both types of non-photochemical quenching, with light pretreated plants showing no change in the energy partitioning ratio while the exposure of non-high light pretreated plants to elevated temperatures led to a more significant increase in quantum yield of constitutive non-photochemical quenching. When plants were exposed to higher temperature, the accumulation of PsbS, induced by high light treatment, was accelerated, and stabilization of thylakoid membrane also occurred. A complex mechanism behind the enhanced tolerance to higher temperature includes the reorganization of membrane pigment–protein complexes, which is regulated by the buildup of PsbS and the accompanying redistribution of excitation energy. 2026-03-13 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 14: Light Pretreatment Improves the Heat Tolerance of Pea Plants’ Photosynthetic Apparatus

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6010014

Authors: Maya Velitchkova Antoaneta V. Popova

This study investigated the impact of the pretreatment of pea plants (Pisum sativum L. Ran 1) for five days by three times higher light intensity (360 μmol m−2 s−1) than the intensity for their cultivation (120 μmol m−2 s−1) on the photosynthetic apparatus’s ability to withstand moderately high temperatures. Photosystem II (PSII) performance was assessed by pulse amplitude-modulated (PAM) fluorometry—evaluation of Fv/Fm, Chl fluorescence decrease ratio—RFd, excitation pressure on PSII (1 − qP), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) analysis, and PsbA (D1) abundance. The redox state of P700 was used to examine photosystem I (PSI), and the redox kinetics of P700 was evaluated as an estimate of cyclic electron flow (CEF). The energy distribution and interaction between the two photosystems were assessed by 77 K chlorophyll fluorescence. Diphenylhexatriene (DPH) fluorescence polarization and PsbS accumulation were followed to estimate alterations in thylakoid membrane characteristics. Our data show that pea plants pretreated with a higher level of light intensity showed higher resistance to temperature increase, maintaining RFd values similar to control plants, and the effect of high temperature on PSII excitation pressure (1 − qP) was mitigated. A significant difference between the two groups of plants was observed in terms of quantum yields in both types of non-photochemical quenching, with light pretreated plants showing no change in the energy partitioning ratio while the exposure of non-high light pretreated plants to elevated temperatures led to a more significant increase in quantum yield of constitutive non-photochemical quenching. When plants were exposed to higher temperature, the accumulation of PsbS, induced by high light treatment, was accelerated, and stabilization of thylakoid membrane also occurred. A complex mechanism behind the enhanced tolerance to higher temperature includes the reorganization of membrane pigment–protein complexes, which is regulated by the buildup of PsbS and the accompanying redistribution of excitation energy.

]]> Light Pretreatment Improves the Heat Tolerance of Pea Plants’ Photosynthetic Apparatus Maya Velitchkova Antoaneta V. Popova doi: 10.3390/stresses6010014 Stresses 2026-03-13 Stresses 2026-03-13 6 1 Article 14 10.3390/stresses6010014 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/14 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 13: Screening Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes for Seedling-Stage Drought Tolerance https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/13 Drought stress is a major abiotic constraint to rice productivity. Seedling-stage screening of rice genotypes is therefore essential for identifying key adaptive traits and drought-tolerant genotypes. This study evaluated 40 lowland rainfed rice genotypes for seedling-stage drought tolerance under greenhouse conditions using a split-plot randomized complete block design. Progressive drought stress was imposed for 21 days, and root and shoot traits were assessed. Substantial morphological variability was observed among genotypes for most traits. Drought stress significantly reduced root dry weight (52.8%), shoot dry weight (51.6%), seedling biomass (51.5%), number of roots (39.3%), number of roots with at least 5 cm length (37%), and shoot length (21.1%). Root-to-shoot ratio showed significant water × genotype interaction. Correlation analysis, heritability, and genetic advance identified root traits as reliable selection criteria for seedling-stage drought stress screening. Combined Drought Stress Response Index (CDSRI) classified 17.5% of genotypes as tolerant and 12.5% as sensitive. Tolerant genotypes (B1P15, Chupa, Mucabo, Mpulo, Nasoco, Nene, and Mutanzania) represent a valuable resource for rice breeding targeting early-season drought resilience. These findings support breeders in identification of adaptive traits and provide a basis for policy interventions to invest in drought-resilient varieties that benefit farmers in rainfed areas. 2026-03-13 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 13: Screening Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes for Seedling-Stage Drought Tolerance

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6010013

Authors: Kajale George Warioba Celsa Mondlane Macandza Leonel Domingos Moiana

Drought stress is a major abiotic constraint to rice productivity. Seedling-stage screening of rice genotypes is therefore essential for identifying key adaptive traits and drought-tolerant genotypes. This study evaluated 40 lowland rainfed rice genotypes for seedling-stage drought tolerance under greenhouse conditions using a split-plot randomized complete block design. Progressive drought stress was imposed for 21 days, and root and shoot traits were assessed. Substantial morphological variability was observed among genotypes for most traits. Drought stress significantly reduced root dry weight (52.8%), shoot dry weight (51.6%), seedling biomass (51.5%), number of roots (39.3%), number of roots with at least 5 cm length (37%), and shoot length (21.1%). Root-to-shoot ratio showed significant water × genotype interaction. Correlation analysis, heritability, and genetic advance identified root traits as reliable selection criteria for seedling-stage drought stress screening. Combined Drought Stress Response Index (CDSRI) classified 17.5% of genotypes as tolerant and 12.5% as sensitive. Tolerant genotypes (B1P15, Chupa, Mucabo, Mpulo, Nasoco, Nene, and Mutanzania) represent a valuable resource for rice breeding targeting early-season drought resilience. These findings support breeders in identification of adaptive traits and provide a basis for policy interventions to invest in drought-resilient varieties that benefit farmers in rainfed areas.

]]> Screening Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes for Seedling-Stage Drought Tolerance Kajale George Warioba Celsa Mondlane Macandza Leonel Domingos Moiana doi: 10.3390/stresses6010013 Stresses 2026-03-13 Stresses 2026-03-13 6 1 Article 13 10.3390/stresses6010013 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/13 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 12: Abiotic Stress Tolerance of a Multipurpose Use Species Artemisia maritima from a Coastal Wetland: Mineral Nutrients, Salinity, and Heavy Metals https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/12 Artemisia maritima holds potential applications in the rehabilitation of degraded environments, particularly in salt-affected areas, for biosaline agriculture aimed at biomass production for further valorization and green biotechnology. The aim of the present study was to investigate the response of A. maritima to alterations in soil chemical composition, including differences in mineral supply, the addition of various sodium salts, and contamination with several heavy metals (cadmium, lead, copper, manganese, zinc), in order to establish a scientific basis for further applied research. Under standard fertilization conditions, the growth of A. maritima plants was restrained by nitrogen deficiency. Surplus nitrogen enhanced mineral uptake and growth, especially for shoots, and stimulated clonal development. Low to moderate (50 and 100 mmol L−1) NaNO3 treatment significantly stimulated shoot growth, while Na2HPO4 and NaHCO3 treatments exhibited the most adverse effects at 200 and 400 mmol L−1, resulting in reduced growth and biomass, and even the deterioration of the aboveground parts. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters served as reliable early indicators of the detrimental effects of salinity associated with individual anions. Shoot macronutrient levels remained unchanged for phosphorus and calcium, while nitrogen increased in nitrate treatments. Root mineral nutrient content was more susceptible to salinity, with significant changes observed for all macro- and micronutrients, varying depending on the specific element and anion type. The alterations in mineral nutrition observed for each anion treatment exhibited distinct characteristics. A. maritima plants demonstrated high tolerance to all heavy metals, with roots being more susceptible compared to shoots. At the shoot level, statistically significant growth inhibition was evident only for 1000 mg L−1 lead and 1000 mg L−1 zinc treatments. A. maritima plants can be characterized as high accumulators of cadmium, lead, manganese, and zinc, and as extreme accumulators of copper in shoots. Nitrophily, clonal expansion with a help of bud-bearing roots, and the ability to accumulate relatively high concentrations of mineral elements in shoots are among the important physiological characteristics of A. maritima plants, enabling them to exhibit high resilience in environmentally heterogeneous habitats. 2026-03-12 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 12: Abiotic Stress Tolerance of a Multipurpose Use Species Artemisia maritima from a Coastal Wetland: Mineral Nutrients, Salinity, and Heavy Metals

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6010012

Authors: Una Andersone-Ozola Agnese Romule Astra Jēkabsone Anita Osvalde Andis Karlsons Līva Purmale-Trasūne Gederts Ievinsh

Artemisia maritima holds potential applications in the rehabilitation of degraded environments, particularly in salt-affected areas, for biosaline agriculture aimed at biomass production for further valorization and green biotechnology. The aim of the present study was to investigate the response of A. maritima to alterations in soil chemical composition, including differences in mineral supply, the addition of various sodium salts, and contamination with several heavy metals (cadmium, lead, copper, manganese, zinc), in order to establish a scientific basis for further applied research. Under standard fertilization conditions, the growth of A. maritima plants was restrained by nitrogen deficiency. Surplus nitrogen enhanced mineral uptake and growth, especially for shoots, and stimulated clonal development. Low to moderate (50 and 100 mmol L−1) NaNO3 treatment significantly stimulated shoot growth, while Na2HPO4 and NaHCO3 treatments exhibited the most adverse effects at 200 and 400 mmol L−1, resulting in reduced growth and biomass, and even the deterioration of the aboveground parts. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters served as reliable early indicators of the detrimental effects of salinity associated with individual anions. Shoot macronutrient levels remained unchanged for phosphorus and calcium, while nitrogen increased in nitrate treatments. Root mineral nutrient content was more susceptible to salinity, with significant changes observed for all macro- and micronutrients, varying depending on the specific element and anion type. The alterations in mineral nutrition observed for each anion treatment exhibited distinct characteristics. A. maritima plants demonstrated high tolerance to all heavy metals, with roots being more susceptible compared to shoots. At the shoot level, statistically significant growth inhibition was evident only for 1000 mg L−1 lead and 1000 mg L−1 zinc treatments. A. maritima plants can be characterized as high accumulators of cadmium, lead, manganese, and zinc, and as extreme accumulators of copper in shoots. Nitrophily, clonal expansion with a help of bud-bearing roots, and the ability to accumulate relatively high concentrations of mineral elements in shoots are among the important physiological characteristics of A. maritima plants, enabling them to exhibit high resilience in environmentally heterogeneous habitats.

]]> Abiotic Stress Tolerance of a Multipurpose Use Species Artemisia maritima from a Coastal Wetland: Mineral Nutrients, Salinity, and Heavy Metals Una Andersone-Ozola Agnese Romule Astra Jēkabsone Anita Osvalde Andis Karlsons Līva Purmale-Trasūne Gederts Ievinsh doi: 10.3390/stresses6010012 Stresses 2026-03-12 Stresses 2026-03-12 6 1 Article 12 10.3390/stresses6010012 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/12 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 11: Urinary Chromium as a Biomarker of Environmental Exposure: A Review—Current Understanding and Limitations https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/11 Chromium (Cr) remains a significant environmental health concern, with exposure mainly through ingestion and inhalation. Its toxicological profile is driven by oxidation state: trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] shows low bioavailability, whereas hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is highly bioavailable, crosses cell membranes, and generates reactive intermediates associated with oxidative and genotoxic effects. Several studies have highlighted the assessment of chromium exposure, particularly Cr(III) and Cr(VI), across different biological matrices as a key approach for accurate exposure characterization. This review synthesizes experimental and epidemiological evidence regarding urinary chromium (uCr) as a biomarker of exposure, alongside advances in analytical techniques and the emerging exposome framework. Although widely used due to non-invasive sampling and suitability for large studies, uCr primarily reflects recent exposure (<48 h), exhibits high intra- and inter-individual variability, and lacks routine Cr(VI)/Cr(III) speciation, limiting its value for low-level environmental exposure. Unlike urinary or whole blood chromium, chromium in red blood cells (RBCs) is specific to Cr(VI) exposure, since in vitro studies reveal selective, donor-independent accumulation of hexavalent chromium in RBCs. However, the current literature is primarily concerned with sampling strategies, pre-treatment procedures, and analytical validation, with comparatively little consideration given to chromium speciation and species interconversion in biological matrices, despite their essential significance for exposure assessment and toxicological interpretation. 2026-03-10 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 11: Urinary Chromium as a Biomarker of Environmental Exposure: A Review—Current Understanding and Limitations

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6010011

Authors: Maria-Nefeli Georgaki Despoina Ioannou Kanellos Skourtsidis Elpis Chochliourou Dimosthenis Sarigiannis

Chromium (Cr) remains a significant environmental health concern, with exposure mainly through ingestion and inhalation. Its toxicological profile is driven by oxidation state: trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] shows low bioavailability, whereas hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is highly bioavailable, crosses cell membranes, and generates reactive intermediates associated with oxidative and genotoxic effects. Several studies have highlighted the assessment of chromium exposure, particularly Cr(III) and Cr(VI), across different biological matrices as a key approach for accurate exposure characterization. This review synthesizes experimental and epidemiological evidence regarding urinary chromium (uCr) as a biomarker of exposure, alongside advances in analytical techniques and the emerging exposome framework. Although widely used due to non-invasive sampling and suitability for large studies, uCr primarily reflects recent exposure (<48 h), exhibits high intra- and inter-individual variability, and lacks routine Cr(VI)/Cr(III) speciation, limiting its value for low-level environmental exposure. Unlike urinary or whole blood chromium, chromium in red blood cells (RBCs) is specific to Cr(VI) exposure, since in vitro studies reveal selective, donor-independent accumulation of hexavalent chromium in RBCs. However, the current literature is primarily concerned with sampling strategies, pre-treatment procedures, and analytical validation, with comparatively little consideration given to chromium speciation and species interconversion in biological matrices, despite their essential significance for exposure assessment and toxicological interpretation.

]]> Urinary Chromium as a Biomarker of Environmental Exposure: A Review—Current Understanding and Limitations Maria-Nefeli Georgaki Despoina Ioannou Kanellos Skourtsidis Elpis Chochliourou Dimosthenis Sarigiannis doi: 10.3390/stresses6010011 Stresses 2026-03-10 Stresses 2026-03-10 6 1 Review 11 10.3390/stresses6010011 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/11 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 10: Integrative Strategies to Enhance Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Maize: Plant Breeding, Soil Dynamics and Plant–Microbe Interactions Under Phosphorus Stress https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/10 Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and a major limiting factor for crop productivity, especially in tropical soils characterized by low P availability and high fixation capacity. The strong dependence of modern agriculture on non-renewable phosphate fertilizers, combined with their low use efficiency, raises economic and environmental concerns and reinforces the need to improve phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) in maize. PUE is a complex trait governed by integrated morphophysiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms related to phosphorus acquisition, internal remobilization, metabolic reprogramming, and root system plasticity. Recent advances using omics-based approaches have substantially expanded the understanding of these mechanisms, revealing coordinated regulation of carbon and energy metabolism, phosphatase activity, redox balance, and root meristem dynamics under P-limiting conditions. In parallel, increasing evidence demonstrates the important role of phosphate-solubilizing and plant growth-promoting bacteria in enhancing P availability through organic acid secretion, enzymatic mineralization of organic P forms, and modulation of root architecture. However, despite these advances, the genetic basis of plant responsiveness to beneficial bacteria and the interaction between host genotype and microbial activity remain poorly explored. This review integrates current knowledge on phosphorus dynamics in the soil–plant system, the genetic control of PUE in maize, and the contribution of beneficial bacteria, highlighting the importance of combining classical breeding, molecular approaches, and microbial strategies to accelerate the development of maize cultivars with improved phosphorus efficiency and reduced fertilizer dependency. 2026-03-06 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 10: Integrative Strategies to Enhance Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Maize: Plant Breeding, Soil Dynamics and Plant–Microbe Interactions Under Phosphorus Stress

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6010010

Authors: Bruna Rohem Simão Talles de Oliveira Santos Antônio Teixeira do Amaral Junior Vitor Batista Pinto

Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and a major limiting factor for crop productivity, especially in tropical soils characterized by low P availability and high fixation capacity. The strong dependence of modern agriculture on non-renewable phosphate fertilizers, combined with their low use efficiency, raises economic and environmental concerns and reinforces the need to improve phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) in maize. PUE is a complex trait governed by integrated morphophysiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms related to phosphorus acquisition, internal remobilization, metabolic reprogramming, and root system plasticity. Recent advances using omics-based approaches have substantially expanded the understanding of these mechanisms, revealing coordinated regulation of carbon and energy metabolism, phosphatase activity, redox balance, and root meristem dynamics under P-limiting conditions. In parallel, increasing evidence demonstrates the important role of phosphate-solubilizing and plant growth-promoting bacteria in enhancing P availability through organic acid secretion, enzymatic mineralization of organic P forms, and modulation of root architecture. However, despite these advances, the genetic basis of plant responsiveness to beneficial bacteria and the interaction between host genotype and microbial activity remain poorly explored. This review integrates current knowledge on phosphorus dynamics in the soil–plant system, the genetic control of PUE in maize, and the contribution of beneficial bacteria, highlighting the importance of combining classical breeding, molecular approaches, and microbial strategies to accelerate the development of maize cultivars with improved phosphorus efficiency and reduced fertilizer dependency.

]]> Integrative Strategies to Enhance Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Maize: Plant Breeding, Soil Dynamics and Plant–Microbe Interactions Under Phosphorus Stress Bruna Rohem Simão Talles de Oliveira Santos Antônio Teixeira do Amaral Junior Vitor Batista Pinto doi: 10.3390/stresses6010010 Stresses 2026-03-06 Stresses 2026-03-06 6 1 Review 10 10.3390/stresses6010010 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/10 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 9: Early Selection of Popcorn Lines for Tolerance to Salt Stress https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/9 The evaluation of popcorn lines for salt stress during the germination phase facilitates the early selection of superior genotypes, ensuring crop success. This study assessed 31 lines to identify genotypes tolerant to salt stress in the early phase and to understand the effects. Seeds were sown on paper substrate with two concentrations of sodium chloride: zero (NS) and 100.0 mM (SS), in a randomized block design with four replicates of 25 seeds each. Physical and physiological traits of seeds and seedlings were evaluated. Analysis of variance revealed significant effects (p ≤ 0.01) for genotype, salinity condition, and their interaction. Genetic variability was observed under both conditions. In NS, area and germination were the most influential factors in differentiating lines, while in SS, total seedling length and the percentage of abnormal seedlings were key. The stress tolerance index identified lines L263, L684, L472, and L358 as the most tolerant, and lines L690, L217, L220, and L213 as the most sensitive. Tolerant genotypes are potential candidates for crossbreeding aimed at developing hybrids adapted to salinity conditions, promoting agricultural sustainability in adverse environments. The significant interaction between genotypes and salinity conditions reinforces the importance of conducting selection in specific stress environments. 2026-02-28 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 9: Early Selection of Popcorn Lines for Tolerance to Salt Stress

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6010009

Authors: Rosenilda de Souza Henrique Duarte Vieira Samuel Henrique Kamphorst Valter Jário de Lima Ellen Peixoto Azeredo Antônio Teixeira do Amaral Junior

The evaluation of popcorn lines for salt stress during the germination phase facilitates the early selection of superior genotypes, ensuring crop success. This study assessed 31 lines to identify genotypes tolerant to salt stress in the early phase and to understand the effects. Seeds were sown on paper substrate with two concentrations of sodium chloride: zero (NS) and 100.0 mM (SS), in a randomized block design with four replicates of 25 seeds each. Physical and physiological traits of seeds and seedlings were evaluated. Analysis of variance revealed significant effects (p ≤ 0.01) for genotype, salinity condition, and their interaction. Genetic variability was observed under both conditions. In NS, area and germination were the most influential factors in differentiating lines, while in SS, total seedling length and the percentage of abnormal seedlings were key. The stress tolerance index identified lines L263, L684, L472, and L358 as the most tolerant, and lines L690, L217, L220, and L213 as the most sensitive. Tolerant genotypes are potential candidates for crossbreeding aimed at developing hybrids adapted to salinity conditions, promoting agricultural sustainability in adverse environments. The significant interaction between genotypes and salinity conditions reinforces the importance of conducting selection in specific stress environments.

]]> Early Selection of Popcorn Lines for Tolerance to Salt Stress Rosenilda de Souza Henrique Duarte Vieira Samuel Henrique Kamphorst Valter Jário de Lima Ellen Peixoto Azeredo Antônio Teixeira do Amaral Junior doi: 10.3390/stresses6010009 Stresses 2026-02-28 Stresses 2026-02-28 6 1 Article 9 10.3390/stresses6010009 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/9 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 8: Proposed Epigenetic Regulatory Frameworks at the Plant–Microbiome Interface Under Cadmium Stress https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/8 Cadmium (Cd) contamination of agricultural soils threatens crop productivity and food safety by disrupting physiological and molecular processes in plants. Increasing evidence indicates that epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and emerging epitranscriptomic marks such as RNA methylation, plays a crucial role in coordinating plant responses to Cd stress. In parallel, plant-associated microbiomes have emerged as influential modulators of metal uptake, antioxidant capacity, hormone signaling, and stress resilience. Yet the mechanisms by which microbiome-derived signals intersect with host chromatin and transcriptome regulation under Cd exposure remain poorly understood. This review synthesizes current knowledge on plant epigenetic responses to Cd stress and critically examines how microbial metabolites, phytohormones, and redox-active compounds shape plant regulatory networks. Network-based ecological studies reveal that increased microbial community complexity and cooperative interactions are consistently associated with reduced Cd accumulation and enhanced plant performance, suggesting that microbial organization itself may represent an additional regulatory layer influencing plant responses. Despite compelling conceptual links, direct experimental evidence connecting microbiome signals to stable epigenetic or epitranscriptomic reprogramming under Cd stress remains limited. To date, only limited experimental studies have demonstrated causal relationships between microbial cues and host DNA or RNA methylation dynamics in Cd-exposed plants, highlighting clear mechanistic potential while also underscoring remaining knowledge gaps. By integrating physiological, ecological, and chromatin-level perspectives, this review identifies key unanswered questions and outlines future research directions to establish causal links between microbial community dynamics, epigenetic regulation, and long-term Cd stress adaptation in plants. 2026-02-19 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 8: Proposed Epigenetic Regulatory Frameworks at the Plant–Microbiome Interface Under Cadmium Stress

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6010008

Authors: Cengiz Kaya

Cadmium (Cd) contamination of agricultural soils threatens crop productivity and food safety by disrupting physiological and molecular processes in plants. Increasing evidence indicates that epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and emerging epitranscriptomic marks such as RNA methylation, plays a crucial role in coordinating plant responses to Cd stress. In parallel, plant-associated microbiomes have emerged as influential modulators of metal uptake, antioxidant capacity, hormone signaling, and stress resilience. Yet the mechanisms by which microbiome-derived signals intersect with host chromatin and transcriptome regulation under Cd exposure remain poorly understood. This review synthesizes current knowledge on plant epigenetic responses to Cd stress and critically examines how microbial metabolites, phytohormones, and redox-active compounds shape plant regulatory networks. Network-based ecological studies reveal that increased microbial community complexity and cooperative interactions are consistently associated with reduced Cd accumulation and enhanced plant performance, suggesting that microbial organization itself may represent an additional regulatory layer influencing plant responses. Despite compelling conceptual links, direct experimental evidence connecting microbiome signals to stable epigenetic or epitranscriptomic reprogramming under Cd stress remains limited. To date, only limited experimental studies have demonstrated causal relationships between microbial cues and host DNA or RNA methylation dynamics in Cd-exposed plants, highlighting clear mechanistic potential while also underscoring remaining knowledge gaps. By integrating physiological, ecological, and chromatin-level perspectives, this review identifies key unanswered questions and outlines future research directions to establish causal links between microbial community dynamics, epigenetic regulation, and long-term Cd stress adaptation in plants.

]]> Proposed Epigenetic Regulatory Frameworks at the Plant–Microbiome Interface Under Cadmium Stress Cengiz Kaya doi: 10.3390/stresses6010008 Stresses 2026-02-19 Stresses 2026-02-19 6 1 Review 8 10.3390/stresses6010008 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/8 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 7: Genome-Wide Analysis of Amino Acid Permease Gene Family in Solanum lycopersicum and Expression Profiling Under Drought Stress https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/7 A genome-wide identification and expression analysis was performed to examine the response of the amino acid permease (AAP) gene family to drought stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Ten AAP genes were identified across seven of the twelve chromosomes and classified into four subfamilies (I–IV) based on phylogenetic relationships. Expansion of the SlAAP family appears to have been driven mainly by segmental and tandem duplication events. Members within the same subfamily displayed high similarity in exon–intron organization and conserved motif architecture. Promoter analysis revealed the presence of multiple cis-acting elements associated with stress and defence regulation. Under drought stress, all putative genes exhibited significant transcriptional induction, with SlAAP8, SlAAP9 and SlAAP10 showing the strongest upregulation, suggesting their potential involvement in drought adaptation. Drought treatment also led to a marked decline in nitrate (NO3−) and total nitrogen (N) contents, while simultaneously increasing the accumulation of total amino acids, ammonium (NH4+), and proline in both leaf and root tissues of tomato. The expression profiles of the ten putative SlAAP genes showed strong positive correlations with total amino acid levels in both organs, suggesting their involvement in amino acid redistribution under stress. Collectively, these results underscore the functional complexity of the SlAAP gene family and provide a robust foundation for future investigations into their molecular roles and potential applications in enhancing drought tolerance in tomato and other crop species. 2026-02-02 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 7: Genome-Wide Analysis of Amino Acid Permease Gene Family in Solanum lycopersicum and Expression Profiling Under Drought Stress

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6010007

Authors: Joseph N. Amoah

A genome-wide identification and expression analysis was performed to examine the response of the amino acid permease (AAP) gene family to drought stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Ten AAP genes were identified across seven of the twelve chromosomes and classified into four subfamilies (I–IV) based on phylogenetic relationships. Expansion of the SlAAP family appears to have been driven mainly by segmental and tandem duplication events. Members within the same subfamily displayed high similarity in exon–intron organization and conserved motif architecture. Promoter analysis revealed the presence of multiple cis-acting elements associated with stress and defence regulation. Under drought stress, all putative genes exhibited significant transcriptional induction, with SlAAP8, SlAAP9 and SlAAP10 showing the strongest upregulation, suggesting their potential involvement in drought adaptation. Drought treatment also led to a marked decline in nitrate (NO3−) and total nitrogen (N) contents, while simultaneously increasing the accumulation of total amino acids, ammonium (NH4+), and proline in both leaf and root tissues of tomato. The expression profiles of the ten putative SlAAP genes showed strong positive correlations with total amino acid levels in both organs, suggesting their involvement in amino acid redistribution under stress. Collectively, these results underscore the functional complexity of the SlAAP gene family and provide a robust foundation for future investigations into their molecular roles and potential applications in enhancing drought tolerance in tomato and other crop species.

]]> Genome-Wide Analysis of Amino Acid Permease Gene Family in Solanum lycopersicum and Expression Profiling Under Drought Stress Joseph N. Amoah doi: 10.3390/stresses6010007 Stresses 2026-02-02 Stresses 2026-02-02 6 1 Article 7 10.3390/stresses6010007 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/7 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 6: Comparative Analysis of VOC Profiles in Populus deltoides cv. Harvard I-63/51 and P. × canadensis cv. Conti 12 Poplars Attacked by Megaplatypus mutatus https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/6 Megaplatypus mutatus, a major poplar pest in South America, tunnels into the xylem, weakening trunks and reducing wood quality. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are key mediators of plant–insect interactions and may reflect genotype-specific defence strategies. This study analysed VOC profiles of young and adult Populus deltoides cv. Harvard and P. × canadensis cv. Conti 12 under natural M. mutatus infestation. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry putatively annotated 31 VOCs, including green leaf volatiles (GLVs), pentyl leaf volatiles (PLVs), terpenes, alcohols, aromatics and phenolics, 12 of which, to our knowledge, have not been previously reported in Populus VOC profiles. Harvard trees showed ~14.5-fold higher total VOC abundance than Conti trees. In Conti, constitutive VOC emissions remained stable regardless of infestation status or age. In contrast, under infestation, Harvard trees emitted10-fold higher constitutive VOCs than non-infested Harvard trees and ~52-fold higher than Conti, a pattern consistent with increased defensive activity. GLVs and PLVs relatively dominated both genotypes, although Harvard showed higher emissions. Terpenes were not detected in young Conti trees under our analytical conditions but were abundant and diverse in infested Harvard trees, which may indicate a stronger terpene-associated response in this clone. Several compounds were detected only under specific genotype–condition combinations in our dataset and therefore represent candidate volatiles for future behavioural and functional studies. These results are consistent with differences in VOC emission patterns between genotypes and age classes, improve our understanding of putative chemical cues in the interaction between Populus and M. mutatus, and provide a basis for future work towards sustainable pest management strategies. 2026-01-31 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 6: Comparative Analysis of VOC Profiles in Populus deltoides cv. Harvard I-63/51 and P. × canadensis cv. Conti 12 Poplars Attacked by Megaplatypus mutatus

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6010006

Authors: Celeste Arancibia Laura Mitjans María Victoria Bertoldi Andrés Morales Magdalena Gantuz Leonardo Bolcato Patricia Piccoli Natalia Naves Juan Alberto Bustamante Ricardo Williams Masuelli

Megaplatypus mutatus, a major poplar pest in South America, tunnels into the xylem, weakening trunks and reducing wood quality. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are key mediators of plant–insect interactions and may reflect genotype-specific defence strategies. This study analysed VOC profiles of young and adult Populus deltoides cv. Harvard and P. × canadensis cv. Conti 12 under natural M. mutatus infestation. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry putatively annotated 31 VOCs, including green leaf volatiles (GLVs), pentyl leaf volatiles (PLVs), terpenes, alcohols, aromatics and phenolics, 12 of which, to our knowledge, have not been previously reported in Populus VOC profiles. Harvard trees showed ~14.5-fold higher total VOC abundance than Conti trees. In Conti, constitutive VOC emissions remained stable regardless of infestation status or age. In contrast, under infestation, Harvard trees emitted10-fold higher constitutive VOCs than non-infested Harvard trees and ~52-fold higher than Conti, a pattern consistent with increased defensive activity. GLVs and PLVs relatively dominated both genotypes, although Harvard showed higher emissions. Terpenes were not detected in young Conti trees under our analytical conditions but were abundant and diverse in infested Harvard trees, which may indicate a stronger terpene-associated response in this clone. Several compounds were detected only under specific genotype–condition combinations in our dataset and therefore represent candidate volatiles for future behavioural and functional studies. These results are consistent with differences in VOC emission patterns between genotypes and age classes, improve our understanding of putative chemical cues in the interaction between Populus and M. mutatus, and provide a basis for future work towards sustainable pest management strategies.

]]> Comparative Analysis of VOC Profiles in Populus deltoides cv. Harvard I-63/51 and P. × canadensis cv. Conti 12 Poplars Attacked by Megaplatypus mutatus Celeste Arancibia Laura Mitjans María Victoria Bertoldi Andrés Morales Magdalena Gantuz Leonardo Bolcato Patricia Piccoli Natalia Naves Juan Alberto Bustamante Ricardo Williams Masuelli doi: 10.3390/stresses6010006 Stresses 2026-01-31 Stresses 2026-01-31 6 1 Article 6 10.3390/stresses6010006 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/6 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 5: A Protein Hydrolysate Mitigates the Adverse Effect of Chilling Stress on Cucumber Plants https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/5 Chilling has been recognized as a stress factor adversely impacting plant growth and productivity. Even a slight decrease in temperature may significantly reduce crop yield. Recently, biostimulants have emerged as a new tool for enhancing the chilling tolerance of cold-sensitive plants. The early stages of cucumber growth often occur under suboptimal temperatures, which motivated the aim of the current study to assess the effect of a protein hydrolysate (PH) on the physiological performance of young cucumber plants subjected to chilling stress. The results showed that low temperatures caused severe chilling stress by inducing changes in growth, photosynthesis, and nitrogen assimilation. These adverse effects were mitigated when the PH was supplied. The ameliorating effect could be due to a remedial influence on photosynthetic pigment content, facilitating light harvesting and energy utilization. The potential impact of the PH treatment on the redox balance was demonstrated by the activation of the G6PD gene. The possible effect of the biostimulant on nitrate assimilation was tested by measuring nitrate reductase activity, which improved after application of the biostimulant. Moreover, the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in PH-supplied plants was also increased, further confirming the enhanced protective capacity of the plants. All obtained results indicate the beneficial effect of PH application on cucumber plants and their chilling resilience. 2026-01-30 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 5: A Protein Hydrolysate Mitigates the Adverse Effect of Chilling Stress on Cucumber Plants

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6010005

Authors: Dobrinka Balabanova Adelina Harizanova Lyubka Koleva-Valkova Veselin Petrov Andon Vassilev

Chilling has been recognized as a stress factor adversely impacting plant growth and productivity. Even a slight decrease in temperature may significantly reduce crop yield. Recently, biostimulants have emerged as a new tool for enhancing the chilling tolerance of cold-sensitive plants. The early stages of cucumber growth often occur under suboptimal temperatures, which motivated the aim of the current study to assess the effect of a protein hydrolysate (PH) on the physiological performance of young cucumber plants subjected to chilling stress. The results showed that low temperatures caused severe chilling stress by inducing changes in growth, photosynthesis, and nitrogen assimilation. These adverse effects were mitigated when the PH was supplied. The ameliorating effect could be due to a remedial influence on photosynthetic pigment content, facilitating light harvesting and energy utilization. The potential impact of the PH treatment on the redox balance was demonstrated by the activation of the G6PD gene. The possible effect of the biostimulant on nitrate assimilation was tested by measuring nitrate reductase activity, which improved after application of the biostimulant. Moreover, the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in PH-supplied plants was also increased, further confirming the enhanced protective capacity of the plants. All obtained results indicate the beneficial effect of PH application on cucumber plants and their chilling resilience.

]]> A Protein Hydrolysate Mitigates the Adverse Effect of Chilling Stress on Cucumber Plants Dobrinka Balabanova Adelina Harizanova Lyubka Koleva-Valkova Veselin Petrov Andon Vassilev doi: 10.3390/stresses6010005 Stresses 2026-01-30 Stresses 2026-01-30 6 1 Article 5 10.3390/stresses6010005 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/5 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 4: Diabetic Kidney Disease Associated with Chronic Exposure to Low Doses of Environmental Cadmium https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/4 Accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to pollution from environmental cadmium (Cd) contributes to diabetic kidney disease as indicated by albuminuria and a progressive decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). This study examined the effects of Cd exposure on eGFR and the excretion rates of albumin (Ealb) and β2-microglobulin (Eβ2M) in 65 diabetics and 72 controls. Excretion of Cd (ECd) was a measure of exposure, while excretion of N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENAG) reflected the extent of kidney tubular cell injury. In participants with an elevated excretion of Eβ2M, the prevalence odds ratios (POR) for a reduced eGFR rose 6.4-fold, whereas the POR for albuminuria rose 4.3-fold, 4.1-fold, and 2.8-fold in those with a reduced eGFR, diabetes, and hypertension, respectively. Using covariance analysis, which adjusted for the interactions, 43% of the variation in Ealb among diabetics could be explained by female gender (η2 = 0.176), ENAG (η2 = 0.162), hypertension (η2 = 0.146), smoking (η2 = 0.107), and body mass index (η2 = 0.097), while the direct contribution of ECd to Ealb variability was minimal (η2 = 0.005). Results from a mediating-effect analysis imply that Cd could contribute to albuminuria and a falling eGFR through inducing tubular cell injury, leading to reduced reabsorption of albumin and β2M. 2026-01-16 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 4: Diabetic Kidney Disease Associated with Chronic Exposure to Low Doses of Environmental Cadmium

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6010004

Authors: Soisungwan Satarug Tanaporn Khamphaya Donrawee Waeyeng David A. Vesey Supabhorn Yimthiang

Accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to pollution from environmental cadmium (Cd) contributes to diabetic kidney disease as indicated by albuminuria and a progressive decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). This study examined the effects of Cd exposure on eGFR and the excretion rates of albumin (Ealb) and β2-microglobulin (Eβ2M) in 65 diabetics and 72 controls. Excretion of Cd (ECd) was a measure of exposure, while excretion of N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENAG) reflected the extent of kidney tubular cell injury. In participants with an elevated excretion of Eβ2M, the prevalence odds ratios (POR) for a reduced eGFR rose 6.4-fold, whereas the POR for albuminuria rose 4.3-fold, 4.1-fold, and 2.8-fold in those with a reduced eGFR, diabetes, and hypertension, respectively. Using covariance analysis, which adjusted for the interactions, 43% of the variation in Ealb among diabetics could be explained by female gender (η2 = 0.176), ENAG (η2 = 0.162), hypertension (η2 = 0.146), smoking (η2 = 0.107), and body mass index (η2 = 0.097), while the direct contribution of ECd to Ealb variability was minimal (η2 = 0.005). Results from a mediating-effect analysis imply that Cd could contribute to albuminuria and a falling eGFR through inducing tubular cell injury, leading to reduced reabsorption of albumin and β2M.

]]> Diabetic Kidney Disease Associated with Chronic Exposure to Low Doses of Environmental Cadmium Soisungwan Satarug Tanaporn Khamphaya Donrawee Waeyeng David A. Vesey Supabhorn Yimthiang doi: 10.3390/stresses6010004 Stresses 2026-01-16 Stresses 2026-01-16 6 1 Article 4 10.3390/stresses6010004 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/4 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 3: The Bioremediation Potential of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in the Presence of Cadmium or Copper https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/3 Our main goal was to determine whether the accumulation of Cd and Cu is harmful for L. perenne or whether this plant can be used in the bioremediation, e.g., of wastewaters or contaminated soils. The IC50 values (concentration at which the tested parameter is inhibited to 50% against the control) for root and shoot inhibition after 14 days showed that Cu, as an essential element for plants, was more toxic than Cd. The translocation factor (TF), which refers to metal transport from the root to the shoot, did not exceed values of 0.228 and 0.353 for Cd and Cu, respectively, indicating their accumulation mostly in the roots rather than in the shoots. The protein thiol (-SH) groups as a parameter of the increased level of reactive oxygen species did not confirm the significantly higher level of oxidative stress for Cu, which is a redox-active cation. We confirmed a statistically significant positive correlation between -SH groups and chlorophyll a (r = 0.79; p < 0.05) and chlorophyll b (r = 0.84; p < 0.01) in the presence of Cd. We concluded that bioaccumulation of the tested metals occurred mostly in the roots, and the photosynthetic pigment content in the shoots was not significantly impaired by the increased presence of Cd or Cu in the shoots. Therefore, we suggest L. perenne as a suitable candidate for the phytomining or phytoextraction of metals, mostly from wastewater, in cooperation with other plant hyperaccumulators. 2026-01-12 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 3: The Bioremediation Potential of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in the Presence of Cadmium or Copper

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6010003

Authors: Pavlína Eliška Šotek Marianna Molnárová Ammara Nawaz Agáta Fargašová

Our main goal was to determine whether the accumulation of Cd and Cu is harmful for L. perenne or whether this plant can be used in the bioremediation, e.g., of wastewaters or contaminated soils. The IC50 values (concentration at which the tested parameter is inhibited to 50% against the control) for root and shoot inhibition after 14 days showed that Cu, as an essential element for plants, was more toxic than Cd. The translocation factor (TF), which refers to metal transport from the root to the shoot, did not exceed values of 0.228 and 0.353 for Cd and Cu, respectively, indicating their accumulation mostly in the roots rather than in the shoots. The protein thiol (-SH) groups as a parameter of the increased level of reactive oxygen species did not confirm the significantly higher level of oxidative stress for Cu, which is a redox-active cation. We confirmed a statistically significant positive correlation between -SH groups and chlorophyll a (r = 0.79; p < 0.05) and chlorophyll b (r = 0.84; p < 0.01) in the presence of Cd. We concluded that bioaccumulation of the tested metals occurred mostly in the roots, and the photosynthetic pigment content in the shoots was not significantly impaired by the increased presence of Cd or Cu in the shoots. Therefore, we suggest L. perenne as a suitable candidate for the phytomining or phytoextraction of metals, mostly from wastewater, in cooperation with other plant hyperaccumulators.

]]> The Bioremediation Potential of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in the Presence of Cadmium or Copper Pavlína Eliška Šotek Marianna Molnárová Ammara Nawaz Agáta Fargašová doi: 10.3390/stresses6010003 Stresses 2026-01-12 Stresses 2026-01-12 6 1 Article 3 10.3390/stresses6010003 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/3 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 2: Physiological and Biochemical Analysis of Coffea arabica Cultivars in the Early Stage of Development Subjected to Water Stress for the Selection of Cultivars Adapted to Drought https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/2 Drought events intensified by climate change severely compromise the physiological stability and productivity of Coffea arabica, particularly in rainfed systems, underscoring the need to identify cultivars with greater functional resilience. This study evaluated the physiological, nutritional and biochemical responses of seedlings from ten cultivars subjected to adequate irrigation (AW), severe water deficit (SWD) and rehydration (RI). Water potential, gas exchange, oxidative stress markers, stomatal traits and foliar macro- and micronutrients were quantified. Most cultivars exhibited pronounced reductions in the pre-dawn leaf water potential (Ψpd), photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E), together with increases in oxidative stress indicators under SWD. In contrast, Obatá amarillo, Castillo, and Arará maintained greater hydraulic stability, more efficient stomatal regulation, higher water-use efficiency, and lower oxidative stress, accompanied by a more effective post-stress recovery after RI. Regarding nutrient dynamics, Geisha, Castillo, and Arará showed higher K+ accumulation, while Catimor bolo presented elevated Ca2+, P, and Fe2+ contents, elements associated with metabolic reactivation and structural recovery after stress. Geisha and Marsellesa displayed an adaptive, recovery-driven resilience strategy following drought stress. Overall, the findings identify Obatá amarillo, Castillo, and Arará as the most drought-tolerant cultivars, highlighting their potential relevance for breeding programs aimed at improving drought resilience in coffee. 2026-01-09 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 2: Physiological and Biochemical Analysis of Coffea arabica Cultivars in the Early Stage of Development Subjected to Water Stress for the Selection of Cultivars Adapted to Drought

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6010002

Authors: Jhon Edler Lopez-Merino Eyner Huaman Jorge Alberto Condori-Apfata Manuel Oliva-Cruz

Drought events intensified by climate change severely compromise the physiological stability and productivity of Coffea arabica, particularly in rainfed systems, underscoring the need to identify cultivars with greater functional resilience. This study evaluated the physiological, nutritional and biochemical responses of seedlings from ten cultivars subjected to adequate irrigation (AW), severe water deficit (SWD) and rehydration (RI). Water potential, gas exchange, oxidative stress markers, stomatal traits and foliar macro- and micronutrients were quantified. Most cultivars exhibited pronounced reductions in the pre-dawn leaf water potential (Ψpd), photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E), together with increases in oxidative stress indicators under SWD. In contrast, Obatá amarillo, Castillo, and Arará maintained greater hydraulic stability, more efficient stomatal regulation, higher water-use efficiency, and lower oxidative stress, accompanied by a more effective post-stress recovery after RI. Regarding nutrient dynamics, Geisha, Castillo, and Arará showed higher K+ accumulation, while Catimor bolo presented elevated Ca2+, P, and Fe2+ contents, elements associated with metabolic reactivation and structural recovery after stress. Geisha and Marsellesa displayed an adaptive, recovery-driven resilience strategy following drought stress. Overall, the findings identify Obatá amarillo, Castillo, and Arará as the most drought-tolerant cultivars, highlighting their potential relevance for breeding programs aimed at improving drought resilience in coffee.

]]> Physiological and Biochemical Analysis of Coffea arabica Cultivars in the Early Stage of Development Subjected to Water Stress for the Selection of Cultivars Adapted to Drought Jhon Edler Lopez-Merino Eyner Huaman Jorge Alberto Condori-Apfata Manuel Oliva-Cruz doi: 10.3390/stresses6010002 Stresses 2026-01-09 Stresses 2026-01-09 6 1 Article 2 10.3390/stresses6010002 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/2 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 1: Secondary Metabolite Enhancement of Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.) Calli Using Drought and Salinity Stress Under In Vitro Condition https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/1 The pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.) plant is native to North America and contains bioactive compounds with medicinal potential, particularly phenolics and saponins. This study enhanced the production of secondary metabolites in pokeweed callus cultures using sodium chloride (NaCl) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as elicitors under aseptic conditions. Pokeweed seeds were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium for 8 weeks. Fully expanded leaves from the second to third position from the shoot were excised and induced to form calli on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for 5 weeks. Fully developed calli were elicited with PEG6000 at concentrations of 0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5% (w/v) in combination with NaCl at concentrations of 0, 100, 200, and 300 mM for 15 days. Callus growth was recorded, followed by drying and extraction using methanol (MeOH) for biochemical analysis. Calli elicited with 2.5% PEG and 300 mM NaCl exhibited the highest total phenolic content (TPC) (21.063 µg GAE/mg DW) and total flavonoid content (TFC) (1.927 µg QUE/mg DW). The highest antioxidant activities determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assays were 0.998, 1.574, and 0.998 µg TE/mg DW, respectively. The elicitation of pokeweed calli with 300 mM NaCl yielded the highest amount of Esculentoside A (EsA) (15.753 µg/mg DW). All the elicitor treatments significantly enhanced metabolite accumulation compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The findings indicated that elicitation with PEG and NaCl effectively enhanced the production of secondary metabolites in P. americana callus cultures. This study offers a promising alternative approach for utilizing P. americana in pharmaceutical and medicinal applications. 2026-01-06 Stresses, Vol. 6, Pages 1: Secondary Metabolite Enhancement of Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.) Calli Using Drought and Salinity Stress Under In Vitro Condition

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses6010001

Authors: Worasitikulya Taratima Narissara Janket Attachai Trunjaruen Nisarat Tungpairojwong Monthira Monthatong Pitakpong Maneerattanarungroj Prathan Luecha

The pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.) plant is native to North America and contains bioactive compounds with medicinal potential, particularly phenolics and saponins. This study enhanced the production of secondary metabolites in pokeweed callus cultures using sodium chloride (NaCl) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as elicitors under aseptic conditions. Pokeweed seeds were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium for 8 weeks. Fully expanded leaves from the second to third position from the shoot were excised and induced to form calli on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for 5 weeks. Fully developed calli were elicited with PEG6000 at concentrations of 0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5% (w/v) in combination with NaCl at concentrations of 0, 100, 200, and 300 mM for 15 days. Callus growth was recorded, followed by drying and extraction using methanol (MeOH) for biochemical analysis. Calli elicited with 2.5% PEG and 300 mM NaCl exhibited the highest total phenolic content (TPC) (21.063 µg GAE/mg DW) and total flavonoid content (TFC) (1.927 µg QUE/mg DW). The highest antioxidant activities determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assays were 0.998, 1.574, and 0.998 µg TE/mg DW, respectively. The elicitation of pokeweed calli with 300 mM NaCl yielded the highest amount of Esculentoside A (EsA) (15.753 µg/mg DW). All the elicitor treatments significantly enhanced metabolite accumulation compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The findings indicated that elicitation with PEG and NaCl effectively enhanced the production of secondary metabolites in P. americana callus cultures. This study offers a promising alternative approach for utilizing P. americana in pharmaceutical and medicinal applications.

]]> Secondary Metabolite Enhancement of Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.) Calli Using Drought and Salinity Stress Under In Vitro Condition Worasitikulya Taratima Narissara Janket Attachai Trunjaruen Nisarat Tungpairojwong Monthira Monthatong Pitakpong Maneerattanarungroj Prathan Luecha doi: 10.3390/stresses6010001 Stresses 2026-01-06 Stresses 2026-01-06 6 1 Article 1 10.3390/stresses6010001 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/6/1/1 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 70: Dose-Dependent Effect of Foliar ZnO Nanoparticles on the Physiology, Mineral Nutrition, and Redox Status of Coffea arabica Seedlings Under Soil Acidity https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/4/70 Soil acidity severely constrains coffee production by reducing nutrient availability and promoting aluminum toxicity and oxidative stress. Foliar zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been proposed as redox modulators that can improve nutrient homeostasis under abiotic stress. However, the safe and effective range of Coffea arabica L. remains unclear. In this study, seedlings were grown in acidic soil and sprayed twice with ZnO NPs at 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg L−1. Morphophysiological, biochemical, and ionomic parameters were evaluated fifty days after treatment. Moderate ZnO NPs doses led to intermediate stomatal conductance values, whereas net photosynthesis showed intermediate but non-significant responses only at 10–25 mg L−1, with higher doses (50–100 mg L−1) causing a marked decline. These doses did not significantly modify hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in leaves or roots. In contrast, the highest dose (100 mg L−1) induced a marked increase in H2O2 without affecting MDA, indicating a partial oxidative response rather than clear lipid peroxidation. Foliar analysis showed that 50 mg L−1 ZnO NPs significantly increased P compared with the optimal soil, while Ca and K remained statistically similar across treatments. Na in the optimal soil was comparable to the 10–25 mg L−1 ZnO NPs treatments, whereas Na at 50–100 mg L−1 ZnO NPs was significantly reduced and foliar Zn increased markedly with increasing nanoparticle dose. Proline accumulation reflected a dose-dependent osmotic adjustment, and chlorophyll ratios indicated adaptive photoprotection. Overall, foliar ZnO NPs mitigated acidity-induced stress through physiological and ionomic adjustment, with 10–25 mg L−1 identified as the physiologically safe range for C. arabica seedlings grown under acidic conditions. 2025-12-10 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 70: Dose-Dependent Effect of Foliar ZnO Nanoparticles on the Physiology, Mineral Nutrition, and Redox Status of Coffea arabica Seedlings Under Soil Acidity

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5040070

Authors: Amilcar Valle-Lopez Jegnes Benjamín Meléndez-Mori Eyner Huaman Manuel Oliva-Cruz

Soil acidity severely constrains coffee production by reducing nutrient availability and promoting aluminum toxicity and oxidative stress. Foliar zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been proposed as redox modulators that can improve nutrient homeostasis under abiotic stress. However, the safe and effective range of Coffea arabica L. remains unclear. In this study, seedlings were grown in acidic soil and sprayed twice with ZnO NPs at 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg L−1. Morphophysiological, biochemical, and ionomic parameters were evaluated fifty days after treatment. Moderate ZnO NPs doses led to intermediate stomatal conductance values, whereas net photosynthesis showed intermediate but non-significant responses only at 10–25 mg L−1, with higher doses (50–100 mg L−1) causing a marked decline. These doses did not significantly modify hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in leaves or roots. In contrast, the highest dose (100 mg L−1) induced a marked increase in H2O2 without affecting MDA, indicating a partial oxidative response rather than clear lipid peroxidation. Foliar analysis showed that 50 mg L−1 ZnO NPs significantly increased P compared with the optimal soil, while Ca and K remained statistically similar across treatments. Na in the optimal soil was comparable to the 10–25 mg L−1 ZnO NPs treatments, whereas Na at 50–100 mg L−1 ZnO NPs was significantly reduced and foliar Zn increased markedly with increasing nanoparticle dose. Proline accumulation reflected a dose-dependent osmotic adjustment, and chlorophyll ratios indicated adaptive photoprotection. Overall, foliar ZnO NPs mitigated acidity-induced stress through physiological and ionomic adjustment, with 10–25 mg L−1 identified as the physiologically safe range for C. arabica seedlings grown under acidic conditions.

]]> Dose-Dependent Effect of Foliar ZnO Nanoparticles on the Physiology, Mineral Nutrition, and Redox Status of Coffea arabica Seedlings Under Soil Acidity Amilcar Valle-Lopez Jegnes Benjamín Meléndez-Mori Eyner Huaman Manuel Oliva-Cruz doi: 10.3390/stresses5040070 Stresses 2025-12-10 Stresses 2025-12-10 5 4 Article 70 10.3390/stresses5040070 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/4/70 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 69: Exploring How Reactive Oxygen Species Contribute to Cancer via Oxidative Stress https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/4/69 Cancer remains a major global health burden driven by genetic, metabolic, and microenvironmental alterations. Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress have long been implicated in cancer biology, current understanding remains fragmented and, in several areas, conceptually disputed considering how ROS and oxidative stress thresholds determine the switch between tumor-promoting signaling and cytotoxic outcomes, and whether redox-based therapies can be safely and selectively applied across different cancer types. Moreover, existing studies often examine isolated pathways or single ROS, leaving unanswered the question of how spatial and temporal ROS dynamics and oxidative stress responses shape carcinogenesis, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. This review moves beyond descriptive summarization by critically examining unresolved mechanistic gaps, including (i) how ROS and oxidative stress interact with epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming, (ii) the context-dependent role of ROS-driven oxidative stress within the tumor microenvironment and immune evasion, and (iii) why ROS-targeting and oxidative stress-modulating therapies have shown inconsistent clinical translation despite promising preclinical data. We highlight areas of consensus as well as conflicting evidence, synthesizing recent advances across multiple cancer types to clarify where ROS and oxidative stress function as drivers, modulators, or vulnerabilities. Finally, we outline emerging research priorities, such as real-time redox profiling, subtype-specific targeting strategies, and combination approaches, to guide the development of more precise and effective ROS- and oxidative-stress-based interventions. 2025-12-08 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 69: Exploring How Reactive Oxygen Species Contribute to Cancer via Oxidative Stress

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5040069

Authors: Alireza Tavakolpournegari Seyedeh Safoora Moosavi Arash Matinahmadi Zoofa Zayani Seyed Hesamoddin Bidooki

Cancer remains a major global health burden driven by genetic, metabolic, and microenvironmental alterations. Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress have long been implicated in cancer biology, current understanding remains fragmented and, in several areas, conceptually disputed considering how ROS and oxidative stress thresholds determine the switch between tumor-promoting signaling and cytotoxic outcomes, and whether redox-based therapies can be safely and selectively applied across different cancer types. Moreover, existing studies often examine isolated pathways or single ROS, leaving unanswered the question of how spatial and temporal ROS dynamics and oxidative stress responses shape carcinogenesis, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. This review moves beyond descriptive summarization by critically examining unresolved mechanistic gaps, including (i) how ROS and oxidative stress interact with epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming, (ii) the context-dependent role of ROS-driven oxidative stress within the tumor microenvironment and immune evasion, and (iii) why ROS-targeting and oxidative stress-modulating therapies have shown inconsistent clinical translation despite promising preclinical data. We highlight areas of consensus as well as conflicting evidence, synthesizing recent advances across multiple cancer types to clarify where ROS and oxidative stress function as drivers, modulators, or vulnerabilities. Finally, we outline emerging research priorities, such as real-time redox profiling, subtype-specific targeting strategies, and combination approaches, to guide the development of more precise and effective ROS- and oxidative-stress-based interventions.

]]> Exploring How Reactive Oxygen Species Contribute to Cancer via Oxidative Stress Alireza Tavakolpournegari Seyedeh Safoora Moosavi Arash Matinahmadi Zoofa Zayani Seyed Hesamoddin Bidooki doi: 10.3390/stresses5040069 Stresses 2025-12-08 Stresses 2025-12-08 5 4 Review 69 10.3390/stresses5040069 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/4/69 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 68: Effect of Silicon Formulation on Protecting and Boosting Faba Bean Growth Under Herbicide Damage https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/4/68 Herbicide treatment for agricultural crops may cause dramatic damage to production amount and quality. The aim of the present investigation was to compare different silicon formulations to assess their efficiency in maintaining faba bean plant growth with the herbicide spray Dicameron. Soil pollution due to Dicameron caused an intensive oxidant stress, decreasing bean pods, seed number and weight, antioxidant activity (AOA) and polyphenol content (TP), leaf chlorophyll, and carotene, sharply increasing proline level, and creating pod and leaf anomalies. All the Si formulations, i.e., ionic Si forms in the presence of microelements (Siliplant) or terpenes (BioSi), Si nanoparticles, and organic silicon adjuvant siloxane polyalkylene oxide (Atomic), significantly restored bean antioxidant status and leaf photosynthetic pigment accumulation, enhancing plant defense, as indicated by the proline level decrease. Only the ionic form of Si in the Siliplant formulation, containing essential microelements, facilitated the recovery of pod form and seed weight, while nano-Si was the most effective treatment for bean AOA restoration, and Atomic was the best in rebalancing chlorophyll and the worst in decreasing proline content. A strong beneficial effect of ionic Si in the presence of terpenes (BioSi) was recorded only on the yield of the control plants which did not undergo herbicide spraying. The results indicate a moderate beneficial effect of siloxane adjuvant on plant performance and antioxidant defense level and the highest positive impact on broad bean protection in response to the ionic Si (Siliplant formulation) supply also containing Cu, Zn, Mo, Mn, Fe, and B. 2025-11-30 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 68: Effect of Silicon Formulation on Protecting and Boosting Faba Bean Growth Under Herbicide Damage

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5040068

Authors: Olga Ushakova Nadezhda Golubkina Vladimir Ushakov Mikhail Fedotov Andrey Alpatov Dmitry Kravchenko Ksenia Datsyuk Marina Antoshkina Anna Sindireva Otilia Cristina Murariu Gianluca Caruso

Herbicide treatment for agricultural crops may cause dramatic damage to production amount and quality. The aim of the present investigation was to compare different silicon formulations to assess their efficiency in maintaining faba bean plant growth with the herbicide spray Dicameron. Soil pollution due to Dicameron caused an intensive oxidant stress, decreasing bean pods, seed number and weight, antioxidant activity (AOA) and polyphenol content (TP), leaf chlorophyll, and carotene, sharply increasing proline level, and creating pod and leaf anomalies. All the Si formulations, i.e., ionic Si forms in the presence of microelements (Siliplant) or terpenes (BioSi), Si nanoparticles, and organic silicon adjuvant siloxane polyalkylene oxide (Atomic), significantly restored bean antioxidant status and leaf photosynthetic pigment accumulation, enhancing plant defense, as indicated by the proline level decrease. Only the ionic form of Si in the Siliplant formulation, containing essential microelements, facilitated the recovery of pod form and seed weight, while nano-Si was the most effective treatment for bean AOA restoration, and Atomic was the best in rebalancing chlorophyll and the worst in decreasing proline content. A strong beneficial effect of ionic Si in the presence of terpenes (BioSi) was recorded only on the yield of the control plants which did not undergo herbicide spraying. The results indicate a moderate beneficial effect of siloxane adjuvant on plant performance and antioxidant defense level and the highest positive impact on broad bean protection in response to the ionic Si (Siliplant formulation) supply also containing Cu, Zn, Mo, Mn, Fe, and B.

]]> Effect of Silicon Formulation on Protecting and Boosting Faba Bean Growth Under Herbicide Damage Olga Ushakova Nadezhda Golubkina Vladimir Ushakov Mikhail Fedotov Andrey Alpatov Dmitry Kravchenko Ksenia Datsyuk Marina Antoshkina Anna Sindireva Otilia Cristina Murariu Gianluca Caruso doi: 10.3390/stresses5040068 Stresses 2025-11-30 Stresses 2025-11-30 5 4 Article 68 10.3390/stresses5040068 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/4/68 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 67: Herbicides Constrain Hyphal Growth, Conidial Germination, and Morphological Transformation in a Dimorphic Fungal Pathogen https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/4/67 White leaf spot disease [Neopseudocercosporella capsellae (Ellis & Everhart) S.I.R.Videira & P.W.Crous] poses a significant threat to rapeseed production globally. The herbicides atrazine and glyphosate are widely applied to herbicide-tolerant major crops, including rapeseed. Herbicides can affect disease levels directly and indirectly by stressing host plants, influencing pathogens, and altering abiotic and biotic stress levels in the environment. The specific effects of herbicides on the dimorphic pathogen N. capsellae regarding hyphal growth, conidial germination rate, and the morphological transformation from multi-celled hyphae or conidia into numerous single-celled blastospores remain unknown. Hence, studies were performed on two agar media [malt extract agar (MEA) and water agar (WA)] to determine how atrazine and glyphosate, each applied at 1 g a.i. L−1 or the commercial recommended concentrations of 10 and 7.8 g a.i. L−1, respectively, affect these characteristics in four highly pathogenic isolates of N. capsellae. Across a 32-day assessment period, the hyphal growth of all four isolates subcultured individually on MEA or WA was significantly restricted by both concentrations of atrazine and glyphosate. For both atrazine and glyphosate, restriction of hyphal growth was much greater at the higher commercial recommended concentration. Glyphosate restricted hyphal growth more than atrazine for each comparative concentration. Using a mixture of all four isolates, a similar trend of suppression by atrazine or glyphosate occurred in relation to conidial germination and the morphological transformation from multi-celled hyphae or conidia into numerous single-celled blastospores. These new insights into how herbicides constrain hyphal growth, conidial germination, and morphological transformation suggest their potential as a control measure in herbicide-tolerant crops to limit the epidemic spread and development of not only N. capsellae in rapeseed but other dimorphic fungal pathogens as well. 2025-11-26 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 67: Herbicides Constrain Hyphal Growth, Conidial Germination, and Morphological Transformation in a Dimorphic Fungal Pathogen

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5040067

Authors: Yan Ai Ming Pei You Guijun Yan Martin J. Barbetti

White leaf spot disease [Neopseudocercosporella capsellae (Ellis & Everhart) S.I.R.Videira & P.W.Crous] poses a significant threat to rapeseed production globally. The herbicides atrazine and glyphosate are widely applied to herbicide-tolerant major crops, including rapeseed. Herbicides can affect disease levels directly and indirectly by stressing host plants, influencing pathogens, and altering abiotic and biotic stress levels in the environment. The specific effects of herbicides on the dimorphic pathogen N. capsellae regarding hyphal growth, conidial germination rate, and the morphological transformation from multi-celled hyphae or conidia into numerous single-celled blastospores remain unknown. Hence, studies were performed on two agar media [malt extract agar (MEA) and water agar (WA)] to determine how atrazine and glyphosate, each applied at 1 g a.i. L−1 or the commercial recommended concentrations of 10 and 7.8 g a.i. L−1, respectively, affect these characteristics in four highly pathogenic isolates of N. capsellae. Across a 32-day assessment period, the hyphal growth of all four isolates subcultured individually on MEA or WA was significantly restricted by both concentrations of atrazine and glyphosate. For both atrazine and glyphosate, restriction of hyphal growth was much greater at the higher commercial recommended concentration. Glyphosate restricted hyphal growth more than atrazine for each comparative concentration. Using a mixture of all four isolates, a similar trend of suppression by atrazine or glyphosate occurred in relation to conidial germination and the morphological transformation from multi-celled hyphae or conidia into numerous single-celled blastospores. These new insights into how herbicides constrain hyphal growth, conidial germination, and morphological transformation suggest their potential as a control measure in herbicide-tolerant crops to limit the epidemic spread and development of not only N. capsellae in rapeseed but other dimorphic fungal pathogens as well.

]]> Herbicides Constrain Hyphal Growth, Conidial Germination, and Morphological Transformation in a Dimorphic Fungal Pathogen Yan Ai Ming Pei You Guijun Yan Martin J. Barbetti doi: 10.3390/stresses5040067 Stresses 2025-11-26 Stresses 2025-11-26 5 4 Article 67 10.3390/stresses5040067 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/4/67 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 66: Under Pressure: Environmental Stressors in Urban Ecosystems and Their Ecological and Social Consequences on Biodiversity and Human Well-Being https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/4/66 Urban ecosystems are increasingly shaped by multiple environmental stressors, which may threaten both biodiversity and human well-being. We summarised the current knowledge on the ecological and social consequences of seven major urban pressures: air pollution, freshwater degradation, biological invasions, noise pollution, habitat fragmentation, soil pollution and climate crisis. Air and soil pollution, largely driven by traffic and industrial activities, compromises vegetation functions, reduces ecosystem services, and affects human health. Urban freshwater systems face contamination from stormwater runoff, wastewater, and microplastics, leading to biodiversity loss, altered ecosystem processes, and reduced water availability. Biological invasions, facilitated by human activities and habitat disturbances, reshape ecological communities, outcompete native species, and impose socio-economic costs, while management requires integrated monitoring and citizen engagement. Noise pollution disrupts animal communication, alters species distributions, and poses significant risks to human physical and mental health. Simultaneously, habitat fragmentation and loss reduce ecological connectivity, impair pollination and dispersal processes, and heighten extinction risks for both plants and animals. Collectively, these stressors interact synergistically, amplifying ecological degradation and exacerbating health and social inequalities in urban populations. The cumulative impacts highlight the need for systemic and adaptive approaches to urban planning that integrate biodiversity conservation, public health, and social equity. Nature-based solutions, ecological restoration, technological innovation, and participatory governance emerge as promising strategies to enhance urban resilience. Furthermore, fostering citizen science initiatives can strengthen monitoring capacity and create community ownership of sustainable urban environments. Addressing the combined pressures of urban environmental stressors is thus pivotal for building cities that are ecologically robust, socially inclusive, and capable of coping with the challenges of the climate crisis and global urbanization. 2025-11-19 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 66: Under Pressure: Environmental Stressors in Urban Ecosystems and Their Ecological and Social Consequences on Biodiversity and Human Well-Being

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5040066

Authors: Emiliano Mori Tiziana Di Lorenzo Andrea Viviano Tamara Jakovljević Elena Marra Barbara Baesso Moura Cesare Garosi Jacopo Manzini Leonardo Ancillotto Yasutomo Hoshika Elena Paoletti

Urban ecosystems are increasingly shaped by multiple environmental stressors, which may threaten both biodiversity and human well-being. We summarised the current knowledge on the ecological and social consequences of seven major urban pressures: air pollution, freshwater degradation, biological invasions, noise pollution, habitat fragmentation, soil pollution and climate crisis. Air and soil pollution, largely driven by traffic and industrial activities, compromises vegetation functions, reduces ecosystem services, and affects human health. Urban freshwater systems face contamination from stormwater runoff, wastewater, and microplastics, leading to biodiversity loss, altered ecosystem processes, and reduced water availability. Biological invasions, facilitated by human activities and habitat disturbances, reshape ecological communities, outcompete native species, and impose socio-economic costs, while management requires integrated monitoring and citizen engagement. Noise pollution disrupts animal communication, alters species distributions, and poses significant risks to human physical and mental health. Simultaneously, habitat fragmentation and loss reduce ecological connectivity, impair pollination and dispersal processes, and heighten extinction risks for both plants and animals. Collectively, these stressors interact synergistically, amplifying ecological degradation and exacerbating health and social inequalities in urban populations. The cumulative impacts highlight the need for systemic and adaptive approaches to urban planning that integrate biodiversity conservation, public health, and social equity. Nature-based solutions, ecological restoration, technological innovation, and participatory governance emerge as promising strategies to enhance urban resilience. Furthermore, fostering citizen science initiatives can strengthen monitoring capacity and create community ownership of sustainable urban environments. Addressing the combined pressures of urban environmental stressors is thus pivotal for building cities that are ecologically robust, socially inclusive, and capable of coping with the challenges of the climate crisis and global urbanization.

]]> Under Pressure: Environmental Stressors in Urban Ecosystems and Their Ecological and Social Consequences on Biodiversity and Human Well-Being Emiliano Mori Tiziana Di Lorenzo Andrea Viviano Tamara Jakovljević Elena Marra Barbara Baesso Moura Cesare Garosi Jacopo Manzini Leonardo Ancillotto Yasutomo Hoshika Elena Paoletti doi: 10.3390/stresses5040066 Stresses 2025-11-19 Stresses 2025-11-19 5 4 Review 66 10.3390/stresses5040066 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/4/66 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 65: Ozone Pollution and Urban Greening https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/4/65 Tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution is a major concern in urban environments because of its toxicity for both people and vegetation. This paper review provides an overview of atmospheric mechanisms, as well as the potential and best management practices of urban greening for reducing O3 pollution in cities. Urban greening has often been proposed as a cost-effective solution to reduce O3 pollution, but its effectiveness depends on careful species selection and integration with broader air quality management strategies. Ozone is a secondary pollutant and the volatile organic compounds emitted by vegetation (BVOCs) can play a prominent role in O3 formation. A list of recommended and to-avoid species is given here to drive future planting at city scale. Planting low BVOC-emitting species and combining greening with reductions in anthropogenic emissions are key to maximizing benefits and minimizing unintended increases in O3. Public and non-public institutions should carefully select plant species in consultation with expert scientists from the early stages, e.g., by considering local conditions and pollutant dynamics to design effective greening interventions. Collaborative planning among urban ecologists, atmospheric scientists, and municipalities is thus crucial to ensure that greening interventions contribute to overall air quality improvements rather than inadvertently enhancing O3 formation. Such improvements will also translate into plant protection from O3 stress. Therefore, future directions of research and policy integration to achieve healthier, O3-resilient urban ecosystems are also provided. 2025-11-14 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 65: Ozone Pollution and Urban Greening

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5040065

Authors: Elena Paoletti Pierre Sicard Alessandra De Marco Barbara Baesso Moura Jacopo Manzini

Tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution is a major concern in urban environments because of its toxicity for both people and vegetation. This paper review provides an overview of atmospheric mechanisms, as well as the potential and best management practices of urban greening for reducing O3 pollution in cities. Urban greening has often been proposed as a cost-effective solution to reduce O3 pollution, but its effectiveness depends on careful species selection and integration with broader air quality management strategies. Ozone is a secondary pollutant and the volatile organic compounds emitted by vegetation (BVOCs) can play a prominent role in O3 formation. A list of recommended and to-avoid species is given here to drive future planting at city scale. Planting low BVOC-emitting species and combining greening with reductions in anthropogenic emissions are key to maximizing benefits and minimizing unintended increases in O3. Public and non-public institutions should carefully select plant species in consultation with expert scientists from the early stages, e.g., by considering local conditions and pollutant dynamics to design effective greening interventions. Collaborative planning among urban ecologists, atmospheric scientists, and municipalities is thus crucial to ensure that greening interventions contribute to overall air quality improvements rather than inadvertently enhancing O3 formation. Such improvements will also translate into plant protection from O3 stress. Therefore, future directions of research and policy integration to achieve healthier, O3-resilient urban ecosystems are also provided.

]]> Ozone Pollution and Urban Greening Elena Paoletti Pierre Sicard Alessandra De Marco Barbara Baesso Moura Jacopo Manzini doi: 10.3390/stresses5040065 Stresses 2025-11-14 Stresses 2025-11-14 5 4 Review 65 10.3390/stresses5040065 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/4/65 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 64: Arctic Plants Under Environmental Stress: A Review https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/4/64 Arctic plants inhabit extremely cold environments and are exposed to a range of abiotic stress factors. Arctic species exhibit remarkable adaptability to multiple environmental challenges, including a short growing season, low summer temperatures, continuous 24-h daylight during the polar day, limited nitrogen availability in soils, water scarcity, and strong winds. This review examines the key features of growth, development, and reproduction in Arctic plants, as well as their physiological and genomic adaptations to extreme climatic conditions. While Arctic plants show remarkable physiological tolerance, community-level resistance varies regionally and remains an open question. 2025-10-28 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 64: Arctic Plants Under Environmental Stress: A Review

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5040064

Authors: Natalia Vladimirovna Vasilevskaya

Arctic plants inhabit extremely cold environments and are exposed to a range of abiotic stress factors. Arctic species exhibit remarkable adaptability to multiple environmental challenges, including a short growing season, low summer temperatures, continuous 24-h daylight during the polar day, limited nitrogen availability in soils, water scarcity, and strong winds. This review examines the key features of growth, development, and reproduction in Arctic plants, as well as their physiological and genomic adaptations to extreme climatic conditions. While Arctic plants show remarkable physiological tolerance, community-level resistance varies regionally and remains an open question.

]]> Arctic Plants Under Environmental Stress: A Review Natalia Vladimirovna Vasilevskaya doi: 10.3390/stresses5040064 Stresses 2025-10-28 Stresses 2025-10-28 5 4 Review 64 10.3390/stresses5040064 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/4/64 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 63: Vigour Index on Time Basis Calculation on Agastache mexicana Subsp. mexicana Throughout Induced Hydric Stress: SiO2 and Artificial Shade Application Effects https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/4/63 Understanding the impact of hydric stress on medicinal plants in the context of climate change is becoming increasingly important. This study aimed to assess the quality of a seed lot of Agastache mexicana subsp. mexicana (Amm) through a novel calculation of the Vigour Index on time basis (VIT). The evaluation was based on relationships among plant height, leaf number, survival time, and plant density across six irrigation regimes, referred to as stages, which differed in the timing and quantity of water, designed to impose water stress from seedling emergence until plant death. To maximise growth and survival time, we utilised two input factors: Artificial Shade Levels (ASLs) of 38%, 87%, and 94%, as well as Silicon Dioxide Levels (SDLs) of 0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.8%. The effects of these treatments were measured using the Survival Index (SI) and the VIT. The plants achieved their highest SI and VIT values influenced by minimum mortality and maximum height and leaf number in stage three. This behaviour aligned with the field capacity of the substrate, supporting the evaluation of stages one and two as waterlogging stress, while the remaining stages were classified as drought stress. The VIT results showed statistically significant effects from ASL, particularly at 94%. However, the VIT in relation to SDL was not statistically significant. The VIT measurements were visualised using spline interpolation, a method that provides an effective approach to quantify adverse conditions affecting Amm’s development and that it can support to identify the hydric stresses type. 2025-10-23 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 63: Vigour Index on Time Basis Calculation on Agastache mexicana Subsp. mexicana Throughout Induced Hydric Stress: SiO2 and Artificial Shade Application Effects

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5040063

Authors: Blas Cruz-Lagunas Edgar Jesús Delgado-Núñez Juan Reséndiz-Muñoz Flaviano Godínez-Jaimes Romeo Urbieta-Parrazales María Teresa Zagaceta-Álvarez Yeimi Yuleni Pureco-Leyva José Luis Fernández-Muñoz Miguel Angel Gruintal-Santos

Understanding the impact of hydric stress on medicinal plants in the context of climate change is becoming increasingly important. This study aimed to assess the quality of a seed lot of Agastache mexicana subsp. mexicana (Amm) through a novel calculation of the Vigour Index on time basis (VIT). The evaluation was based on relationships among plant height, leaf number, survival time, and plant density across six irrigation regimes, referred to as stages, which differed in the timing and quantity of water, designed to impose water stress from seedling emergence until plant death. To maximise growth and survival time, we utilised two input factors: Artificial Shade Levels (ASLs) of 38%, 87%, and 94%, as well as Silicon Dioxide Levels (SDLs) of 0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.8%. The effects of these treatments were measured using the Survival Index (SI) and the VIT. The plants achieved their highest SI and VIT values influenced by minimum mortality and maximum height and leaf number in stage three. This behaviour aligned with the field capacity of the substrate, supporting the evaluation of stages one and two as waterlogging stress, while the remaining stages were classified as drought stress. The VIT results showed statistically significant effects from ASL, particularly at 94%. However, the VIT in relation to SDL was not statistically significant. The VIT measurements were visualised using spline interpolation, a method that provides an effective approach to quantify adverse conditions affecting Amm’s development and that it can support to identify the hydric stresses type.

]]> Vigour Index on Time Basis Calculation on Agastache mexicana Subsp. mexicana Throughout Induced Hydric Stress: SiO2 and Artificial Shade Application Effects Blas Cruz-Lagunas Edgar Jesús Delgado-Núñez Juan Reséndiz-Muñoz Flaviano Godínez-Jaimes Romeo Urbieta-Parrazales María Teresa Zagaceta-Álvarez Yeimi Yuleni Pureco-Leyva José Luis Fernández-Muñoz Miguel Angel Gruintal-Santos doi: 10.3390/stresses5040063 Stresses 2025-10-23 Stresses 2025-10-23 5 4 Article 63 10.3390/stresses5040063 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/4/63 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 62: Identifying Winter Light Stress in Conifers Using Proximal Hyperspectral Imaging and Machine Learning https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/4/62 The development of remote methods for identifying plant light stress (LS) is an urgent task in agriculture and forestry. Evergreen conifers, which experience winter light stress (WLS) annually, are ideal subjects for studying the mechanisms of light stress and developing identification methods. Proximal hyperspectral imaging (HSI) was used to identify WLS in Platycladus orientalis. Using the random forest (RF), the spectral characteristics of P. orientalis shoots were analysed and the conditions ‘Winter Light Stress’ and ‘Optimal Condition’ were classified with high accuracy. The out-of-bag (OOB) estimate of the error rate was only 0.35%. Classification of the conditions ‘Cold Stress’ and ‘Optimal Condition’—with an OOB estimate of error rate of 3.19%—can also be considered successful. The conditions ‘Winter Light Stress’ and ‘Cold Stress’ were more poorly separated (OOB error rate 15.94%). Verifying the RF classification model for the three states ‘Optimal condition’, ‘Cold stress’ and ‘Winter Light Stress’ simultaneously using data from the crown field survey showed that the ‘Winter Light Stress’ state was well identified. In this case, ‘Optimal condition’ was mistakenly defined as ‘Cold stress’. The following vegetation indices were significant for identifying WLS: CARI, CCI, CCRI, CRI550, CTRI, LSI, PRI, PRIm1, modPRI and TVI. Therefore, spectral phenotyping using HSI is a promising method for identifying WLS in conifers. 2025-10-21 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 62: Identifying Winter Light Stress in Conifers Using Proximal Hyperspectral Imaging and Machine Learning

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5040062

Authors: Pavel A. Dmitriev Boris L. Kozlovsky Anastasiya A. Dmitrieva Mikhail M. Sereda Tatyana V. Varduni Vladimir S. Lysenko

The development of remote methods for identifying plant light stress (LS) is an urgent task in agriculture and forestry. Evergreen conifers, which experience winter light stress (WLS) annually, are ideal subjects for studying the mechanisms of light stress and developing identification methods. Proximal hyperspectral imaging (HSI) was used to identify WLS in Platycladus orientalis. Using the random forest (RF), the spectral characteristics of P. orientalis shoots were analysed and the conditions ‘Winter Light Stress’ and ‘Optimal Condition’ were classified with high accuracy. The out-of-bag (OOB) estimate of the error rate was only 0.35%. Classification of the conditions ‘Cold Stress’ and ‘Optimal Condition’—with an OOB estimate of error rate of 3.19%—can also be considered successful. The conditions ‘Winter Light Stress’ and ‘Cold Stress’ were more poorly separated (OOB error rate 15.94%). Verifying the RF classification model for the three states ‘Optimal condition’, ‘Cold stress’ and ‘Winter Light Stress’ simultaneously using data from the crown field survey showed that the ‘Winter Light Stress’ state was well identified. In this case, ‘Optimal condition’ was mistakenly defined as ‘Cold stress’. The following vegetation indices were significant for identifying WLS: CARI, CCI, CCRI, CRI550, CTRI, LSI, PRI, PRIm1, modPRI and TVI. Therefore, spectral phenotyping using HSI is a promising method for identifying WLS in conifers.

]]> Identifying Winter Light Stress in Conifers Using Proximal Hyperspectral Imaging and Machine Learning Pavel A. Dmitriev Boris L. Kozlovsky Anastasiya A. Dmitrieva Mikhail M. Sereda Tatyana V. Varduni Vladimir S. Lysenko doi: 10.3390/stresses5040062 Stresses 2025-10-21 Stresses 2025-10-21 5 4 Article 62 10.3390/stresses5040062 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/4/62 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 61: Dose-Dependent Effects of Boron on Photosynthetic and Oxidative Processes in Young Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Plants https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/4/61 Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is very sensitive to fluctuations in micronutrient availability, and either an excess or a shortage of boron (B) may reduce the plant’s development and its ability to withstand stress. B is essential for photosynthesis and cell wall integrity, but the physiological requirements for an optimal supply during early development remain unclear. The photosynthetic efficiency and oxidative stress reactions of sugar beet seedlings were tested under five different B concentrations: 0, 50, 500, 1000, and 2000 µM H3BO3. Integrating non-invasive methods like SPAD, delayed fluorescence (DF), and maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) with red–green–blue (RGB) imaging enabled the detailed processing of both the initial and decay phases of DF. According to the results, SPAD and Fv/Fm were not sensitive indicators of early B stress; however, DF decay slopes and red–green–blue pixel distribution distinguished between optimum (500 µM), inadequate (0 µM), and hazardous (2000 µM) treatments. Moreover, lipid oxidation-related biochemical analyses were used to evaluate the ferric reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. At the extremes of insufficiency and toxicity, MDA levels demonstrated enhanced lipid peroxidation, while FRAP increased with B concentration. The outcome of the research revealed optimum (500 µM) and toxicity-inducing (2000 µM) concentrations at early stages of sugar beet development. The study highlights that the combined use of DF kinetics and RGB analysis provides valuable, non-invasive markers for the early identification of B-stress, which is also confirmed by biochemical indicators, thereby promoting more efficient micronutrient management in sugar beet cultivation. 2025-10-16 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 61: Dose-Dependent Effects of Boron on Photosynthetic and Oxidative Processes in Young Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Plants

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5040061

Authors: Ferenc Csima Richárd Hoffmann Gabriella Kazinczi Ildikó Jócsák

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is very sensitive to fluctuations in micronutrient availability, and either an excess or a shortage of boron (B) may reduce the plant’s development and its ability to withstand stress. B is essential for photosynthesis and cell wall integrity, but the physiological requirements for an optimal supply during early development remain unclear. The photosynthetic efficiency and oxidative stress reactions of sugar beet seedlings were tested under five different B concentrations: 0, 50, 500, 1000, and 2000 µM H3BO3. Integrating non-invasive methods like SPAD, delayed fluorescence (DF), and maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) with red–green–blue (RGB) imaging enabled the detailed processing of both the initial and decay phases of DF. According to the results, SPAD and Fv/Fm were not sensitive indicators of early B stress; however, DF decay slopes and red–green–blue pixel distribution distinguished between optimum (500 µM), inadequate (0 µM), and hazardous (2000 µM) treatments. Moreover, lipid oxidation-related biochemical analyses were used to evaluate the ferric reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. At the extremes of insufficiency and toxicity, MDA levels demonstrated enhanced lipid peroxidation, while FRAP increased with B concentration. The outcome of the research revealed optimum (500 µM) and toxicity-inducing (2000 µM) concentrations at early stages of sugar beet development. The study highlights that the combined use of DF kinetics and RGB analysis provides valuable, non-invasive markers for the early identification of B-stress, which is also confirmed by biochemical indicators, thereby promoting more efficient micronutrient management in sugar beet cultivation.

]]> Dose-Dependent Effects of Boron on Photosynthetic and Oxidative Processes in Young Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Plants Ferenc Csima Richárd Hoffmann Gabriella Kazinczi Ildikó Jócsák doi: 10.3390/stresses5040061 Stresses 2025-10-16 Stresses 2025-10-16 5 4 Article 61 10.3390/stresses5040061 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/4/61 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 60: Peach Buds’ Microbiome Profiling Reveals Cultivar-Specific Signatures Associated with TCSB Susceptibility https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/60 The plant microbiome plays a pivotal role in host development and resilience against biotic and abiotic stresses. In perennial crops like peach, microbial communities inhabiting dormant buds—critical yet vulnerable organs—may influence disease outcomes and plant fitness. This study characterized the bacterial and fungal communities associated with the buds of three peach cultivars differing in susceptibility to Twig Canker and Shoot Blight (TCSB). Amplicon-based profiling revealed distinct microbiome signatures across cultivars, shaped by host genotype. The highly tolerant ‘Catherina’ harbored a structured and relatively diverse community enriched in beneficial bacterial genera such as Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, and Curtobacterium, alongside protective yeasts including Aureobasidium and Cladosporium. In contrast, the susceptible cultivar ‘Pavoro®-Pav 1605’ hosted a less balanced microbiome, marked by enrichment of opportunistic pathogens such as Alternaria and Diaporthe, as well as the bacterial lineage 1174-901-12. The intermediate cultivar ‘Lami®.COM’ displayed a transitional profile enriched in Sphingomonas, Pelomonas, and Vishniacozyma. Differential abundance analyses confirmed cultivar-specific enrichment patterns, underscoring the influence of genotype in shaping microbiota composition and potential disease outcomes. These findings support the integration of microbiome-based approaches into sustainable disease management via beneficial microbial promotion, early detection of harmful consortia, and microbiome-informed breeding to foster resilient, low-input peach cultivation systems. 2025-09-19 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 60: Peach Buds’ Microbiome Profiling Reveals Cultivar-Specific Signatures Associated with TCSB Susceptibility

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5030060

Authors: Antonella Cardacino Taner Tastekin Federico Brugneti Marco Cirilli Angelo Mazzaglia Silvia Turco

The plant microbiome plays a pivotal role in host development and resilience against biotic and abiotic stresses. In perennial crops like peach, microbial communities inhabiting dormant buds—critical yet vulnerable organs—may influence disease outcomes and plant fitness. This study characterized the bacterial and fungal communities associated with the buds of three peach cultivars differing in susceptibility to Twig Canker and Shoot Blight (TCSB). Amplicon-based profiling revealed distinct microbiome signatures across cultivars, shaped by host genotype. The highly tolerant ‘Catherina’ harbored a structured and relatively diverse community enriched in beneficial bacterial genera such as Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, and Curtobacterium, alongside protective yeasts including Aureobasidium and Cladosporium. In contrast, the susceptible cultivar ‘Pavoro®-Pav 1605’ hosted a less balanced microbiome, marked by enrichment of opportunistic pathogens such as Alternaria and Diaporthe, as well as the bacterial lineage 1174-901-12. The intermediate cultivar ‘Lami®.COM’ displayed a transitional profile enriched in Sphingomonas, Pelomonas, and Vishniacozyma. Differential abundance analyses confirmed cultivar-specific enrichment patterns, underscoring the influence of genotype in shaping microbiota composition and potential disease outcomes. These findings support the integration of microbiome-based approaches into sustainable disease management via beneficial microbial promotion, early detection of harmful consortia, and microbiome-informed breeding to foster resilient, low-input peach cultivation systems.

]]> Peach Buds’ Microbiome Profiling Reveals Cultivar-Specific Signatures Associated with TCSB Susceptibility Antonella Cardacino Taner Tastekin Federico Brugneti Marco Cirilli Angelo Mazzaglia Silvia Turco doi: 10.3390/stresses5030060 Stresses 2025-09-19 Stresses 2025-09-19 5 3 Article 60 10.3390/stresses5030060 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/60 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 59: Rutin Facilitates Dioxin Elimination and Attenuates Systemic Toxicity in a Wistar Rat Model https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/59 Dioxins are persistent organic pollutants with long biological half-lives and a high tendency for bioaccumulation, posing serious toxicological risks to humans and wildlife. This study investigates the modulatory role of rutin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, in promoting the excretion and reducing the systemic retention of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in vivo. Wistar rats were exposed to a controlled dioxin mixture (10 µg/kg body weight) and administered rutin orally (0.02 g/kg) for 30 consecutive days. Biological samples including feces, urine, and serum were collected and analyzed via high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Rutin significantly enhanced the excretion of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) by 30% in urine and 25% in feces, while reducing lipid-adjusted serum dioxin levels. Additionally, biochemical and hematological markers showed improved hepatic and renal function in the rutin-treated group. These findings suggest that rutin may facilitate dioxin detoxification through enhanced metabolic clearance and reduced tissue retention. The study contributes to understanding natural detoxification mechanisms and supports future research into bioactive compounds for mitigating environmental toxicant exposure. 2025-09-18 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 59: Rutin Facilitates Dioxin Elimination and Attenuates Systemic Toxicity in a Wistar Rat Model

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5030059

Authors: Nguyen Tien Dat Vu Duc Nam Hoang Le Tuan Anh Do Hoang Giang Nguyen Thi Luyen Hoang Dac Thang Nguyen Minh Ha Truong Ngoc Minh

Dioxins are persistent organic pollutants with long biological half-lives and a high tendency for bioaccumulation, posing serious toxicological risks to humans and wildlife. This study investigates the modulatory role of rutin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, in promoting the excretion and reducing the systemic retention of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in vivo. Wistar rats were exposed to a controlled dioxin mixture (10 µg/kg body weight) and administered rutin orally (0.02 g/kg) for 30 consecutive days. Biological samples including feces, urine, and serum were collected and analyzed via high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Rutin significantly enhanced the excretion of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) by 30% in urine and 25% in feces, while reducing lipid-adjusted serum dioxin levels. Additionally, biochemical and hematological markers showed improved hepatic and renal function in the rutin-treated group. These findings suggest that rutin may facilitate dioxin detoxification through enhanced metabolic clearance and reduced tissue retention. The study contributes to understanding natural detoxification mechanisms and supports future research into bioactive compounds for mitigating environmental toxicant exposure.

]]> Rutin Facilitates Dioxin Elimination and Attenuates Systemic Toxicity in a Wistar Rat Model Nguyen Tien Dat Vu Duc Nam Hoang Le Tuan Anh Do Hoang Giang Nguyen Thi Luyen Hoang Dac Thang Nguyen Minh Ha Truong Ngoc Minh doi: 10.3390/stresses5030059 Stresses 2025-09-18 Stresses 2025-09-18 5 3 Article 59 10.3390/stresses5030059 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/59 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 58: Bacterial Biofilm Development and Its Relationship with Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/58 Biofilms are structured communities of microorganisms embedded in a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix; they form by sticking to a surface, growing in number, spreading out, developing fully, and breaking apart. Biofilm represents a risk of infections linked to healthcare environments. It can be one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections, which can colonize the surface of medical equipment, including respirators, urinary and central venous catheters, prosthetic heart valves, and orthopaedic devices. Biofilm formation in urinary catheters is the most common and plays a role in multidrug resistance, especially in patients with catheter-associated urinary tract infections. The supply of antibiotics for the treatment of biofilm bacteria is still inadequate due to continued antibiotic resistance, and the search for a cure for biofilm bacteria in urinary catheters is still under development. Most research currently focuses on preventing biofilm bacteria from adhering to the urinary catheter. This review discusses biofilm bacteria that form with catheter-associated urinary tract infection mechanisms and pathogenesis. In addition, the factors affecting the biofilm development by catheter-associated urinary tract infections were explained. 2025-09-04 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 58: Bacterial Biofilm Development and Its Relationship with Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5030058

Authors: Nousiba L. Jaml Rehab M. Hafez Mary S. Khalil Tarek A. A. Moussa

Biofilms are structured communities of microorganisms embedded in a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix; they form by sticking to a surface, growing in number, spreading out, developing fully, and breaking apart. Biofilm represents a risk of infections linked to healthcare environments. It can be one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections, which can colonize the surface of medical equipment, including respirators, urinary and central venous catheters, prosthetic heart valves, and orthopaedic devices. Biofilm formation in urinary catheters is the most common and plays a role in multidrug resistance, especially in patients with catheter-associated urinary tract infections. The supply of antibiotics for the treatment of biofilm bacteria is still inadequate due to continued antibiotic resistance, and the search for a cure for biofilm bacteria in urinary catheters is still under development. Most research currently focuses on preventing biofilm bacteria from adhering to the urinary catheter. This review discusses biofilm bacteria that form with catheter-associated urinary tract infection mechanisms and pathogenesis. In addition, the factors affecting the biofilm development by catheter-associated urinary tract infections were explained.

]]> Bacterial Biofilm Development and Its Relationship with Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection Nousiba L. Jaml Rehab M. Hafez Mary S. Khalil Tarek A. A. Moussa doi: 10.3390/stresses5030058 Stresses 2025-09-04 Stresses 2025-09-04 5 3 Review 58 10.3390/stresses5030058 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/58 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 57: Characterization of Sugarcane Germplasm for Physiological and Agronomic Traits Associated with Drought Tolerance Across Various Soil Types https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/57 In this study, we aimed to evaluate physiological and agronomic traits in 120 sugarcane genotypes under early drought stress conditions in a field trial across various soil types. The experiment used a split-plot arrangement, with a randomized complete block design and two replications. Two different water regimes were assigned to the main plot: (1) non-water stress (CT) and (2) drought (DT) at the early growth stage, during which sugarcane was subjected to drought stress by withholding water for 4 months. The subplot consisted of 120 sugarcane genotypes. The stalk height, stalk diameter, number of stalks, photosynthetic traits including SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) and maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were measured at 3, 6, and 9 months after planting (MAP). Yield and yield component parameters were measured at 12 MAP. Drought treatments lead to significant changes in various physiological traits in the sugarcane. Clustering analysis classified 36 sugarcane varieties grown in sandy loam soil and 15 genotypes in loam soil into two main clusters. In sandy loam soils, Biotec4 and CO1287 exhibited outstanding performance in drought conditions, delivering high cane yields. Meanwhile, in loam soil, MPT13-118, MPT07-1, Q47, F174, MPT14-1-902, and UT1 exhibited the best drought tolerance. Under drought conditions, cluster 1 showed higher values for SCMR, NDVI, height growth rate (HGR), cane yield, and drought tolerance index compared to cluster 2. These findings suggest that breeders can utilize these genotypes to enhance drought resistance, and the identified physiological traits can assist in selecting stronger candidates for drought tolerance. 2025-09-01 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 57: Characterization of Sugarcane Germplasm for Physiological and Agronomic Traits Associated with Drought Tolerance Across Various Soil Types

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5030057

Authors: Phunsuk Laotongkam Nakorn Jongrungklang Poramate Banterng Peeraya Klomsa-ard Warodom Wirojsirasak Patcharin Songsri

In this study, we aimed to evaluate physiological and agronomic traits in 120 sugarcane genotypes under early drought stress conditions in a field trial across various soil types. The experiment used a split-plot arrangement, with a randomized complete block design and two replications. Two different water regimes were assigned to the main plot: (1) non-water stress (CT) and (2) drought (DT) at the early growth stage, during which sugarcane was subjected to drought stress by withholding water for 4 months. The subplot consisted of 120 sugarcane genotypes. The stalk height, stalk diameter, number of stalks, photosynthetic traits including SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) and maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were measured at 3, 6, and 9 months after planting (MAP). Yield and yield component parameters were measured at 12 MAP. Drought treatments lead to significant changes in various physiological traits in the sugarcane. Clustering analysis classified 36 sugarcane varieties grown in sandy loam soil and 15 genotypes in loam soil into two main clusters. In sandy loam soils, Biotec4 and CO1287 exhibited outstanding performance in drought conditions, delivering high cane yields. Meanwhile, in loam soil, MPT13-118, MPT07-1, Q47, F174, MPT14-1-902, and UT1 exhibited the best drought tolerance. Under drought conditions, cluster 1 showed higher values for SCMR, NDVI, height growth rate (HGR), cane yield, and drought tolerance index compared to cluster 2. These findings suggest that breeders can utilize these genotypes to enhance drought resistance, and the identified physiological traits can assist in selecting stronger candidates for drought tolerance.

]]> Characterization of Sugarcane Germplasm for Physiological and Agronomic Traits Associated with Drought Tolerance Across Various Soil Types Phunsuk Laotongkam Nakorn Jongrungklang Poramate Banterng Peeraya Klomsa-ard Warodom Wirojsirasak Patcharin Songsri doi: 10.3390/stresses5030057 Stresses 2025-09-01 Stresses 2025-09-01 5 3 Article 57 10.3390/stresses5030057 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/57 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 56: Tackling Threats from Emerging Fungal Pathogens: Tech-Driven Approaches for Surveillance and Diagnostics https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/56 Emerging fungal plant pathogens are significant biotic stresses to crops that threaten global food security, biodiversity, and agricultural sustainability. Historically, these pathogens cause devastating crop losses and continue to evolve rapidly due to climate change, international trade, and intensified farming practices. Recent advancements in diagnostic technologies, including remote sensing, sensor-based detection, and molecular techniques, are transforming disease monitoring and detection. These tools, when combined with data mining and big data analysis, facilitate real-time surveillance and early intervention strategies. There is a need for extension and digital advisory services to empower farmers with actionable insights for effective disease management. This manuscript presents an inclusive review of the socioeconomic and historical impacts of fungal plant diseases, the mechanisms driving the emergence of these pathogens, and the pressing need for global surveillance and reporting systems. By analyzing recent advancements and the challenges in the surveillance and diagnosis of fungal pathogens, this review advocates for an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to address the growing threats posed by these emerging fungal diseases. Fostering innovation, enhancing accessibility, and promoting collaboration at both national and international levels are crucial for the agricultural community to protect crops from these emerging biotic stresses, ensuring food security and supporting sustainable farming practices. 2025-09-01 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 56: Tackling Threats from Emerging Fungal Pathogens: Tech-Driven Approaches for Surveillance and Diagnostics

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5030056

Authors: Farjana Sultana Mahabuba Mostafa Humayra Ferdus Nur Ausraf Md. Motaher Hossain

Emerging fungal plant pathogens are significant biotic stresses to crops that threaten global food security, biodiversity, and agricultural sustainability. Historically, these pathogens cause devastating crop losses and continue to evolve rapidly due to climate change, international trade, and intensified farming practices. Recent advancements in diagnostic technologies, including remote sensing, sensor-based detection, and molecular techniques, are transforming disease monitoring and detection. These tools, when combined with data mining and big data analysis, facilitate real-time surveillance and early intervention strategies. There is a need for extension and digital advisory services to empower farmers with actionable insights for effective disease management. This manuscript presents an inclusive review of the socioeconomic and historical impacts of fungal plant diseases, the mechanisms driving the emergence of these pathogens, and the pressing need for global surveillance and reporting systems. By analyzing recent advancements and the challenges in the surveillance and diagnosis of fungal pathogens, this review advocates for an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to address the growing threats posed by these emerging fungal diseases. Fostering innovation, enhancing accessibility, and promoting collaboration at both national and international levels are crucial for the agricultural community to protect crops from these emerging biotic stresses, ensuring food security and supporting sustainable farming practices.

]]> Tackling Threats from Emerging Fungal Pathogens: Tech-Driven Approaches for Surveillance and Diagnostics Farjana Sultana Mahabuba Mostafa Humayra Ferdus Nur Ausraf Md. Motaher Hossain doi: 10.3390/stresses5030056 Stresses 2025-09-01 Stresses 2025-09-01 5 3 Review 56 10.3390/stresses5030056 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/56 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 55: Transcription Factors in Rice (Oryza sativa) Agriculture: Enhancing Resilience to Environmental Stress and Global Food Security https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/55 Rice (Oryza sativa), a crucial global staple, grapples with environmental stress and resource constraints, necessitating sustainable farming. This review explores the transformative role of transcription factors (TFs) in revolutionizing rice agriculture and their potential impact on global food security. It underscores TFs’ pivotal role in gene expression, particularly in responding to environmental stimuli, presenting a promising avenue for enhancing rice resilience. Delving into key TF families in rice, it highlights their multifaceted roles in abiotic stress responses, defense mechanisms, yield improvement, nutrient uptake, seed development, photosynthesis, and flowering regulation. Specific TFs, including DREB (Dehydration-Responsive Element-Binding), WRKY, NAC, MYB (Myeloblastosis), AP2/ERF (APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor), and bHLH (basic Helix–Loop–Helix), are examined for their contributions to stress resilience, defense mechanisms, and yield enhancement. Concrete examples from cutting-edge research illustrate the tangible benefits of harnessing these molecular regulators. However, manipulating TFs presents challenges, necessitating innovative approaches such as predictive models, collaborative field testing, and transparent communication to navigate intricate regulatory networks and regulatory hurdles. Ultimately, a promising future emerges where manipulating rice TFs leads to the development of resilient, high-yielding, and nutritious varieties. Embracing research advancements and addressing existing challenges is imperative to unlock the full potential of these concealed regulators, ensuring sustainable food security for a growing global population. 2025-09-01 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 55: Transcription Factors in Rice (Oryza sativa) Agriculture: Enhancing Resilience to Environmental Stress and Global Food Security

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5030055

Authors: Helmi Gammanpila M. A. Nethmini Sashika S. V. G. N. Priyadarshani

Rice (Oryza sativa), a crucial global staple, grapples with environmental stress and resource constraints, necessitating sustainable farming. This review explores the transformative role of transcription factors (TFs) in revolutionizing rice agriculture and their potential impact on global food security. It underscores TFs’ pivotal role in gene expression, particularly in responding to environmental stimuli, presenting a promising avenue for enhancing rice resilience. Delving into key TF families in rice, it highlights their multifaceted roles in abiotic stress responses, defense mechanisms, yield improvement, nutrient uptake, seed development, photosynthesis, and flowering regulation. Specific TFs, including DREB (Dehydration-Responsive Element-Binding), WRKY, NAC, MYB (Myeloblastosis), AP2/ERF (APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor), and bHLH (basic Helix–Loop–Helix), are examined for their contributions to stress resilience, defense mechanisms, and yield enhancement. Concrete examples from cutting-edge research illustrate the tangible benefits of harnessing these molecular regulators. However, manipulating TFs presents challenges, necessitating innovative approaches such as predictive models, collaborative field testing, and transparent communication to navigate intricate regulatory networks and regulatory hurdles. Ultimately, a promising future emerges where manipulating rice TFs leads to the development of resilient, high-yielding, and nutritious varieties. Embracing research advancements and addressing existing challenges is imperative to unlock the full potential of these concealed regulators, ensuring sustainable food security for a growing global population.

]]> Transcription Factors in Rice (Oryza sativa) Agriculture: Enhancing Resilience to Environmental Stress and Global Food Security Helmi Gammanpila M. A. Nethmini Sashika S. V. G. N. Priyadarshani doi: 10.3390/stresses5030055 Stresses 2025-09-01 Stresses 2025-09-01 5 3 Review 55 10.3390/stresses5030055 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/55 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 54: Selective and Mild Transcriptional Modulation of Lectin Genes in Soy Leaves Under Drought Stress https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/54 Drought is the single largest abiotic threat to soybean yield, yet the lectin genes that mediate drought perception and signaling in this crop have never been systematically mapped. We reanalyzed the public RNA-seq dataset GSE237798 (Williams 82 leaves, 7-day water withdrawal) with an updated fastp–HISAT2–featureCounts–DESeq2 pipeline and a curated catalog of 359 soybean lectin loci. Of the 127 lectin transcripts showing any drought-dependent shift, only 15 were stringently differentially expressed with substantial fold changes: 7 were upregulated and 8 downregulated. These genes span four families, GNA, legume, LysM and Nictaba-related lectins, and are heavily biased toward lectin receptor-like kinases (11 of 15), pinpointing the plasma membrane as the main control node. Gene Ontology enrichment highlights protein autophosphorylation and signal-transduction terms, and the inspection of AlphaFold models together with established lectin knowledge indicates that G- and L-type lectin domains have largely lost canonical carbohydrate-binding residues, whereas LysM and Nictaba proteins retain conserved folds compatible with ligand binding. The data expose a focused, modular lectin program rather than the broad activation often assumed: most soybean lectins stay silent under drought conditions, and only a defined subset toggles their expression, albeit mildly. 2025-08-25 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 54: Selective and Mild Transcriptional Modulation of Lectin Genes in Soy Leaves Under Drought Stress

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5030054

Authors: Vinicius J. S. Osterne Rafaela A. F. Leite Benildo S. Cavada Kyria S. Nascimento

Drought is the single largest abiotic threat to soybean yield, yet the lectin genes that mediate drought perception and signaling in this crop have never been systematically mapped. We reanalyzed the public RNA-seq dataset GSE237798 (Williams 82 leaves, 7-day water withdrawal) with an updated fastp–HISAT2–featureCounts–DESeq2 pipeline and a curated catalog of 359 soybean lectin loci. Of the 127 lectin transcripts showing any drought-dependent shift, only 15 were stringently differentially expressed with substantial fold changes: 7 were upregulated and 8 downregulated. These genes span four families, GNA, legume, LysM and Nictaba-related lectins, and are heavily biased toward lectin receptor-like kinases (11 of 15), pinpointing the plasma membrane as the main control node. Gene Ontology enrichment highlights protein autophosphorylation and signal-transduction terms, and the inspection of AlphaFold models together with established lectin knowledge indicates that G- and L-type lectin domains have largely lost canonical carbohydrate-binding residues, whereas LysM and Nictaba proteins retain conserved folds compatible with ligand binding. The data expose a focused, modular lectin program rather than the broad activation often assumed: most soybean lectins stay silent under drought conditions, and only a defined subset toggles their expression, albeit mildly.

]]> Selective and Mild Transcriptional Modulation of Lectin Genes in Soy Leaves Under Drought Stress Vinicius J. S. Osterne Rafaela A. F. Leite Benildo S. Cavada Kyria S. Nascimento doi: 10.3390/stresses5030054 Stresses 2025-08-25 Stresses 2025-08-25 5 3 Article 54 10.3390/stresses5030054 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/54 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 53: Unravelling the Potentials of Managing Metabolic Diabetes and Related Oxidative Stresses with Extracts from Five South African Hypoxis Species https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/53 Hypoxis species (Hypoxidaceae) comprises twenty-nine species, but the research spotlight is on Hypoxis hemerocalldea (H. hemerocallidea). This study focused on the determination of phytochemical variations, total phenolic content, and antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of five Hypoxis species from South Africa with the aim of averting over-harvesting and extinction of H. hemerocallidea. Standard protocols were used to determine six classes of phytochemicals, their variations, and antidiabetic and antioxidant potentials. Results obtained included variable phytochemicals (tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and deoxy sugar) content. All five Hypoxis species tested positive for antioxidants with 0.2 mM 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl solution. In terms of quantitative antioxidant activity, Hypoxis obtusa displayed the best inhibition of 96.79% (IC50 = 0.15 mg/mL) for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 96.93% (IC50 = 0.04 mg/mL) for hydrogen peroxide, while Hypoxis colchicifolia attained the lowest inhibition of 81.43% (IC50 = 0.23 mg/mL) for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 81.25% (IC50 = 0.05 mg/mL) for hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, Hypoxis obtusa and Hypoxis hemerocallidea afforded the best antioxidant activity of 65.64% (IC50 = 0.32 mg/mL) and 65.23% (IC50 0.81 mg/mL) for the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. The antidiabetic potentials were similar with Hypoxis hemerocallidea and Hypoxis obtusa equally inhibiting the two enzymes, with IC50 of 0.21 mg/mL, 0.24 mg/mL, just like the standard acarbose with IC50 of 0.20 mg/mL. The other three Hypoxis extracts exhibited comparative antidiabetic inhibitory effects with IC50 ranging from 0.34 to 0.55 mg/mL. 2025-08-19 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 53: Unravelling the Potentials of Managing Metabolic Diabetes and Related Oxidative Stresses with Extracts from Five South African Hypoxis Species

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5030053

Authors: Buang Matseke Madan Poka Patrick Demana Kokoette Bassey

Hypoxis species (Hypoxidaceae) comprises twenty-nine species, but the research spotlight is on Hypoxis hemerocalldea (H. hemerocallidea). This study focused on the determination of phytochemical variations, total phenolic content, and antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of five Hypoxis species from South Africa with the aim of averting over-harvesting and extinction of H. hemerocallidea. Standard protocols were used to determine six classes of phytochemicals, their variations, and antidiabetic and antioxidant potentials. Results obtained included variable phytochemicals (tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and deoxy sugar) content. All five Hypoxis species tested positive for antioxidants with 0.2 mM 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl solution. In terms of quantitative antioxidant activity, Hypoxis obtusa displayed the best inhibition of 96.79% (IC50 = 0.15 mg/mL) for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 96.93% (IC50 = 0.04 mg/mL) for hydrogen peroxide, while Hypoxis colchicifolia attained the lowest inhibition of 81.43% (IC50 = 0.23 mg/mL) for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 81.25% (IC50 = 0.05 mg/mL) for hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, Hypoxis obtusa and Hypoxis hemerocallidea afforded the best antioxidant activity of 65.64% (IC50 = 0.32 mg/mL) and 65.23% (IC50 0.81 mg/mL) for the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. The antidiabetic potentials were similar with Hypoxis hemerocallidea and Hypoxis obtusa equally inhibiting the two enzymes, with IC50 of 0.21 mg/mL, 0.24 mg/mL, just like the standard acarbose with IC50 of 0.20 mg/mL. The other three Hypoxis extracts exhibited comparative antidiabetic inhibitory effects with IC50 ranging from 0.34 to 0.55 mg/mL.

]]> Unravelling the Potentials of Managing Metabolic Diabetes and Related Oxidative Stresses with Extracts from Five South African Hypoxis Species Buang Matseke Madan Poka Patrick Demana Kokoette Bassey doi: 10.3390/stresses5030053 Stresses 2025-08-19 Stresses 2025-08-19 5 3 Article 53 10.3390/stresses5030053 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/53 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 52: Biochemical and Perceptual Markers of Physiological Stress During Acute Exercise Overload in U20 Elite Basketball Players https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/52 The allostatic load index (ALindex) measures the cumulative physiological burden on the body due to stress. This prospective cohort study examined the relationships between certain molecular biomarkers, physical variables, and psychometric variables during deload and overload microcycles to contribute to developing an ALindex in professional team-sport athletes. Twelve elite male basketball players (18.3 [0.9] years; 77.2 [5.7] kg; 185 [9.0] cm) were monitored during two microcycles (deload and overload). Blood creatine kinase (CK) and urea levels, countermovement jump (CMJ), session-RPE (RPE × session duration [min], its exponentially weighted moving average [EWMA]), and a cumulative wellness score (sleep, stress, fatigue, muscle soreness, and mood) were assessed at different time points. Bayesian and robust statistics (Cohen’s ξ) were employed. CK rose from 222 U/L (deload) to 439 U/L (overload; +98%, large effect ξ = 0.65), while session-RPE load more than doubled (270 [269] AU to 733 [406] AU, ξ > 0.8). No difference was found in urea and wellness scores (cumulative or other components). CK levels showed moderate positive correlations with both EWMA of session-RPE (ρ = 0.346, p = 0.002) and reduced sleep quality (ρ = 0.25, p = 0.018). Bayesian modeling identified the EWMA of session-RPE as the strongest predictor of jump-defined fatigue (β = 0.012, 95% HDI [0.004, 0.021]), while CK demonstrated a small negative association (β = −0.009, HDI [−0.016, −0.001]). Finally, a principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that CK and the EWMA of session-RPE were robust indicators of physiological stress. A parsimonious index based on PCA loadings ([0.823 × CK] + [0.652 × EWMA of session-RPE]) demonstrated strong discriminative validity between microcycle phases (overload: 515, 95% HDI [442, 587] versus deload: 250, 95% HDI [218, 283], BF10 > 100,000). CK and session-RPE may serve as sensitive biomarkers for inclusion in the ALindex for team sport athletes. 2025-08-18 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 52: Biochemical and Perceptual Markers of Physiological Stress During Acute Exercise Overload in U20 Elite Basketball Players

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5030052

Authors: Juan M. López-Cuervo Andrés Rojas-Jaramillo Andrés García-Caro Jhonatan González-Santamaria Gustavo Humeres Jeffrey R. Stout Adrián Odriozola-Martínez Diego A. Bonilla

The allostatic load index (ALindex) measures the cumulative physiological burden on the body due to stress. This prospective cohort study examined the relationships between certain molecular biomarkers, physical variables, and psychometric variables during deload and overload microcycles to contribute to developing an ALindex in professional team-sport athletes. Twelve elite male basketball players (18.3 [0.9] years; 77.2 [5.7] kg; 185 [9.0] cm) were monitored during two microcycles (deload and overload). Blood creatine kinase (CK) and urea levels, countermovement jump (CMJ), session-RPE (RPE × session duration [min], its exponentially weighted moving average [EWMA]), and a cumulative wellness score (sleep, stress, fatigue, muscle soreness, and mood) were assessed at different time points. Bayesian and robust statistics (Cohen’s ξ) were employed. CK rose from 222 U/L (deload) to 439 U/L (overload; +98%, large effect ξ = 0.65), while session-RPE load more than doubled (270 [269] AU to 733 [406] AU, ξ > 0.8). No difference was found in urea and wellness scores (cumulative or other components). CK levels showed moderate positive correlations with both EWMA of session-RPE (ρ = 0.346, p = 0.002) and reduced sleep quality (ρ = 0.25, p = 0.018). Bayesian modeling identified the EWMA of session-RPE as the strongest predictor of jump-defined fatigue (β = 0.012, 95% HDI [0.004, 0.021]), while CK demonstrated a small negative association (β = −0.009, HDI [−0.016, −0.001]). Finally, a principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that CK and the EWMA of session-RPE were robust indicators of physiological stress. A parsimonious index based on PCA loadings ([0.823 × CK] + [0.652 × EWMA of session-RPE]) demonstrated strong discriminative validity between microcycle phases (overload: 515, 95% HDI [442, 587] versus deload: 250, 95% HDI [218, 283], BF10 > 100,000). CK and session-RPE may serve as sensitive biomarkers for inclusion in the ALindex for team sport athletes.

]]> Biochemical and Perceptual Markers of Physiological Stress During Acute Exercise Overload in U20 Elite Basketball Players Juan M. López-Cuervo Andrés Rojas-Jaramillo Andrés García-Caro Jhonatan González-Santamaria Gustavo Humeres Jeffrey R. Stout Adrián Odriozola-Martínez Diego A. Bonilla doi: 10.3390/stresses5030052 Stresses 2025-08-18 Stresses 2025-08-18 5 3 Article 52 10.3390/stresses5030052 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/52 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 51: Evaluation of Papaya Plants Tolerant to PRSV Obtained Through Conventional Genetic Improvement https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/51 Papaya cultivation is severely affected by the papaya ring spot virus (PRSV), for which one of the alternatives to counteract its damage is to use genetic sources of species and/or varieties tolerant or resistant to the virus. This study aimed to determine the tolerance or resistance of different papaya plant lines obtained through crosses and backcrosses between the Maradol variety and a wild species of Vasconcellea tolerant to PRSV. In this work, an evaluation was conducted on plant lines from a cross between a PRSV-tolerant species (Vasconcellea cauliflora) and the Maradol variety (Carica papaya), both belonging to the Caricaceae family. The study used RT-qPCR to measure the viral load and analyzed disease symptoms at two points (97 and 532 days after planting). Initially, it was observed that all the resulting papaya plants developed symptoms of PSRV; however, as time passed, the results showed that lines resulting from the Criolla, M4, and 54 crosses exhibited moderate tolerance, while papaya lines 89 and 90 proved to have high tolerance. Additionally, it was observed that the M4, 89, and 90 papaya lines exhibited disease recovery, as reflected in a decrease in viral loads and the characteristic symptomatology of the virus. Restoration from a viral infection can be associated with the activation of the plant’s RNA silencing mechanism, which can degrade or prevent the translation of viral RNA in plant cells, thus favoring recovery from the disease. Plants evaluated due to their tolerance and resistance levels could use the mechanisms mentioned above to recover from the damage caused by the PRSV. 2025-08-15 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 51: Evaluation of Papaya Plants Tolerant to PRSV Obtained Through Conventional Genetic Improvement

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5030051

Authors: Luz María Sánchez-Noriega Manuel R. Kirchmayr Benjamín Rodríguez-Garay Diego E. Navarro-López Antonia Gutiérrez-Mora

Papaya cultivation is severely affected by the papaya ring spot virus (PRSV), for which one of the alternatives to counteract its damage is to use genetic sources of species and/or varieties tolerant or resistant to the virus. This study aimed to determine the tolerance or resistance of different papaya plant lines obtained through crosses and backcrosses between the Maradol variety and a wild species of Vasconcellea tolerant to PRSV. In this work, an evaluation was conducted on plant lines from a cross between a PRSV-tolerant species (Vasconcellea cauliflora) and the Maradol variety (Carica papaya), both belonging to the Caricaceae family. The study used RT-qPCR to measure the viral load and analyzed disease symptoms at two points (97 and 532 days after planting). Initially, it was observed that all the resulting papaya plants developed symptoms of PSRV; however, as time passed, the results showed that lines resulting from the Criolla, M4, and 54 crosses exhibited moderate tolerance, while papaya lines 89 and 90 proved to have high tolerance. Additionally, it was observed that the M4, 89, and 90 papaya lines exhibited disease recovery, as reflected in a decrease in viral loads and the characteristic symptomatology of the virus. Restoration from a viral infection can be associated with the activation of the plant’s RNA silencing mechanism, which can degrade or prevent the translation of viral RNA in plant cells, thus favoring recovery from the disease. Plants evaluated due to their tolerance and resistance levels could use the mechanisms mentioned above to recover from the damage caused by the PRSV.

]]> Evaluation of Papaya Plants Tolerant to PRSV Obtained Through Conventional Genetic Improvement Luz María Sánchez-Noriega Manuel R. Kirchmayr Benjamín Rodríguez-Garay Diego E. Navarro-López Antonia Gutiérrez-Mora doi: 10.3390/stresses5030051 Stresses 2025-08-15 Stresses 2025-08-15 5 3 Article 51 10.3390/stresses5030051 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/51 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 50: Response of Sunflower Genotypes to Salinity Stress Under Laboratory Conditions https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/50 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an essential oilseed crop known for its adaptability to harsh environments including drought. However, salinity stress, affecting over 20% of global agricultural land, poses a serious threat to its productivity. This study evaluated the response of 17 sunflower genotypes under salinity stress (200 mM NaCl) and optimum (0 mM NaCl) conditions in the laboratory. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications and was validated through a second experimental run. Measured parameters included germination percentage and speed, root and shoot length, biomass, and water content. Stress tolerance indices (STIs) for germination, seedling length, and biomass were calculated. Combined ANOVA showed that genotype and environment interactions significantly (p < 0.001) affected all measured traits. Salinity stress significantly reduced germination, seedling growth, and biomass across genotypes, with some experiencing complete germination inhibition. Genotypes 9, 14, 16, and 17 consistently maintained higher germination, seedling length, and biomass under stress, with high STIs, indicating tolerance to salinity stress during the early growth stages. These results identified genotypes 9, 14, 16, and 17 as promising candidates for breeding programs aimed at enhancing salinity tolerance, offering sustainable solutions for the utilization of saline soils and for enhancing food security. Future research should focus on the field-based validation of these genotypic responses. 2025-08-14 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 50: Response of Sunflower Genotypes to Salinity Stress Under Laboratory Conditions

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5030050

Authors: Tatenda Ocean Chiradza Charles Shelton Mutengwa Nyasha Esnath Chiuta

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an essential oilseed crop known for its adaptability to harsh environments including drought. However, salinity stress, affecting over 20% of global agricultural land, poses a serious threat to its productivity. This study evaluated the response of 17 sunflower genotypes under salinity stress (200 mM NaCl) and optimum (0 mM NaCl) conditions in the laboratory. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications and was validated through a second experimental run. Measured parameters included germination percentage and speed, root and shoot length, biomass, and water content. Stress tolerance indices (STIs) for germination, seedling length, and biomass were calculated. Combined ANOVA showed that genotype and environment interactions significantly (p < 0.001) affected all measured traits. Salinity stress significantly reduced germination, seedling growth, and biomass across genotypes, with some experiencing complete germination inhibition. Genotypes 9, 14, 16, and 17 consistently maintained higher germination, seedling length, and biomass under stress, with high STIs, indicating tolerance to salinity stress during the early growth stages. These results identified genotypes 9, 14, 16, and 17 as promising candidates for breeding programs aimed at enhancing salinity tolerance, offering sustainable solutions for the utilization of saline soils and for enhancing food security. Future research should focus on the field-based validation of these genotypic responses.

]]> Response of Sunflower Genotypes to Salinity Stress Under Laboratory Conditions Tatenda Ocean Chiradza Charles Shelton Mutengwa Nyasha Esnath Chiuta doi: 10.3390/stresses5030050 Stresses 2025-08-14 Stresses 2025-08-14 5 3 Article 50 10.3390/stresses5030050 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/50 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 49: Physiology, Genetics, and Breeding Strategies for Improving Anaerobic Germinability Under Flooding Stress in Rice https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/49 Anaerobic germination (AG) is a pivotal trait for successful direct-seeded rice cultivation, encompassing rainfed and irrigated conditions. Elite rice cultivars are often vulnerable to flooding during germination, resulting in poor crop establishment. This drawback has led to the exploration of AG-tolerant rice landraces, which offer valuable insights into the genetic underpinnings of AG tolerance. Over the years, substantial progress has been made in identifying significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with AG tolerance, forming the basis for targeted breeding efforts. However, the intricate gene regulatory network governing AG tolerance remains enigmatic. This comprehensive review presents recent advances in understanding the physiological and genetic mechanisms underlying AG tolerance. It focuses on their practical implications in breeding elite rice cultivars tailored for direct-seeding systems. 2025-08-03 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 49: Physiology, Genetics, and Breeding Strategies for Improving Anaerobic Germinability Under Flooding Stress in Rice

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5030049

Authors: Panchali Chakraborty Swapan Chakrabarty

Anaerobic germination (AG) is a pivotal trait for successful direct-seeded rice cultivation, encompassing rainfed and irrigated conditions. Elite rice cultivars are often vulnerable to flooding during germination, resulting in poor crop establishment. This drawback has led to the exploration of AG-tolerant rice landraces, which offer valuable insights into the genetic underpinnings of AG tolerance. Over the years, substantial progress has been made in identifying significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with AG tolerance, forming the basis for targeted breeding efforts. However, the intricate gene regulatory network governing AG tolerance remains enigmatic. This comprehensive review presents recent advances in understanding the physiological and genetic mechanisms underlying AG tolerance. It focuses on their practical implications in breeding elite rice cultivars tailored for direct-seeding systems.

]]> Physiology, Genetics, and Breeding Strategies for Improving Anaerobic Germinability Under Flooding Stress in Rice Panchali Chakraborty Swapan Chakrabarty doi: 10.3390/stresses5030049 Stresses 2025-08-03 Stresses 2025-08-03 5 3 Review 49 10.3390/stresses5030049 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/49 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 48: Salicylic Acid with NaCl Acts as a Stressor and Alters Root Traits and the Estimated Root Surface Area of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Genotypes in Hydroponic Culture https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/48 Understanding the alterations to the shoot and root traits of rapeseed (Brassica napus) in response to salt stress is vital for improving its ability to thrive in saline-prone regions. This research aims to evaluate the responses of shoot and root traits of rapeseed at the vegetative stage under salt- and salicylic acid-induced stress in hydroponic culture. Five parents and ten F3 segregants of rapeseed were subjected to three treatments: T1: control, T2: 8 dSm−1 salt, and T3: 8 dSm−1 salt + 0.1 mM salicylic acid at 21 days of age. Salinity stress significantly reduced the estimated root surface area by 54% compared to control, highlighting the plasticity of roots under stress. The simultaneous application of salt and SA did not alleviate the salinity stress, but rather reinforced the degree of stress and decreased the number of leaves, diameter of the main axis, chlorophyll content, and estimated root surface area by 18.5%, 15.4%, 38.8%, and 23%, respectively, compared to T2. The parental genotype M-245 followed by F3 genotype M-232×M-223 accounted for the higher overall estimated root surface area. These results provide novel insights into the responses of root traits in rapeseed breeding lines under dual treatment, which hold promising implications for future rapeseed breeding efforts focused on sustainable rapeseed production. 2025-08-01 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 48: Salicylic Acid with NaCl Acts as a Stressor and Alters Root Traits and the Estimated Root Surface Area of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Genotypes in Hydroponic Culture

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5030048

Authors: Jannatul Afrin Nikunjo Chakroborty Rebeka Sultana Jobadatun Naher Arif Hasan Khan Robin

Understanding the alterations to the shoot and root traits of rapeseed (Brassica napus) in response to salt stress is vital for improving its ability to thrive in saline-prone regions. This research aims to evaluate the responses of shoot and root traits of rapeseed at the vegetative stage under salt- and salicylic acid-induced stress in hydroponic culture. Five parents and ten F3 segregants of rapeseed were subjected to three treatments: T1: control, T2: 8 dSm−1 salt, and T3: 8 dSm−1 salt + 0.1 mM salicylic acid at 21 days of age. Salinity stress significantly reduced the estimated root surface area by 54% compared to control, highlighting the plasticity of roots under stress. The simultaneous application of salt and SA did not alleviate the salinity stress, but rather reinforced the degree of stress and decreased the number of leaves, diameter of the main axis, chlorophyll content, and estimated root surface area by 18.5%, 15.4%, 38.8%, and 23%, respectively, compared to T2. The parental genotype M-245 followed by F3 genotype M-232×M-223 accounted for the higher overall estimated root surface area. These results provide novel insights into the responses of root traits in rapeseed breeding lines under dual treatment, which hold promising implications for future rapeseed breeding efforts focused on sustainable rapeseed production.

]]> Salicylic Acid with NaCl Acts as a Stressor and Alters Root Traits and the Estimated Root Surface Area of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Genotypes in Hydroponic Culture Jannatul Afrin Nikunjo Chakroborty Rebeka Sultana Jobadatun Naher Arif Hasan Khan Robin doi: 10.3390/stresses5030048 Stresses 2025-08-01 Stresses 2025-08-01 5 3 Article 48 10.3390/stresses5030048 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/48 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 47: Timing Is Everything: The Fungal Circadian Clock as a Master Regulator of Stress Response and Pathogenesis https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/47 Fungi, from saprophytes to pathogens, face predictable daily fluctuations in light, temperature, humidity, and nutrient availability. To cope, they have evolved an internal circadian clock that confers a major adaptive advantage. This review critically synthesizes current knowledge on the molecular architecture and physiological relevance of fungal circadian systems, moving beyond the canonical Neurospora crassa model to explore the broader phylogenetic diversity of timekeeping mechanisms. We examine the core transcription-translation feedback loop (TTFL) centered on the FREQUENCY/WHITE COLLAR (FRQ/WCC) system and contrast it with divergent and non-canonical oscillators, including the metabolic rhythms of yeasts and the universally conserved peroxiredoxin (PRX) oxidation cycles. A central theme is the clock’s role in gating cellular defenses against oxidative, osmotic, and nutritional stress, enabling fungi to anticipate and withstand environmental insults through proactive regulation. We provide a detailed analysis of chrono-pathogenesis, where the circadian control of virulence factors aligns fungal attacks with windows of host vulnerability, with a focus on experimental evidence from pathogens like Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, and Magnaporthe oryzae. The review explores the downstream pathways—including transcriptional cascades, post-translational modifications, and epigenetic regulation—that translate temporal signals into physiological outputs such as developmental rhythms in conidiation and hyphal branching. Finally, we highlight critical knowledge gaps, particularly in understudied phyla like Basidiomycota, and discuss future research directions. This includes the exploration of novel clock architectures and the emerging, though speculative, hypothesis of “chrono-therapeutics”—interventions designed to disrupt fungal clocks—as a forward-looking concept for managing fungal infections. 2025-08-01 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 47: Timing Is Everything: The Fungal Circadian Clock as a Master Regulator of Stress Response and Pathogenesis

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5030047

Authors: Victor Coca-Ruiz Daniel Boy-Ruiz

Fungi, from saprophytes to pathogens, face predictable daily fluctuations in light, temperature, humidity, and nutrient availability. To cope, they have evolved an internal circadian clock that confers a major adaptive advantage. This review critically synthesizes current knowledge on the molecular architecture and physiological relevance of fungal circadian systems, moving beyond the canonical Neurospora crassa model to explore the broader phylogenetic diversity of timekeeping mechanisms. We examine the core transcription-translation feedback loop (TTFL) centered on the FREQUENCY/WHITE COLLAR (FRQ/WCC) system and contrast it with divergent and non-canonical oscillators, including the metabolic rhythms of yeasts and the universally conserved peroxiredoxin (PRX) oxidation cycles. A central theme is the clock’s role in gating cellular defenses against oxidative, osmotic, and nutritional stress, enabling fungi to anticipate and withstand environmental insults through proactive regulation. We provide a detailed analysis of chrono-pathogenesis, where the circadian control of virulence factors aligns fungal attacks with windows of host vulnerability, with a focus on experimental evidence from pathogens like Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, and Magnaporthe oryzae. The review explores the downstream pathways—including transcriptional cascades, post-translational modifications, and epigenetic regulation—that translate temporal signals into physiological outputs such as developmental rhythms in conidiation and hyphal branching. Finally, we highlight critical knowledge gaps, particularly in understudied phyla like Basidiomycota, and discuss future research directions. This includes the exploration of novel clock architectures and the emerging, though speculative, hypothesis of “chrono-therapeutics”—interventions designed to disrupt fungal clocks—as a forward-looking concept for managing fungal infections.

]]> Timing Is Everything: The Fungal Circadian Clock as a Master Regulator of Stress Response and Pathogenesis Victor Coca-Ruiz Daniel Boy-Ruiz doi: 10.3390/stresses5030047 Stresses 2025-08-01 Stresses 2025-08-01 5 3 Review 47 10.3390/stresses5030047 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/47 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 46: The Invisible Influence: Can Endocrine Disruptors Reshape Behaviors Across Generations? https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/46 Among the numerous compounds released as a result of human activities, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have attracted particular attention due to their widespread detection in human biological samples and their accumulation across various ecosystems. While early research primarily focused on their effects on reproductive health, it is now evident that EDCs may impact neurodevelopment, altering the integrity of neural circuits essential for cognitive abilities, emotional regulation, and social behaviors. These compounds may elicit epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation, that result in altered expression patterns, potentially affecting multiple generations and contribute to long-term behavioral phenotypes. The effects of EDCs may occur though both direct and indirect mechanisms, ultimately converging on neurodevelopmental vulnerability. In particular, the gut–brain axis has emerged as a critical interface targeted by EDCs. This bidirectional communication network integrates the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems. By altering the microbiota composition, modulating immune responses, and triggering epigenetic mechanisms, EDCs can act on multiple and interconnected pathways. In this context, elucidating the impact of EDCs on neurodevelopmental processes is crucial for advancing our understanding of their contribution to neurological and behavioral health risks. 2025-08-01 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 46: The Invisible Influence: Can Endocrine Disruptors Reshape Behaviors Across Generations?

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5030046

Authors: Antonella Damiano Giulia Caioni Claudio D’Addario Carmine Merola Antonio Francioso Michele Amorena

Among the numerous compounds released as a result of human activities, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have attracted particular attention due to their widespread detection in human biological samples and their accumulation across various ecosystems. While early research primarily focused on their effects on reproductive health, it is now evident that EDCs may impact neurodevelopment, altering the integrity of neural circuits essential for cognitive abilities, emotional regulation, and social behaviors. These compounds may elicit epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation, that result in altered expression patterns, potentially affecting multiple generations and contribute to long-term behavioral phenotypes. The effects of EDCs may occur though both direct and indirect mechanisms, ultimately converging on neurodevelopmental vulnerability. In particular, the gut–brain axis has emerged as a critical interface targeted by EDCs. This bidirectional communication network integrates the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems. By altering the microbiota composition, modulating immune responses, and triggering epigenetic mechanisms, EDCs can act on multiple and interconnected pathways. In this context, elucidating the impact of EDCs on neurodevelopmental processes is crucial for advancing our understanding of their contribution to neurological and behavioral health risks.

]]> The Invisible Influence: Can Endocrine Disruptors Reshape Behaviors Across Generations? Antonella Damiano Giulia Caioni Claudio D’Addario Carmine Merola Antonio Francioso Michele Amorena doi: 10.3390/stresses5030046 Stresses 2025-08-01 Stresses 2025-08-01 5 3 Review 46 10.3390/stresses5030046 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/46 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 45: Stress and Energy Mobilization Responses of Climbing Perch Anabas testudineus During Terrestrial Locomotion https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/45 The climbing perch, Anabas testudineus, is one of the most widely distributed freshwater amphibious fishes in South and Southeast Asia, exhibiting terrestrial movements. Our experimental study aimed to investigate endocrinological and biochemical changes in the blood of climbing perch associated with their terrestrial movements. To achieve this, the fish were divided into two groups: one group was exposed to aquatic conditions for twenty minutes, while the other group was subjected to terrestrial conditions for the same duration through rapid water level decrease. In terrestrial conditions, the fish predominantly exhibit movements on land, whereas in aquatic environments, they primarily remain immobile or swim. Elevated levels of stress-induced cortisol and glucose after short-term exposure indicate a high-stress response involving both neuroendocrine and metabolic mechanisms. Changes in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase and increased concentrations of triglycerides in the blood serum suggest energy mobilization through aerobic metabolic pathways. Extreme environmental changes did not affect thyroid axis function, including deiodination, thereby maintaining essential physiological activities under new conditions. Additionally, the anaerobic metabolic pathway appears to be minimally utilized at the onset of terrestrial movement, as no significant changes in lactate dehydrogenase concentrations were observed. Overall, the terrestrial movements of the climbing perch are likely predominantly forced and associated with high stress. 2025-07-23 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 45: Stress and Energy Mobilization Responses of Climbing Perch Anabas testudineus During Terrestrial Locomotion

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5030045

Authors: Efim D. Pavlov Tran Duc Dien Ekaterina V. Ganzha

The climbing perch, Anabas testudineus, is one of the most widely distributed freshwater amphibious fishes in South and Southeast Asia, exhibiting terrestrial movements. Our experimental study aimed to investigate endocrinological and biochemical changes in the blood of climbing perch associated with their terrestrial movements. To achieve this, the fish were divided into two groups: one group was exposed to aquatic conditions for twenty minutes, while the other group was subjected to terrestrial conditions for the same duration through rapid water level decrease. In terrestrial conditions, the fish predominantly exhibit movements on land, whereas in aquatic environments, they primarily remain immobile or swim. Elevated levels of stress-induced cortisol and glucose after short-term exposure indicate a high-stress response involving both neuroendocrine and metabolic mechanisms. Changes in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase and increased concentrations of triglycerides in the blood serum suggest energy mobilization through aerobic metabolic pathways. Extreme environmental changes did not affect thyroid axis function, including deiodination, thereby maintaining essential physiological activities under new conditions. Additionally, the anaerobic metabolic pathway appears to be minimally utilized at the onset of terrestrial movement, as no significant changes in lactate dehydrogenase concentrations were observed. Overall, the terrestrial movements of the climbing perch are likely predominantly forced and associated with high stress.

]]> Stress and Energy Mobilization Responses of Climbing Perch Anabas testudineus During Terrestrial Locomotion Efim D. Pavlov Tran Duc Dien Ekaterina V. Ganzha doi: 10.3390/stresses5030045 Stresses 2025-07-23 Stresses 2025-07-23 5 3 Article 45 10.3390/stresses5030045 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/45 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 44: Climatic Factors in Beechnut Regeneration: From Seed Quality to Germination https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/44 Masting, or the synchronous and intermittent production of seeds, can have profound consequences for Tropical Montane Cloud Forest (TMCF) tree populations and the trophic webs that depend on their mass flowering and seeds. Over the past 80 years, the importance of Fagus mexicana Martínez (Mexican beech) masting has become apparent in terms of conservation and management, promoting regeneration, and conserving endangered tree species, as well as the conscientious development of edible beechnuts as a non-timber forest product. The establishment of the relict-endemic Mexican beech is unknown, and several microenvironmental factors could influence natural regeneration. Thus, this study was conducted in two well-preserved Mexican beech forests to assess the influence of light incidence and soil moisture on the natural germination and seedling establishment of beeches. During two masting years (2017 and 2024), we assessed in situ beechnut germination and establishment. We tested the effect of the microenvironment of the oldest beeches on beechnut germination and seedling establishment. Our study highlights the complexity of the microenvironment of old beeches influencing the early stages of establishment and provides insights into possible conservation actions aimed at mitigating the impact of environmental change and humans. 2025-07-16 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 44: Climatic Factors in Beechnut Regeneration: From Seed Quality to Germination

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5030044

Authors: Ernesto C. Rodríguez-Ramírez Beatriz Argüelles-Marrón

Masting, or the synchronous and intermittent production of seeds, can have profound consequences for Tropical Montane Cloud Forest (TMCF) tree populations and the trophic webs that depend on their mass flowering and seeds. Over the past 80 years, the importance of Fagus mexicana Martínez (Mexican beech) masting has become apparent in terms of conservation and management, promoting regeneration, and conserving endangered tree species, as well as the conscientious development of edible beechnuts as a non-timber forest product. The establishment of the relict-endemic Mexican beech is unknown, and several microenvironmental factors could influence natural regeneration. Thus, this study was conducted in two well-preserved Mexican beech forests to assess the influence of light incidence and soil moisture on the natural germination and seedling establishment of beeches. During two masting years (2017 and 2024), we assessed in situ beechnut germination and establishment. We tested the effect of the microenvironment of the oldest beeches on beechnut germination and seedling establishment. Our study highlights the complexity of the microenvironment of old beeches influencing the early stages of establishment and provides insights into possible conservation actions aimed at mitigating the impact of environmental change and humans.

]]> Climatic Factors in Beechnut Regeneration: From Seed Quality to Germination Ernesto C. Rodríguez-Ramírez Beatriz Argüelles-Marrón doi: 10.3390/stresses5030044 Stresses 2025-07-16 Stresses 2025-07-16 5 3 Article 44 10.3390/stresses5030044 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/44 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 43: Interactive Effects of Ionophore Antibiotic Monensin and Polystyrene Microplastics on the Growth and Physiology of Microcystis aeruginosa https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/43 This study was conducted to examine the combined effects of monensin (MS) and 3 µm polystyrene microplastics (PEMPs) on the growth and stress-associated physiological responses of Microcystis aeruginosa under controlled laboratory conditions [temperature: 20 ± 1 °C, lighting: (30 ± 4) µmol m−2 s−1 (12 h:12 h light–dark photoperiod), growth medium: BG-11]. The experiments included MS concentrations of 0, 50, 250, and 500 µg/L and PEMPs concentrations of 0.25, 1.25, and 6 mg/L. Measurements included optical density (OD730), chlorophyll ‘a’, cellular protein content, oxidative stress, and the activities of catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX). M. aeruginosa exhibited a significant increase in growth on day 7 at elevated MS concentrations across all PEMP levels. Similarly, MS and PEMP treatments had a significant interactive effect on cellular protein content on day 7. However, their combined effect on chlorophyll ‘a’ production was not significant. Oxidative stress measurements showed a dose-dependent decrease with increasing MS concentrations under PEMP administrations. Enzyme activity assays indicated that CAT activity increased while GPX activity decreased with higher MS concentrations. The results imply that co-contamination of PEMPs and MS has a significant impact on the growth and stress physiology of M. aeruginosa in aquatic ecosystems. 2025-07-01 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 43: Interactive Effects of Ionophore Antibiotic Monensin and Polystyrene Microplastics on the Growth and Physiology of Microcystis aeruginosa

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5030043

Authors: Behen Manawadu Mudalige Don Hiranya Jayasanka Senavirathna Takeshi Fujino

This study was conducted to examine the combined effects of monensin (MS) and 3 µm polystyrene microplastics (PEMPs) on the growth and stress-associated physiological responses of Microcystis aeruginosa under controlled laboratory conditions [temperature: 20 ± 1 °C, lighting: (30 ± 4) µmol m−2 s−1 (12 h:12 h light–dark photoperiod), growth medium: BG-11]. The experiments included MS concentrations of 0, 50, 250, and 500 µg/L and PEMPs concentrations of 0.25, 1.25, and 6 mg/L. Measurements included optical density (OD730), chlorophyll ‘a’, cellular protein content, oxidative stress, and the activities of catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX). M. aeruginosa exhibited a significant increase in growth on day 7 at elevated MS concentrations across all PEMP levels. Similarly, MS and PEMP treatments had a significant interactive effect on cellular protein content on day 7. However, their combined effect on chlorophyll ‘a’ production was not significant. Oxidative stress measurements showed a dose-dependent decrease with increasing MS concentrations under PEMP administrations. Enzyme activity assays indicated that CAT activity increased while GPX activity decreased with higher MS concentrations. The results imply that co-contamination of PEMPs and MS has a significant impact on the growth and stress physiology of M. aeruginosa in aquatic ecosystems.

]]> Interactive Effects of Ionophore Antibiotic Monensin and Polystyrene Microplastics on the Growth and Physiology of Microcystis aeruginosa Behen Manawadu Mudalige Don Hiranya Jayasanka Senavirathna Takeshi Fujino doi: 10.3390/stresses5030043 Stresses 2025-07-01 Stresses 2025-07-01 5 3 Article 43 10.3390/stresses5030043 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/43 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 42: Physiological Trade-Offs Under Thermal Variability in the Giant Lion’s Paw Scallop (Nodipecten subnodosus): Metabolic Compensation and Oxidative Stress https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/42 Understanding how thermal variability affects marine ectotherms is essential for predicting species resilience under climate change. We investigated the physiological responses of juvenile Nodipecten subnodosus (lion’s paw scallop), offspring of two genetically distinct populations (Bahía de Los Ángeles and Laguna Ojo de Liebre), reared under common garden conditions and exposed to three temperature regimes: constant, regular oscillation, and stochastic variability. After 15 days of exposure, scallops underwent an acute hyperthermia challenge. We measured metabolic rates, scope for growth (SFG), tissue biochemical composition, and oxidative stress markers (SOD, CAT, GPx, TBARS). No significant differences were detected between populations for most traits, suggesting that phenotypic plasticity predominates over evolutionary divergence in thermal responses. However, the temperature regime significantly influenced metabolic, biochemical and oxidative stress markers, indicating that scallops in variable conditions compensated through improved energy balance and food assimilation but also showed higher oxidative stress compared to the constant regime. Following acute hyperthermic exposure, energy demand escalated, compensatory mechanisms were impaired, and scallops attained a state of physiological maintenance and survival under stress, irrespective of their population or prior thermal regime exposure. 2025-07-01 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 42: Physiological Trade-Offs Under Thermal Variability in the Giant Lion’s Paw Scallop (Nodipecten subnodosus): Metabolic Compensation and Oxidative Stress

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5030042

Authors: Natalia G. Joachin-Mejia Ilie S. Racotta Diana P. Carreño-León Sergio A. Ulaje Salvador E. Lluch-Cota

Understanding how thermal variability affects marine ectotherms is essential for predicting species resilience under climate change. We investigated the physiological responses of juvenile Nodipecten subnodosus (lion’s paw scallop), offspring of two genetically distinct populations (Bahía de Los Ángeles and Laguna Ojo de Liebre), reared under common garden conditions and exposed to three temperature regimes: constant, regular oscillation, and stochastic variability. After 15 days of exposure, scallops underwent an acute hyperthermia challenge. We measured metabolic rates, scope for growth (SFG), tissue biochemical composition, and oxidative stress markers (SOD, CAT, GPx, TBARS). No significant differences were detected between populations for most traits, suggesting that phenotypic plasticity predominates over evolutionary divergence in thermal responses. However, the temperature regime significantly influenced metabolic, biochemical and oxidative stress markers, indicating that scallops in variable conditions compensated through improved energy balance and food assimilation but also showed higher oxidative stress compared to the constant regime. Following acute hyperthermic exposure, energy demand escalated, compensatory mechanisms were impaired, and scallops attained a state of physiological maintenance and survival under stress, irrespective of their population or prior thermal regime exposure.

]]> Physiological Trade-Offs Under Thermal Variability in the Giant Lion’s Paw Scallop (Nodipecten subnodosus): Metabolic Compensation and Oxidative Stress Natalia G. Joachin-Mejia Ilie S. Racotta Diana P. Carreño-León Sergio A. Ulaje Salvador E. Lluch-Cota doi: 10.3390/stresses5030042 Stresses 2025-07-01 Stresses 2025-07-01 5 3 Article 42 10.3390/stresses5030042 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/42 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 41: miRNA Markers of Stress Exposure in Pregnancy in African American Communities https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/41 While genetic mechanisms in neurodevelopmental disorders are well studied, the mechanisms of environmental factors such as prenatal stress are less understood. Our lab previously characterized miRNA changes associated with stress during pregnancy in mouse brains and in maternal blood from mothers of children with ASD and indicated that prenatal stress can be linked to epigenetic markers. These miRNAs could be used as discovery biomarkers for stress exposure, as well as predictors of neurodevelopmental outcomes. In this pilot study, we gathered saliva samples and stress survey questionnaires from 83 pregnant African American women (ages 18–40) at the time of their ultrasound performed at 20 weeks. miRNA analysis was performed on the 10 highest- and 10 lowest-stress subjects. Out of 6631 miRNAs examined, 34 had significant differential expression, with 5 being upregulated and 29 downregulated in the high-stress group. Predicted targets of differentially expressed miRNAs revealed significant enrichment in neurodevelopmental pathways, including forebrain development, sensory system development, and neuronal growth regulation. This may suggest the potential developmental salience of these miRNA profiles. Future research will examine the neurodevelopmental outcomes of these pregnancies to determine the predictive potential of these miRNAs. This may help identify individuals at greatest risk after stress exposure during pregnancy. 2025-07-01 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 41: miRNA Markers of Stress Exposure in Pregnancy in African American Communities

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5030041

Authors: Brianna V. Becher Nick I. Ahmed Candice King Jahnavi Godavarthi Clark Bloomer Rocio Rivera Zohreh Talebizadeh Jean Goodman Rebecca Bond Kennadie Long Katelyn Weber Malori Chrisman Samantha Hunter Nicole Takahashi David Q. Beversdorf

While genetic mechanisms in neurodevelopmental disorders are well studied, the mechanisms of environmental factors such as prenatal stress are less understood. Our lab previously characterized miRNA changes associated with stress during pregnancy in mouse brains and in maternal blood from mothers of children with ASD and indicated that prenatal stress can be linked to epigenetic markers. These miRNAs could be used as discovery biomarkers for stress exposure, as well as predictors of neurodevelopmental outcomes. In this pilot study, we gathered saliva samples and stress survey questionnaires from 83 pregnant African American women (ages 18–40) at the time of their ultrasound performed at 20 weeks. miRNA analysis was performed on the 10 highest- and 10 lowest-stress subjects. Out of 6631 miRNAs examined, 34 had significant differential expression, with 5 being upregulated and 29 downregulated in the high-stress group. Predicted targets of differentially expressed miRNAs revealed significant enrichment in neurodevelopmental pathways, including forebrain development, sensory system development, and neuronal growth regulation. This may suggest the potential developmental salience of these miRNA profiles. Future research will examine the neurodevelopmental outcomes of these pregnancies to determine the predictive potential of these miRNAs. This may help identify individuals at greatest risk after stress exposure during pregnancy.

]]> miRNA Markers of Stress Exposure in Pregnancy in African American Communities Brianna V. Becher Nick I. Ahmed Candice King Jahnavi Godavarthi Clark Bloomer Rocio Rivera Zohreh Talebizadeh Jean Goodman Rebecca Bond Kennadie Long Katelyn Weber Malori Chrisman Samantha Hunter Nicole Takahashi David Q. Beversdorf doi: 10.3390/stresses5030041 Stresses 2025-07-01 Stresses 2025-07-01 5 3 Article 41 10.3390/stresses5030041 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/3/41 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 40: Methyl Jasmonate Acts as a Crucial Player in Abiotic Stress Responses in Grape https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/40 Abiotic stresses are the major factors limiting grape production in the world. They significantly impede grape growth and production. However, during the grape production stage, plant growth regulators play a crucial role in regulating grape developmental progress, especially methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The exogenous MeJA participates in different crop production, gene expression, signaling transduction, natural defense, stress resistance, hormone balance, osmotic regulation, cellular metabolic process, and thermostatic regulation. Grape crop resilience to different abiotic and biotic stresses was overall fascinated by exogenous applications of MeJA. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the MeJA hormone in abiotic stress relief and discovery, application, significance, occurrence, growth via development, stress responses, interaction, molecular modulation, and biological signaling in the grape. Exogenous MeJA in abiotic stress responses explained the physiological change and the signaling pathway has emerged as one of the key plant metabolic processes vs. photosynthetic productivity, playing a substantial role in gene expression, quality parameters, fruit attribution, protein differentiation, cellular programming, and reprogramming, and tolerance mechanism. MeJA hormone has been discovered after a broader study as abiotic stress-responsive methyl jasmonate/Jasmonic acid, which could be a pivotal target not only for grape production but also for other crops. 2025-06-18 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 40: Methyl Jasmonate Acts as a Crucial Player in Abiotic Stress Responses in Grape

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5020040

Authors: Abdul Hakeem Shaonan Li Mustapha Muhammad Nasiru Ghulam Mustafa Essam Elatafi Lingfei Shangguan Jinggui Fang

Abiotic stresses are the major factors limiting grape production in the world. They significantly impede grape growth and production. However, during the grape production stage, plant growth regulators play a crucial role in regulating grape developmental progress, especially methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The exogenous MeJA participates in different crop production, gene expression, signaling transduction, natural defense, stress resistance, hormone balance, osmotic regulation, cellular metabolic process, and thermostatic regulation. Grape crop resilience to different abiotic and biotic stresses was overall fascinated by exogenous applications of MeJA. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the MeJA hormone in abiotic stress relief and discovery, application, significance, occurrence, growth via development, stress responses, interaction, molecular modulation, and biological signaling in the grape. Exogenous MeJA in abiotic stress responses explained the physiological change and the signaling pathway has emerged as one of the key plant metabolic processes vs. photosynthetic productivity, playing a substantial role in gene expression, quality parameters, fruit attribution, protein differentiation, cellular programming, and reprogramming, and tolerance mechanism. MeJA hormone has been discovered after a broader study as abiotic stress-responsive methyl jasmonate/Jasmonic acid, which could be a pivotal target not only for grape production but also for other crops.

]]> Methyl Jasmonate Acts as a Crucial Player in Abiotic Stress Responses in Grape Abdul Hakeem Shaonan Li Mustapha Muhammad Nasiru Ghulam Mustafa Essam Elatafi Lingfei Shangguan Jinggui Fang doi: 10.3390/stresses5020040 Stresses 2025-06-18 Stresses 2025-06-18 5 2 Review 40 10.3390/stresses5020040 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/40 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 39: Exploring Seed Priming as a Strategy for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Cereal Crops https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/39 From germination to harvest, cereal crops are constantly exposed to a broad spectrum of abiotic stresses that significantly hinder their growth and productivity, posing a serious threat to global food security. Seed resilience and performance are foundational to sustainable agriculture, making the development of efficient, low-cost, and environmentally friendly strategies to enhance seed vigor and stress tolerance a critical priority. Seed priming has emerged as a promising pre-sowing technique that involves exposing seeds to specific organic or inorganic compounds under controlled conditions to improve their physiological and biochemical traits. Various priming techniques—including halopriming, chemical priming, osmopriming, hormonal priming, hydropriming, biopriming, and nanopriming—have been successfully applied in cereal crops to alleviate the adverse effects of environmental stressors. These treatments trigger a cascade of metabolic and molecular responses, including the modulation of hormonal signaling, enhancement of antioxidant defense systems, stabilization of cellular structures, and upregulation of stress-responsive genes. Together, these changes contribute to enhanced seed germination, improved growth and performance, and greater adaptability to abiotic stress conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of seed priming strategies in cereal crops, emphasizing their mechanisms of action and their impact on plant performance in challenging environments. 2025-06-05 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 39: Exploring Seed Priming as a Strategy for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Cereal Crops

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5020039

Authors: Iman Janah Abdelhadi Elhasnaoui Raja Ben Laouane Mohamed Ait-El-Mokhtar Mohamed Anli

From germination to harvest, cereal crops are constantly exposed to a broad spectrum of abiotic stresses that significantly hinder their growth and productivity, posing a serious threat to global food security. Seed resilience and performance are foundational to sustainable agriculture, making the development of efficient, low-cost, and environmentally friendly strategies to enhance seed vigor and stress tolerance a critical priority. Seed priming has emerged as a promising pre-sowing technique that involves exposing seeds to specific organic or inorganic compounds under controlled conditions to improve their physiological and biochemical traits. Various priming techniques—including halopriming, chemical priming, osmopriming, hormonal priming, hydropriming, biopriming, and nanopriming—have been successfully applied in cereal crops to alleviate the adverse effects of environmental stressors. These treatments trigger a cascade of metabolic and molecular responses, including the modulation of hormonal signaling, enhancement of antioxidant defense systems, stabilization of cellular structures, and upregulation of stress-responsive genes. Together, these changes contribute to enhanced seed germination, improved growth and performance, and greater adaptability to abiotic stress conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of seed priming strategies in cereal crops, emphasizing their mechanisms of action and their impact on plant performance in challenging environments.

]]> Exploring Seed Priming as a Strategy for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Cereal Crops Iman Janah Abdelhadi Elhasnaoui Raja Ben Laouane Mohamed Ait-El-Mokhtar Mohamed Anli doi: 10.3390/stresses5020039 Stresses 2025-06-05 Stresses 2025-06-05 5 2 Review 39 10.3390/stresses5020039 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/39 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 38: Early Life Stress and Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis: A Narrative Review https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/38 Background: Exposure to early life stress significantly increases the risk of psychopathology later in life. However, the impact of early life stress on the gut microbiome and its potential role in mental health outcomes remains insufficiently understood. This narrative review examines the current knowledge on how early life stress and its associated consequences may affect the gut microbiome, with a particular focus on conditions such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Method: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the PubMed and Web of Science databases between January and February 2025, covering studies published between 2015 and 2025. Results: Early life stress can profoundly impact cognitive function and neurodevelopment, with maternal early-life nutrition playing a significant role in modulating the effects of prenatal and postnatal stress. Early life stress influences the gut microbiome, disrupting its composition and function by altering the synthesis of microbial metabolites, neurotransmitters, and the activation of key metabolic pathways. However, the precise role of the gut microbiome in modulating stress responses during childhood and adolescence has not yet been fully elucidated. Conclusions: Several studies have demonstrated an association between early life stress and the gut microbiome. However, causality has not yet been established due to the numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing the microbiome-gut–brain axis. In the coming years, research on key microbial regulators, such as short-chain fatty acids, amino acids, and psychobiotics, may represent a promising approach for addressing central nervous system alterations linked to early life stress. Thus, further studies will be necessary to evaluate their potential as therapeutic agents. 2025-06-05 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 38: Early Life Stress and Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis: A Narrative Review

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5020038

Authors: Alejandro Borrego-Ruiz Juan J. Borrego

Background: Exposure to early life stress significantly increases the risk of psychopathology later in life. However, the impact of early life stress on the gut microbiome and its potential role in mental health outcomes remains insufficiently understood. This narrative review examines the current knowledge on how early life stress and its associated consequences may affect the gut microbiome, with a particular focus on conditions such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Method: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the PubMed and Web of Science databases between January and February 2025, covering studies published between 2015 and 2025. Results: Early life stress can profoundly impact cognitive function and neurodevelopment, with maternal early-life nutrition playing a significant role in modulating the effects of prenatal and postnatal stress. Early life stress influences the gut microbiome, disrupting its composition and function by altering the synthesis of microbial metabolites, neurotransmitters, and the activation of key metabolic pathways. However, the precise role of the gut microbiome in modulating stress responses during childhood and adolescence has not yet been fully elucidated. Conclusions: Several studies have demonstrated an association between early life stress and the gut microbiome. However, causality has not yet been established due to the numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing the microbiome-gut–brain axis. In the coming years, research on key microbial regulators, such as short-chain fatty acids, amino acids, and psychobiotics, may represent a promising approach for addressing central nervous system alterations linked to early life stress. Thus, further studies will be necessary to evaluate their potential as therapeutic agents.

]]> Early Life Stress and Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis: A Narrative Review Alejandro Borrego-Ruiz Juan J. Borrego doi: 10.3390/stresses5020038 Stresses 2025-06-05 Stresses 2025-06-05 5 2 Review 38 10.3390/stresses5020038 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/38 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 37: The Three-Body Problem in Stress Biology: The Balance Between O2, NO, and H2S in the Context of Hans Selye’s Stress Concept https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/37 Hans Selye’s stress concept, first introduced in the 1930s, has undergone substantial evolution, extending beyond biology and medicine to influence diverse academic disciplines. Initially, Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) described nonspecific physiological responses to stressors exclusively in mammals, without addressing other biological systems. Consequently, the concept of stress developed independently in biology and medicine, shaped by distinct physiological contexts. This review provides a historical overview of stress research, highlights both parallels and divergences between the stress responses of plants and animals, and integrates insights from traditional Eastern philosophies. We propose an updated GAS framework that incorporates the dynamic balance among reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS) within the broader context of oxidative stress. We highlight the ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) family and the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel superfamily as minimal molecular architectures for achieving GAS. This perspective expands the classical stress paradigm, providing new insights into redox biology, interspecies stress adaptation, and evolutionary physiology. 2025-06-04 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 37: The Three-Body Problem in Stress Biology: The Balance Between O2, NO, and H2S in the Context of Hans Selye’s Stress Concept

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5020037

Authors: Hideo Yamasaki Riko F. Naomasa Kakeru B. Mizumoto Michael F. Cohen

Hans Selye’s stress concept, first introduced in the 1930s, has undergone substantial evolution, extending beyond biology and medicine to influence diverse academic disciplines. Initially, Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) described nonspecific physiological responses to stressors exclusively in mammals, without addressing other biological systems. Consequently, the concept of stress developed independently in biology and medicine, shaped by distinct physiological contexts. This review provides a historical overview of stress research, highlights both parallels and divergences between the stress responses of plants and animals, and integrates insights from traditional Eastern philosophies. We propose an updated GAS framework that incorporates the dynamic balance among reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS) within the broader context of oxidative stress. We highlight the ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) family and the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel superfamily as minimal molecular architectures for achieving GAS. This perspective expands the classical stress paradigm, providing new insights into redox biology, interspecies stress adaptation, and evolutionary physiology.

]]> The Three-Body Problem in Stress Biology: The Balance Between O2, NO, and H2S in the Context of Hans Selye’s Stress Concept Hideo Yamasaki Riko F. Naomasa Kakeru B. Mizumoto Michael F. Cohen doi: 10.3390/stresses5020037 Stresses 2025-06-04 Stresses 2025-06-04 5 2 Review 37 10.3390/stresses5020037 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/37 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 36: Enhancing Salinity Tolerance of Fig Transplants Cv. Conadria via Exogenous Application of Sodium Nitroprusside https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/36 The present research was designed to assess the potential effect of SNP to alleviate salinity stress injury in fig transplants cv. Conadria. One-year-old transplants irrigated with saline water (6.25 ds/m) were treated with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) at four concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 200 µM); untreated transplants exposed to salt stress represent the positive control, while the non-stressed transplants represent the negative control. Salt stress showed a considerable increase in lipid peroxidation, proline, sodium, chloride content and antioxidant enzyme activity and reduced vegetative growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, phenolic content and K/Na ratio. SNP reduced salt stress injury in fig transplants through maintaining higher values of growth parameters and photosynthetic pigment content, reducing sodium accumulation and maintaining the integrity of cell membrane lipids. SNP-treated transplants accumulated higher amounts of potassium ions and a higher K/Na ratio. SNP at 100 µM was the most efficient treatment in enhancing the response to salt stress. Overall, the results show that SNP application is a promising practice for alleviating salt stress on fig transplants. 2025-06-03 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 36: Enhancing Salinity Tolerance of Fig Transplants Cv. Conadria via Exogenous Application of Sodium Nitroprusside

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5020036

Authors: El Said Hegazi Abdou Abdallatif Rashid Burshaid

The present research was designed to assess the potential effect of SNP to alleviate salinity stress injury in fig transplants cv. Conadria. One-year-old transplants irrigated with saline water (6.25 ds/m) were treated with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) at four concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 200 µM); untreated transplants exposed to salt stress represent the positive control, while the non-stressed transplants represent the negative control. Salt stress showed a considerable increase in lipid peroxidation, proline, sodium, chloride content and antioxidant enzyme activity and reduced vegetative growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, phenolic content and K/Na ratio. SNP reduced salt stress injury in fig transplants through maintaining higher values of growth parameters and photosynthetic pigment content, reducing sodium accumulation and maintaining the integrity of cell membrane lipids. SNP-treated transplants accumulated higher amounts of potassium ions and a higher K/Na ratio. SNP at 100 µM was the most efficient treatment in enhancing the response to salt stress. Overall, the results show that SNP application is a promising practice for alleviating salt stress on fig transplants.

]]> Enhancing Salinity Tolerance of Fig Transplants Cv. Conadria via Exogenous Application of Sodium Nitroprusside El Said Hegazi Abdou Abdallatif Rashid Burshaid doi: 10.3390/stresses5020036 Stresses 2025-06-03 Stresses 2025-06-03 5 2 Article 36 10.3390/stresses5020036 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/36 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 35: Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and Known Interactions with Plant Phytophagous Insects: A Meta-Analysis https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/35 Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) influence soil fertility, plant growth, tolerance to abiotic stress, resistance to herbivorous insects, and plant interactions with other organisms. While the effects of PGPR on plant growth, fruit yield, and induced defense responses have been extensively studied, the consistent positive outcomes have fueled rapid expansion in this research field. To evaluate PGPR impacts on plant growth and interactions with phytophagous insects, we conducted a systematic meta-analysis using publications from electronic databases (e.g., PubMed, Web of Science) that reported PGPR effects on plants and insects. Effects were categorized by plant family, PGPR genus, insect feeding guild, and insect–host specialization. Our analysis revealed that PGPR generally enhanced plant growth across most plant families; however, the magnitude and direction of these effects varied significantly among PGPR genera, indicating genus-specific interactions with host plants. When assessing PGPR-mediated reductions in phytophagous insects, we found that Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, and Bacillus exhibited the weakest negative effects on insect populations. PGPR significantly reduced both monophagous and polyphagous insects, with the most pronounced negative impacts on sucking insects (e.g., aphids, whiteflies). This study highlights critical patterns in PGPR-mediated plant growth promotion across taxa and the related differential effects on phytophagous insect activity. These insights advance our understanding of PGPR applications in agroecological production systems, particularly for integrated pest management and sustainable crop productivity. 2025-05-20 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 35: Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and Known Interactions with Plant Phytophagous Insects: A Meta-Analysis

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5020035

Authors: Roberto Rafael Ruiz-Santiago Horacio Salomón Ballina-Gómez Esaú Ruíz-Sánchez Laura Yesenia Solís-Ramos Jairo Cristóbal-Alejo

Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) influence soil fertility, plant growth, tolerance to abiotic stress, resistance to herbivorous insects, and plant interactions with other organisms. While the effects of PGPR on plant growth, fruit yield, and induced defense responses have been extensively studied, the consistent positive outcomes have fueled rapid expansion in this research field. To evaluate PGPR impacts on plant growth and interactions with phytophagous insects, we conducted a systematic meta-analysis using publications from electronic databases (e.g., PubMed, Web of Science) that reported PGPR effects on plants and insects. Effects were categorized by plant family, PGPR genus, insect feeding guild, and insect–host specialization. Our analysis revealed that PGPR generally enhanced plant growth across most plant families; however, the magnitude and direction of these effects varied significantly among PGPR genera, indicating genus-specific interactions with host plants. When assessing PGPR-mediated reductions in phytophagous insects, we found that Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, and Bacillus exhibited the weakest negative effects on insect populations. PGPR significantly reduced both monophagous and polyphagous insects, with the most pronounced negative impacts on sucking insects (e.g., aphids, whiteflies). This study highlights critical patterns in PGPR-mediated plant growth promotion across taxa and the related differential effects on phytophagous insect activity. These insights advance our understanding of PGPR applications in agroecological production systems, particularly for integrated pest management and sustainable crop productivity.

]]> Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and Known Interactions with Plant Phytophagous Insects: A Meta-Analysis Roberto Rafael Ruiz-Santiago Horacio Salomón Ballina-Gómez Esaú Ruíz-Sánchez Laura Yesenia Solís-Ramos Jairo Cristóbal-Alejo doi: 10.3390/stresses5020035 Stresses 2025-05-20 Stresses 2025-05-20 5 2 Article 35 10.3390/stresses5020035 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/35 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 34: Aflatoxin B1-Induced Neurobehavioral Alterations in Chickens: Inhibition of Brain Acetylcholinesterase Activity, Induction of Oxidative Stress, and Promotion of Inflammatory Gene Expression https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/34 Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a potent mycotoxin, poses a significant threat to animal health through contaminated feed. Our study aims to investigate the neurotoxic effects of AFB1in chickens, with a special emphasis on the brain. Seven-day-old chickens were fed AFB1-contaminated feed (5 mg of AFB1/kg of feed) for two weeks, after which neurobehavioral assessments and biochemical analyses were conducted and compared to control chickens. In the open-field test, chickens exposed to AFB1 exhibited a reduction in locomotor activity and exploratory behavior. Additionally, AFB1 exposure increased the tonic immobility response. Biochemical analyses revealed that AFB1-contaminated feed reduced whole-brain acetylcholinesterase activity, suggesting impaired cholinergic neurotransmission. Indicators of oxidative stress in the brain revealed a reduction in glutathione levels, superoxide dismutase levels, and total antioxidant capacity, alongside an increase in malondialdehyde levels, indicating heightened oxidative stress in the brain. The neurotoxic effects of AFB1 were further supported by the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, including interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-17, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, as determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Our study demonstrates that AFB1-contaminated feed influences chicken neurobehavioral outcomes and brain biochemistry and represents the inaugural evidence that AFB1 exposure markedly reduces AChE activity in the whole brain of chickens. 2025-05-18 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 34: Aflatoxin B1-Induced Neurobehavioral Alterations in Chickens: Inhibition of Brain Acetylcholinesterase Activity, Induction of Oxidative Stress, and Promotion of Inflammatory Gene Expression

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5020034

Authors: Wisam Hussein Selman Noora Kadhim Hadi Alyasari Hassan Al-Karagoly

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a potent mycotoxin, poses a significant threat to animal health through contaminated feed. Our study aims to investigate the neurotoxic effects of AFB1in chickens, with a special emphasis on the brain. Seven-day-old chickens were fed AFB1-contaminated feed (5 mg of AFB1/kg of feed) for two weeks, after which neurobehavioral assessments and biochemical analyses were conducted and compared to control chickens. In the open-field test, chickens exposed to AFB1 exhibited a reduction in locomotor activity and exploratory behavior. Additionally, AFB1 exposure increased the tonic immobility response. Biochemical analyses revealed that AFB1-contaminated feed reduced whole-brain acetylcholinesterase activity, suggesting impaired cholinergic neurotransmission. Indicators of oxidative stress in the brain revealed a reduction in glutathione levels, superoxide dismutase levels, and total antioxidant capacity, alongside an increase in malondialdehyde levels, indicating heightened oxidative stress in the brain. The neurotoxic effects of AFB1 were further supported by the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, including interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-17, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, as determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Our study demonstrates that AFB1-contaminated feed influences chicken neurobehavioral outcomes and brain biochemistry and represents the inaugural evidence that AFB1 exposure markedly reduces AChE activity in the whole brain of chickens.

]]> Aflatoxin B1-Induced Neurobehavioral Alterations in Chickens: Inhibition of Brain Acetylcholinesterase Activity, Induction of Oxidative Stress, and Promotion of Inflammatory Gene Expression Wisam Hussein Selman Noora Kadhim Hadi Alyasari Hassan Al-Karagoly doi: 10.3390/stresses5020034 Stresses 2025-05-18 Stresses 2025-05-18 5 2 Article 34 10.3390/stresses5020034 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/34 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 33: Antioxidant and Histopathological Effects of Paraquat and Fluroxypyr Herbicides on the Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822) https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/33 Argentina is among the top consumers of herbicides, yet studies on their environmental and health impact remain scarce. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of herbicide exposure on Pomacea canaliculata as potential biomarkers of contamination. Specifically, we investigated whether paraquat (Pq) and fluroxypyr (Fx) alter enzymatic antioxidant defenses in tissues following acute exposure and induce histological modifications in the digestive gland (DG), particularly in symbiotic corpuscles, after chronic exposure. The nominal no-observed-effect concentration on lethality (NOECL) values were 3.62 µg/g dry mass (DM) for Pq and 10.42 µg/g DM for Fx. After acute exposure, superoxide dismutase activity decreased in the DG but increased in the kidney for both herbicides. Catalase activity decreased in the gills but increased in the kidneys of exposed snails, while glutathione-S-transferase activity increased in the DG and kidney after Pq exposure. Following chronic exposure (Pq: 1.45 µg/g DM; Fx: 6.94 µg/g DM), epithelial thickening and vacuolization were observed in Fx-exposed snails. Morphometric analysis of the DG showed that Pq reduced the epithelial occupancy of the symbiont’s vegetative form while increasing its cystic form. These findings indicate that both herbicides impact antioxidant defenses, DG function and host–symbiont interactions, reinforcing the suitability of P. canaliculata as bioindicator organisms. 2025-05-16 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 33: Antioxidant and Histopathological Effects of Paraquat and Fluroxypyr Herbicides on the Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822)

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5020033

Authors: Alejandra D. Campoy-Diaz Israel A. Vega Maximiliano Giraud-Billoud

Argentina is among the top consumers of herbicides, yet studies on their environmental and health impact remain scarce. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of herbicide exposure on Pomacea canaliculata as potential biomarkers of contamination. Specifically, we investigated whether paraquat (Pq) and fluroxypyr (Fx) alter enzymatic antioxidant defenses in tissues following acute exposure and induce histological modifications in the digestive gland (DG), particularly in symbiotic corpuscles, after chronic exposure. The nominal no-observed-effect concentration on lethality (NOECL) values were 3.62 µg/g dry mass (DM) for Pq and 10.42 µg/g DM for Fx. After acute exposure, superoxide dismutase activity decreased in the DG but increased in the kidney for both herbicides. Catalase activity decreased in the gills but increased in the kidneys of exposed snails, while glutathione-S-transferase activity increased in the DG and kidney after Pq exposure. Following chronic exposure (Pq: 1.45 µg/g DM; Fx: 6.94 µg/g DM), epithelial thickening and vacuolization were observed in Fx-exposed snails. Morphometric analysis of the DG showed that Pq reduced the epithelial occupancy of the symbiont’s vegetative form while increasing its cystic form. These findings indicate that both herbicides impact antioxidant defenses, DG function and host–symbiont interactions, reinforcing the suitability of P. canaliculata as bioindicator organisms.

]]> Antioxidant and Histopathological Effects of Paraquat and Fluroxypyr Herbicides on the Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822) Alejandra D. Campoy-Diaz Israel A. Vega Maximiliano Giraud-Billoud doi: 10.3390/stresses5020033 Stresses 2025-05-16 Stresses 2025-05-16 5 2 Article 33 10.3390/stresses5020033 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/33 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 32: Effects of Rapid Heat Hardening of Honeybee Queens (Apis mellifera) During the Larval Stage on the Oxidative Response of Their Workers During Heat Stress https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/32 Exposing insects to mild and/or severe heat can protect them from future heat stress by regulating the expression of certain stress markers. In this study, 60 queen larvae, one day old, were divided into the following two groups: a control group of non-heat-treated mother queens (nH-T MQ) kept for 15 min at 34.5 °C and 70% relative humidity (RH) and a pre-heat-treated mother queen group (pH-T MQ) that was kept for 15 min at 41 °C and 70% RH. Then, 500 daughter workers were collected from brood combs of each group and incubated at room temperature (22 °C) for 30 min, then divided into five groups (n = 100); each group was incubated for one hour at 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55 °C, respectively. The expression levels of several antioxidant genes and markers in 10 workers of each treatment were assessed by relative quantitative Real-Time qPCR and/or ELISA. The pH-T MQ showed improved basal and dynamic expression of several genes and enzymes, which indicated a protective response against heat stress and the effectiveness of tissue hardening on the biological process and/or mechanisms in oxidative stress and antioxidant activity response. These recorded changes may have global implications by improving thermotolerance acquisition during heat stress conditions. 2025-05-16 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 32: Effects of Rapid Heat Hardening of Honeybee Queens (Apis mellifera) During the Larval Stage on the Oxidative Response of Their Workers During Heat Stress

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5020032

Authors: Shahera Talat Zaitoun Abd Al-Majeed Ahmed Al-Ghzawi Mohammad Borhan Al-Zghoul Ilham Mustafa Al-Omary Mohammad Nafi Solaiman Al-Sabi

Exposing insects to mild and/or severe heat can protect them from future heat stress by regulating the expression of certain stress markers. In this study, 60 queen larvae, one day old, were divided into the following two groups: a control group of non-heat-treated mother queens (nH-T MQ) kept for 15 min at 34.5 °C and 70% relative humidity (RH) and a pre-heat-treated mother queen group (pH-T MQ) that was kept for 15 min at 41 °C and 70% RH. Then, 500 daughter workers were collected from brood combs of each group and incubated at room temperature (22 °C) for 30 min, then divided into five groups (n = 100); each group was incubated for one hour at 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55 °C, respectively. The expression levels of several antioxidant genes and markers in 10 workers of each treatment were assessed by relative quantitative Real-Time qPCR and/or ELISA. The pH-T MQ showed improved basal and dynamic expression of several genes and enzymes, which indicated a protective response against heat stress and the effectiveness of tissue hardening on the biological process and/or mechanisms in oxidative stress and antioxidant activity response. These recorded changes may have global implications by improving thermotolerance acquisition during heat stress conditions.

]]> Effects of Rapid Heat Hardening of Honeybee Queens (Apis mellifera) During the Larval Stage on the Oxidative Response of Their Workers During Heat Stress Shahera Talat Zaitoun Abd Al-Majeed Ahmed Al-Ghzawi Mohammad Borhan Al-Zghoul Ilham Mustafa Al-Omary Mohammad Nafi Solaiman Al-Sabi doi: 10.3390/stresses5020032 Stresses 2025-05-16 Stresses 2025-05-16 5 2 Article 32 10.3390/stresses5020032 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/32 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 31: Pesticides: Environmental Stressors Implicated in the Development of Central Nervous System Disorders and Neurodegeneration https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/31 The relationship between various central nervous system (CNS) disorders linked to pesticide exposure highlights a growing concern worldwide, as the extensive use of these compounds causes toxic effects on the CNS of non-target organisms. Reports indicate that exposure to pesticides, including carbamates, organophosphates, and pyrethroids, produces various adverse impacts on neurological function in humans, ranging from acute symptoms such as headaches and dizziness to long-term conditions leading to developmental delays in children, cognitive impairment, and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s being among the most important. The scientific evidence suggests that pesticide exposure induces oxidative stress and disruptions in neurotransmission, resulting in neuronal damage and alterations in brain development. The review discusses scientific evidence of neurodegenerative disease development related to pesticide exposure, as well as alternatives to chemical pesticides used in agriculture, emphasizing Agroecological Crop Protection (ACP), which combines biological control, crop rotation, and natural predators and is presented as a practical approach to reducing reliance on pesticides. Organic farming methods, which employ natural substances and minimal input of chemicals, also offer safer alternatives. In addition, advances in biopesticides, which target specific pests without harming non-target organisms, provide promising solutions that protect the environment and human health. Pesticides are well-known environmental stressors that menace biodiversity and pose important threats to human health. Reducing pesticide use and remediating pesticide-polluted sites are urgent tasks to avoid adverse effects of pesticide exposure in non-target organisms. 2025-05-07 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 31: Pesticides: Environmental Stressors Implicated in the Development of Central Nervous System Disorders and Neurodegeneration

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5020031

Authors: Alexis Rodríguez María Luisa Castrejón-Godínez Nayeli Monterrosas-Brisson

The relationship between various central nervous system (CNS) disorders linked to pesticide exposure highlights a growing concern worldwide, as the extensive use of these compounds causes toxic effects on the CNS of non-target organisms. Reports indicate that exposure to pesticides, including carbamates, organophosphates, and pyrethroids, produces various adverse impacts on neurological function in humans, ranging from acute symptoms such as headaches and dizziness to long-term conditions leading to developmental delays in children, cognitive impairment, and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s being among the most important. The scientific evidence suggests that pesticide exposure induces oxidative stress and disruptions in neurotransmission, resulting in neuronal damage and alterations in brain development. The review discusses scientific evidence of neurodegenerative disease development related to pesticide exposure, as well as alternatives to chemical pesticides used in agriculture, emphasizing Agroecological Crop Protection (ACP), which combines biological control, crop rotation, and natural predators and is presented as a practical approach to reducing reliance on pesticides. Organic farming methods, which employ natural substances and minimal input of chemicals, also offer safer alternatives. In addition, advances in biopesticides, which target specific pests without harming non-target organisms, provide promising solutions that protect the environment and human health. Pesticides are well-known environmental stressors that menace biodiversity and pose important threats to human health. Reducing pesticide use and remediating pesticide-polluted sites are urgent tasks to avoid adverse effects of pesticide exposure in non-target organisms.

]]> Pesticides: Environmental Stressors Implicated in the Development of Central Nervous System Disorders and Neurodegeneration Alexis Rodríguez María Luisa Castrejón-Godínez Nayeli Monterrosas-Brisson doi: 10.3390/stresses5020031 Stresses 2025-05-07 Stresses 2025-05-07 5 2 Review 31 10.3390/stresses5020031 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/31 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 30: The Impact of Flooding on Soil Microbial Communities and Their Functions: A Review https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/30 Soil microorganisms provide multifaceted benefits, including maintaining soil nutrient dynamics, improving soil structure, and instituting decomposition, all of which are important to soil health. Unpredictable weather events, including flooding from heavy rainfall, flash floods, and seawater intrusion, profoundly impact soil ecology, which is primarily challenged by flooding stress, and imbalances these microbial communities and their functions. This disturbance impairs the symbiotic exchanges between microbes and plants by limiting root exudates and habitats for microbes, as well as nutrient acquisition efficiency for plants. Therefore, this review comprehensively examines the changes in soil microbial communities that occur under flooding conditions. Flooding reduces soil oxygen (O2) levels, limiting aerobic microbes but promoting anaerobic ones, including potential pathogens. In flooded soil, O2 deficiency indirectly depends on the size of the soil particles and water turbidity during flooding. O2 depletion is critical in shaping microbial community adaptation, which is linked to variations in soil pH, nutrient concentrations, and redox status, and fresh and saline water vary differently in terms of the adaptation of microorganisms. Wet soil alters soil enzyme activity, which influences microbial community composition. Notably, three-month post-flooding conditions allow microbial communities to adapt and stabilize more effectively than once-weekly flooding frequency. Based on the presence of aboveground species, fungi are found to reduce under flooding conditions, while nematode numbers, surprisingly, increase. Direct and indirect impacts between soil microbes and physio-chemical properties indicate positive or negative feedback loops that influence the soil ecosystem. Over the years, beneficial microorganisms such as plant-growth-promoting microbes (PGPMs) have been identified as important in regulating soil nutrients and microbial communities in wetland environments, thereby enhancing soil health and promoting better plant growth and development. Overall, understanding the mechanisms of belowground ecosystems under flooding conditions is essential for optimizing agricultural practices and ensuring sustainable crop production in flood-prone areas. 2025-05-02 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 30: The Impact of Flooding on Soil Microbial Communities and Their Functions: A Review

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5020030

Authors: Ashim Kumar Das Da-Sol Lee Youn-Ji Woo Sharmin Sultana Apple Mahmud Byung-Wook Yun

Soil microorganisms provide multifaceted benefits, including maintaining soil nutrient dynamics, improving soil structure, and instituting decomposition, all of which are important to soil health. Unpredictable weather events, including flooding from heavy rainfall, flash floods, and seawater intrusion, profoundly impact soil ecology, which is primarily challenged by flooding stress, and imbalances these microbial communities and their functions. This disturbance impairs the symbiotic exchanges between microbes and plants by limiting root exudates and habitats for microbes, as well as nutrient acquisition efficiency for plants. Therefore, this review comprehensively examines the changes in soil microbial communities that occur under flooding conditions. Flooding reduces soil oxygen (O2) levels, limiting aerobic microbes but promoting anaerobic ones, including potential pathogens. In flooded soil, O2 deficiency indirectly depends on the size of the soil particles and water turbidity during flooding. O2 depletion is critical in shaping microbial community adaptation, which is linked to variations in soil pH, nutrient concentrations, and redox status, and fresh and saline water vary differently in terms of the adaptation of microorganisms. Wet soil alters soil enzyme activity, which influences microbial community composition. Notably, three-month post-flooding conditions allow microbial communities to adapt and stabilize more effectively than once-weekly flooding frequency. Based on the presence of aboveground species, fungi are found to reduce under flooding conditions, while nematode numbers, surprisingly, increase. Direct and indirect impacts between soil microbes and physio-chemical properties indicate positive or negative feedback loops that influence the soil ecosystem. Over the years, beneficial microorganisms such as plant-growth-promoting microbes (PGPMs) have been identified as important in regulating soil nutrients and microbial communities in wetland environments, thereby enhancing soil health and promoting better plant growth and development. Overall, understanding the mechanisms of belowground ecosystems under flooding conditions is essential for optimizing agricultural practices and ensuring sustainable crop production in flood-prone areas.

]]> The Impact of Flooding on Soil Microbial Communities and Their Functions: A Review Ashim Kumar Das Da-Sol Lee Youn-Ji Woo Sharmin Sultana Apple Mahmud Byung-Wook Yun doi: 10.3390/stresses5020030 Stresses 2025-05-02 Stresses 2025-05-02 5 2 Review 30 10.3390/stresses5020030 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/30 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 29: Effect of Salinity and Nitrogen on Heavy Metal Tolerance and Accumulation Potential in Rumex maritimus https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/29 The aim of the present study was to assess heavy metal tolerance and its accumulation potential in coastal nitrophilic species Rumex maritimus, and to study the possible effects of nitrogen fertilizer and salinity on the characteristics of metal-treated plants. Two experiments were performed in partially controlled greenhouse conditions: (1) gradual treatment with increasing concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Mn, and Zn; and (2) acute treatment with Cd, Pb, and Cu on the background of different nitrogen fertilizer amendment rates (0.15 and 0.30 g L−1 N) and salinity (50 and 100 mM). R. maritimus plants were extremely tolerant to treatment with all metals, with no negative effect on total leaf biomass both in the case of gradual or acute treatment. However, the number and biomass of dry leaves increased under high doses of heavy metals, and the effect was more pronounced in the case of acute treatment. All studied metals were excluded from the roots and young leaves, predominantly accumulating in the dry leaves, reaching 250 mg kg−1 for Cd, 2000 mg kg−1 for Pb, and 500 mg kg−1 for Cu. In the second experiment, the presence of increased nitrogen in the substrate positively affected the growth of R. maritimus plants and their morphological response to heavy metals, but salinity affected metal accumulation. Photosynthesis-related parameters, leaf chlorophyll concentration, and the chlorophyll a fluorescence parameter Performance Index Total confirmed that heavy metals had no negative effect on the physiological state of photosynthetically active leaves. It is concluded that R. maritimus plants have exceptional potential for practical phytoremediation needs due to the high tolerance and accumulation potential for heavy metals. 2025-04-18 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 29: Effect of Salinity and Nitrogen on Heavy Metal Tolerance and Accumulation Potential in Rumex maritimus

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5020029

Authors: Lāsma Neiceniece Astra Jēkabsone Una Andersone-Ozola Lidia Banaszczyk Andis Karlsons Anita Osvalde Gederts Ievinsh

The aim of the present study was to assess heavy metal tolerance and its accumulation potential in coastal nitrophilic species Rumex maritimus, and to study the possible effects of nitrogen fertilizer and salinity on the characteristics of metal-treated plants. Two experiments were performed in partially controlled greenhouse conditions: (1) gradual treatment with increasing concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Mn, and Zn; and (2) acute treatment with Cd, Pb, and Cu on the background of different nitrogen fertilizer amendment rates (0.15 and 0.30 g L−1 N) and salinity (50 and 100 mM). R. maritimus plants were extremely tolerant to treatment with all metals, with no negative effect on total leaf biomass both in the case of gradual or acute treatment. However, the number and biomass of dry leaves increased under high doses of heavy metals, and the effect was more pronounced in the case of acute treatment. All studied metals were excluded from the roots and young leaves, predominantly accumulating in the dry leaves, reaching 250 mg kg−1 for Cd, 2000 mg kg−1 for Pb, and 500 mg kg−1 for Cu. In the second experiment, the presence of increased nitrogen in the substrate positively affected the growth of R. maritimus plants and their morphological response to heavy metals, but salinity affected metal accumulation. Photosynthesis-related parameters, leaf chlorophyll concentration, and the chlorophyll a fluorescence parameter Performance Index Total confirmed that heavy metals had no negative effect on the physiological state of photosynthetically active leaves. It is concluded that R. maritimus plants have exceptional potential for practical phytoremediation needs due to the high tolerance and accumulation potential for heavy metals.

]]> Effect of Salinity and Nitrogen on Heavy Metal Tolerance and Accumulation Potential in Rumex maritimus Lāsma Neiceniece Astra Jēkabsone Una Andersone-Ozola Lidia Banaszczyk Andis Karlsons Anita Osvalde Gederts Ievinsh doi: 10.3390/stresses5020029 Stresses 2025-04-18 Stresses 2025-04-18 5 2 Article 29 10.3390/stresses5020029 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/29 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 28: Stress Responses and Mechanisms of Phytopathogens Infecting Humans: Threats, Drivers, and Recommendations https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/28 Cross-kingdom infections, where pathogens from one kingdom infect organisms of another, were historically regarded as rare anomalies with minimal concern. However, emerging evidence reveals their increasing prevalence and potential to disrupt the delicate balance between plant, animal, and human health systems. Traditionally recognized as plant-specific, a subset of phytopathogens, including certain fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, have demonstrated the capacity to infect non-plant hosts, particularly immunocompromised individuals. These pathogens exploit conserved molecular mechanisms, such as immune evasion strategies, stress responses, and effector proteins, to breach host-specific barriers and establish infections. Specifically, fungal pathogens like Fusarium spp. and Colletotrichum spp. employ toxin-mediated cytotoxicity and cell-wall-degrading enzymes, while bacterial pathogens, such as Pseudomonas syringae, utilize type III secretion systems to manipulate host immune responses. Viral and nematode phytopathogens also exhibit molecular mimicry and host-derived RNA silencing suppressors to facilitate infections beyond plant hosts. This review features emerging cases of phytopathogen-driven animal and human infections and dissects the key molecular and ecological determinants that facilitate such cross-kingdom transmission. It also highlights critical drivers, including pathogen plasticity, horizontal gene transfer, and the convergence of environmental and anthropogenic stressors that breach traditional host boundaries. Furthermore, this review focuses on the underlying molecular mechanisms that enable host adaptation and the evolutionary pressures shaping these transitions. To address the complex threats posed by cross-kingdom phytopathogens, a comprehensive One Health approach that bridges plant, animal, and human health strategies is advocated. Integrating molecular surveillance, pathogen genomics, AI-powered predictive modeling, and global biosecurity initiatives is essential to detect, monitor, and mitigate cross-kingdom infections. This interdisciplinary approach not only enhances our preparedness for emerging zoonoses and phytopathogen spillovers but also strengthens ecological resilience and public health security in an era of increasing biological convergence. 2025-04-18 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 28: Stress Responses and Mechanisms of Phytopathogens Infecting Humans: Threats, Drivers, and Recommendations

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5020028

Authors: Md. Motaher Hossain Farjana Sultana Mahabuba Mostafa Humayra Ferdus Mrinmoy Kundu Shanta Adhikary Nabela Akter Ankita Saha Md. Abdullah Al Sabbir

Cross-kingdom infections, where pathogens from one kingdom infect organisms of another, were historically regarded as rare anomalies with minimal concern. However, emerging evidence reveals their increasing prevalence and potential to disrupt the delicate balance between plant, animal, and human health systems. Traditionally recognized as plant-specific, a subset of phytopathogens, including certain fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, have demonstrated the capacity to infect non-plant hosts, particularly immunocompromised individuals. These pathogens exploit conserved molecular mechanisms, such as immune evasion strategies, stress responses, and effector proteins, to breach host-specific barriers and establish infections. Specifically, fungal pathogens like Fusarium spp. and Colletotrichum spp. employ toxin-mediated cytotoxicity and cell-wall-degrading enzymes, while bacterial pathogens, such as Pseudomonas syringae, utilize type III secretion systems to manipulate host immune responses. Viral and nematode phytopathogens also exhibit molecular mimicry and host-derived RNA silencing suppressors to facilitate infections beyond plant hosts. This review features emerging cases of phytopathogen-driven animal and human infections and dissects the key molecular and ecological determinants that facilitate such cross-kingdom transmission. It also highlights critical drivers, including pathogen plasticity, horizontal gene transfer, and the convergence of environmental and anthropogenic stressors that breach traditional host boundaries. Furthermore, this review focuses on the underlying molecular mechanisms that enable host adaptation and the evolutionary pressures shaping these transitions. To address the complex threats posed by cross-kingdom phytopathogens, a comprehensive One Health approach that bridges plant, animal, and human health strategies is advocated. Integrating molecular surveillance, pathogen genomics, AI-powered predictive modeling, and global biosecurity initiatives is essential to detect, monitor, and mitigate cross-kingdom infections. This interdisciplinary approach not only enhances our preparedness for emerging zoonoses and phytopathogen spillovers but also strengthens ecological resilience and public health security in an era of increasing biological convergence.

]]> Stress Responses and Mechanisms of Phytopathogens Infecting Humans: Threats, Drivers, and Recommendations Md. Motaher Hossain Farjana Sultana Mahabuba Mostafa Humayra Ferdus Mrinmoy Kundu Shanta Adhikary Nabela Akter Ankita Saha Md. Abdullah Al Sabbir doi: 10.3390/stresses5020028 Stresses 2025-04-18 Stresses 2025-04-18 5 2 Review 28 10.3390/stresses5020028 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/28 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 27: Plant Growth and Metabolic Responses of Tomato Varieties to Salinity Stress After Thermopriming https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/27 Abiotic stresses like heat and salinity challenge crop production, but cultivar-specific adaptability and tolerance inducers can mitigate their impact. This study examined the growth and biochemical responses of five tomato varieties (Adeleza F1, Saint Anna F1, Goudski F1, Bronski F1, and Dunk F1) to thermopriming followed by salinity stresses. Thermopriming initially promoted growth but had variable effects on plant performance under combined stresses. Adeleza F1 and Bronski F1 were less affected, while Goudski F1 and Dunk F1 exhibited delayed development and reduced biomass under salinity stress. Thermopriming enhanced leaf chlorophyll content and antioxidant capacity in some varieties but inconsistently influenced leaf phenolics and flavonoids. Notably, increased flavonoid and anthocyanin accumulation in certain varieties suggests improved stress tolerance, albeit at the cost of growth. However, a consistent priming effect was not observed across all varieties, as combined heat and salt stress had a more severe impact than individual stresses. These findings highlight genotype-specific responses, underscoring the need for optimized (thermo-)priming protocols that balance growth and defense. This study provides valuable insights into the complex interplay of heat and salinity stress in tomatoes, emphasizing targeted strategies for enhancing crop resilience and informing future breeding programs. 2025-04-10 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 27: Plant Growth and Metabolic Responses of Tomato Varieties to Salinity Stress After Thermopriming

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5020027

Authors: Tobias Körner Jana Zinkernagel Simone Röhlen-Schmittgen

Abiotic stresses like heat and salinity challenge crop production, but cultivar-specific adaptability and tolerance inducers can mitigate their impact. This study examined the growth and biochemical responses of five tomato varieties (Adeleza F1, Saint Anna F1, Goudski F1, Bronski F1, and Dunk F1) to thermopriming followed by salinity stresses. Thermopriming initially promoted growth but had variable effects on plant performance under combined stresses. Adeleza F1 and Bronski F1 were less affected, while Goudski F1 and Dunk F1 exhibited delayed development and reduced biomass under salinity stress. Thermopriming enhanced leaf chlorophyll content and antioxidant capacity in some varieties but inconsistently influenced leaf phenolics and flavonoids. Notably, increased flavonoid and anthocyanin accumulation in certain varieties suggests improved stress tolerance, albeit at the cost of growth. However, a consistent priming effect was not observed across all varieties, as combined heat and salt stress had a more severe impact than individual stresses. These findings highlight genotype-specific responses, underscoring the need for optimized (thermo-)priming protocols that balance growth and defense. This study provides valuable insights into the complex interplay of heat and salinity stress in tomatoes, emphasizing targeted strategies for enhancing crop resilience and informing future breeding programs.

]]> Plant Growth and Metabolic Responses of Tomato Varieties to Salinity Stress After Thermopriming Tobias Körner Jana Zinkernagel Simone Röhlen-Schmittgen doi: 10.3390/stresses5020027 Stresses 2025-04-10 Stresses 2025-04-10 5 2 Article 27 10.3390/stresses5020027 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/27 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 26: Exploring Stressors: Impact on Cellular Organelles and Implications for Cellular Functions https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/26 Cellular stressors have been demonstrated to exert a substantial influence on the functionality of organelles, thereby impacting cellular homeostasis and contributing to the development of disease pathogenesis. This review aims to examine the impact of diverse stressors, including environmental, chemical, biological, and physical factors, on critical organelles such as the cell membrane, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and membrane-less organelles. The intricate molecular mechanisms underlying cellular stress responses, encompassing oxidative stress, protein misfolding, and metabolic reprogramming, have the capacity to elicit adaptive responses or culminate in pathological conditions. The interplay between these stressors and organelle dysfunction has been implicated in a myriad of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, metabolic disorders, and immune-related pathologies. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which organelles respond to stress can offer valuable insights into the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating cellular damage. 2025-04-04 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 26: Exploring Stressors: Impact on Cellular Organelles and Implications for Cellular Functions

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5020026

Authors: Zoofa Zayani Arash Matinahmadi Alireza Tavakolpournegari Seyed Hesamoddin Bidooki

Cellular stressors have been demonstrated to exert a substantial influence on the functionality of organelles, thereby impacting cellular homeostasis and contributing to the development of disease pathogenesis. This review aims to examine the impact of diverse stressors, including environmental, chemical, biological, and physical factors, on critical organelles such as the cell membrane, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and membrane-less organelles. The intricate molecular mechanisms underlying cellular stress responses, encompassing oxidative stress, protein misfolding, and metabolic reprogramming, have the capacity to elicit adaptive responses or culminate in pathological conditions. The interplay between these stressors and organelle dysfunction has been implicated in a myriad of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, metabolic disorders, and immune-related pathologies. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which organelles respond to stress can offer valuable insights into the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating cellular damage.

]]> Exploring Stressors: Impact on Cellular Organelles and Implications for Cellular Functions Zoofa Zayani Arash Matinahmadi Alireza Tavakolpournegari Seyed Hesamoddin Bidooki doi: 10.3390/stresses5020026 Stresses 2025-04-04 Stresses 2025-04-04 5 2 Review 26 10.3390/stresses5020026 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/26 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 25: Nickel, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Se Accumulation, and the Antioxidant Status of Mushrooms Grown in the Arctic Under Ni/Cu Pollution and in Unpolluted Areas https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/25 Mushrooms play an important role in ecosystem sustainability and are highly valued in medicine and human nutrition. Using AAS and biochemical methods of analysis, the antioxidant status and mineral composition of seven mushroom species (Armillaria mellea, Xeromocus illudens, Leccinum aurantiacum, Leccinum scrabum, Lactarium pubescens, Rusula vesca, and Lycoperpon molle Pers.) gathered near the Pechenganikel smelting plant in the Pasvik Nature Reserve of the Murmansk region were evaluated. The concentrations of Ni and Cu in the fruiting bodies of mushrooms were in the ranges of 0.43–39.7 and 7.9–45.9 mg kg−1 d.w., respectively. An unusually high biological concentration factor (BCF) for Ni, Cu, and Zn levels in mushrooms grown in soils with a low amount of these elements indicates the low suitability of the mentioned parameter for mushroom characteristics in territories with an uneven distribution of elements in soil. On the other hand, selenium (Se) showed high BCF levels, exceeding 1, for all mushrooms tested, with the highest values associated with L. saccatum (5.17) and the lowest values with A. mellea (1.36). A significant excess (3.4) of the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) level per 30 g of dry mushrooms was recorded for Ni in Russula vesca gathered 6 km from the Ni/Cu smelting plant, and 1.3 excess of the RDA was recorded in L. scrabum grown in the vicinity of the Shuonyoka waterfall. No RDA excess was revealed for Cu. Positive correlations between Se, polyphenol content, and total antioxidant activity (AOA) (r = 0.915–0.926; p < 0.001) and a negative correlation between Cu–Se and Cu–AOA in Leccinum species indicate the important role of antioxidant defense and Se, particularly in Arctic mushroom growth and survival, providing a specific protection of mushrooms against Cu toxicity. 2025-04-02 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 25: Nickel, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Se Accumulation, and the Antioxidant Status of Mushrooms Grown in the Arctic Under Ni/Cu Pollution and in Unpolluted Areas

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5020025

Authors: Nadezhda Golubkina Uliana Plotnikova Andrew Koshevarov Evgeniya Sosna Olga Hlebosolova Natalia Polikarpova Otilia Cristina Murariu Alessio Vincenzo Tallarita Gianluca Caruso

Mushrooms play an important role in ecosystem sustainability and are highly valued in medicine and human nutrition. Using AAS and biochemical methods of analysis, the antioxidant status and mineral composition of seven mushroom species (Armillaria mellea, Xeromocus illudens, Leccinum aurantiacum, Leccinum scrabum, Lactarium pubescens, Rusula vesca, and Lycoperpon molle Pers.) gathered near the Pechenganikel smelting plant in the Pasvik Nature Reserve of the Murmansk region were evaluated. The concentrations of Ni and Cu in the fruiting bodies of mushrooms were in the ranges of 0.43–39.7 and 7.9–45.9 mg kg−1 d.w., respectively. An unusually high biological concentration factor (BCF) for Ni, Cu, and Zn levels in mushrooms grown in soils with a low amount of these elements indicates the low suitability of the mentioned parameter for mushroom characteristics in territories with an uneven distribution of elements in soil. On the other hand, selenium (Se) showed high BCF levels, exceeding 1, for all mushrooms tested, with the highest values associated with L. saccatum (5.17) and the lowest values with A. mellea (1.36). A significant excess (3.4) of the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) level per 30 g of dry mushrooms was recorded for Ni in Russula vesca gathered 6 km from the Ni/Cu smelting plant, and 1.3 excess of the RDA was recorded in L. scrabum grown in the vicinity of the Shuonyoka waterfall. No RDA excess was revealed for Cu. Positive correlations between Se, polyphenol content, and total antioxidant activity (AOA) (r = 0.915–0.926; p < 0.001) and a negative correlation between Cu–Se and Cu–AOA in Leccinum species indicate the important role of antioxidant defense and Se, particularly in Arctic mushroom growth and survival, providing a specific protection of mushrooms against Cu toxicity.

]]> Nickel, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Se Accumulation, and the Antioxidant Status of Mushrooms Grown in the Arctic Under Ni/Cu Pollution and in Unpolluted Areas Nadezhda Golubkina Uliana Plotnikova Andrew Koshevarov Evgeniya Sosna Olga Hlebosolova Natalia Polikarpova Otilia Cristina Murariu Alessio Vincenzo Tallarita Gianluca Caruso doi: 10.3390/stresses5020025 Stresses 2025-04-02 Stresses 2025-04-02 5 2 Article 25 10.3390/stresses5020025 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/25 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 24: Potential of Bacillus halotolerans in Mitigating Biotic and Abiotic Stresses: A Comprehensive Review https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/24 Bacillus halotolerans, a halophilic bacterial species of the genus Bacillus, is emerging as a biological control agent with immense potential for sustainable agriculture, particularly in extreme conditions and environmental rehabilitation. This review summarizes the current state of research on B. halotolerans, emphasizing its diverse applications in the biocontrol of plant pathogens, plant growth promotion under salinity stress, nematode management, and bioremediation. B. halotolerans utilizes several mechanisms such as the production of siderophores and phytohormones, secretion of exopolysaccharides, and the release of antifungal and nematicidal compounds, which allows it to mitigate both abiotic and biotic stresses in various crops, including wheat, rice, date palm, tomato, and others. In addition, genomic and metabolomic analyses have revealed its potential for secondary metabolite production that improves its antagonistic and growth-promoting traits. Despite significant progress, challenges remain in translating laboratory results into field applications. Future research should focus on formulating effective bioinoculants and field trials to maximize the practical utility of B. halotolerans for sustainable agriculture and environmental resilience. 2025-03-25 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 24: Potential of Bacillus halotolerans in Mitigating Biotic and Abiotic Stresses: A Comprehensive Review

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5020024

Authors: Pelias Rafanomezantsoa Abbas El-Hasan Ralf Thomas Voegele

Bacillus halotolerans, a halophilic bacterial species of the genus Bacillus, is emerging as a biological control agent with immense potential for sustainable agriculture, particularly in extreme conditions and environmental rehabilitation. This review summarizes the current state of research on B. halotolerans, emphasizing its diverse applications in the biocontrol of plant pathogens, plant growth promotion under salinity stress, nematode management, and bioremediation. B. halotolerans utilizes several mechanisms such as the production of siderophores and phytohormones, secretion of exopolysaccharides, and the release of antifungal and nematicidal compounds, which allows it to mitigate both abiotic and biotic stresses in various crops, including wheat, rice, date palm, tomato, and others. In addition, genomic and metabolomic analyses have revealed its potential for secondary metabolite production that improves its antagonistic and growth-promoting traits. Despite significant progress, challenges remain in translating laboratory results into field applications. Future research should focus on formulating effective bioinoculants and field trials to maximize the practical utility of B. halotolerans for sustainable agriculture and environmental resilience.

]]> Potential of Bacillus halotolerans in Mitigating Biotic and Abiotic Stresses: A Comprehensive Review Pelias Rafanomezantsoa Abbas El-Hasan Ralf Thomas Voegele doi: 10.3390/stresses5020024 Stresses 2025-03-25 Stresses 2025-03-25 5 2 Review 24 10.3390/stresses5020024 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/2/24 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 23: Enhancing Horticultural Sustainability in the Face of Climate Change: Harnessing Biostimulants for Environmental Stress Alleviation in Crops https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/23 Climate change significantly impacts agriculture by increasing the frequency and intensity of environmental stresses, which can severely reduce agricultural yields. Adopting sustainable practices is crucial to mitigating these risks and enhancing crop resilience. Applying natural compounds and microorganisms as biostimulants has gained popularity as an eco-friendly approach to alleviating abiotic stress in agricultural plants. This study reviews the current research on applying biostimulants in horticulturally significant crops to boost their resistance to abiotic stressors such as salinity, drought, and high temperatures. It explores the mechanisms through which these stimulants offer protection, focusing on the roles of key bioactive substances in regulating physiological and molecular processes for stress adaptation. The study addresses biostimulant formulation, regulation, and application challenges. Future research directions are suggested to harness biostimulants’ potential fully, aiming to develop climate-resilient horticultural systems that follow sustainability principles. This comprehensive review underscores the use of biostimulants as a sustainable strategy to increase crop yields in the face of climate change, reducing reliance on synthetic agrochemicals. 2025-03-06 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 23: Enhancing Horticultural Sustainability in the Face of Climate Change: Harnessing Biostimulants for Environmental Stress Alleviation in Crops

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010023

Authors: Manya Singh Gudammagari Mabu Subahan Sunny Sharma Gurpreet Singh Neha Sharma Umesh Sharma Vineet Kumar

Climate change significantly impacts agriculture by increasing the frequency and intensity of environmental stresses, which can severely reduce agricultural yields. Adopting sustainable practices is crucial to mitigating these risks and enhancing crop resilience. Applying natural compounds and microorganisms as biostimulants has gained popularity as an eco-friendly approach to alleviating abiotic stress in agricultural plants. This study reviews the current research on applying biostimulants in horticulturally significant crops to boost their resistance to abiotic stressors such as salinity, drought, and high temperatures. It explores the mechanisms through which these stimulants offer protection, focusing on the roles of key bioactive substances in regulating physiological and molecular processes for stress adaptation. The study addresses biostimulant formulation, regulation, and application challenges. Future research directions are suggested to harness biostimulants’ potential fully, aiming to develop climate-resilient horticultural systems that follow sustainability principles. This comprehensive review underscores the use of biostimulants as a sustainable strategy to increase crop yields in the face of climate change, reducing reliance on synthetic agrochemicals.

]]> Enhancing Horticultural Sustainability in the Face of Climate Change: Harnessing Biostimulants for Environmental Stress Alleviation in Crops Manya Singh Gudammagari Mabu Subahan Sunny Sharma Gurpreet Singh Neha Sharma Umesh Sharma Vineet Kumar doi: 10.3390/stresses5010023 Stresses 2025-03-06 Stresses 2025-03-06 5 1 Review 23 10.3390/stresses5010023 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/23 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 22: Bioactive Compounds from Marine Macroalgae: A Natural Defense Against Oxidative Stress-Related Diseases https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/22 Marine macroalgae (commonly known as seaweeds), a rich yet underexplored resource, have emerged as a promising source of bioactive compounds with potent antioxidant properties. While oxidative stress is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of numerous chronic diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular conditions, and cancer, macroalgae-derived compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids, peptides, and sulfated polysaccharides have demonstrated the ability to mitigate oxidative damage through multifaceted mechanisms. These compounds neutralize reactive oxygen species and modulate key cellular pathways involved in inflammation and apoptosis. Despite significant advancements, gaps persist in understanding the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and clinical applications of these bioactives. Additionally, the inefficiencies of traditional extraction methods call for adopting innovative, environmentally friendly techniques that preserve bioactivity. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the therapeutic potential of macroalgal bioactives, acknowledges the contributions of other marine algae where relevant, highlights challenges in their extraction, and proposes future directions for research and application. 2025-03-05 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 22: Bioactive Compounds from Marine Macroalgae: A Natural Defense Against Oxidative Stress-Related Diseases

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010022

Authors: Imelda Noehmi Monroy-García Suleyka Torres-Romero Lelie Denise Castro-Ochoa Alexander Mendoza-Acosta Ezequiel Viveros-Valdez Fernando Ayala-Zavala

Marine macroalgae (commonly known as seaweeds), a rich yet underexplored resource, have emerged as a promising source of bioactive compounds with potent antioxidant properties. While oxidative stress is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of numerous chronic diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular conditions, and cancer, macroalgae-derived compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids, peptides, and sulfated polysaccharides have demonstrated the ability to mitigate oxidative damage through multifaceted mechanisms. These compounds neutralize reactive oxygen species and modulate key cellular pathways involved in inflammation and apoptosis. Despite significant advancements, gaps persist in understanding the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and clinical applications of these bioactives. Additionally, the inefficiencies of traditional extraction methods call for adopting innovative, environmentally friendly techniques that preserve bioactivity. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the therapeutic potential of macroalgal bioactives, acknowledges the contributions of other marine algae where relevant, highlights challenges in their extraction, and proposes future directions for research and application.

]]> Bioactive Compounds from Marine Macroalgae: A Natural Defense Against Oxidative Stress-Related Diseases Imelda Noehmi Monroy-García Suleyka Torres-Romero Lelie Denise Castro-Ochoa Alexander Mendoza-Acosta Ezequiel Viveros-Valdez Fernando Ayala-Zavala doi: 10.3390/stresses5010022 Stresses 2025-03-05 Stresses 2025-03-05 5 1 Review 22 10.3390/stresses5010022 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/22 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 21: Leaf Traits and Fluctuating Asymmetry as Stress Indicators in a Mangrove Species After an Extreme Rainfall Event https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/21 Climate change, particularly extreme rainfall, imposes stress on plants, which can be assessed using fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in leaves and key leaf traits. FA, which is defined as random deviations in symmetrical structures, is a known bioindicator of environmental stress. Additionally, leaf area (LA) and specific leaf area (SLA) provide insights into plant responses to stressors. Mangrove plants have several mechanisms to cope with constant flooding and rainy periods. However, under extreme rainfall conditions, their adaptive capacity may be overwhelmed and plants may experience developmental stress. Nonetheless, it has not yet been verified whether plants subjected to drastic increases in rainfall exhibit more asymmetric leaves. We investigated seasonal differences in FA in Laguncularia racemosa after an extreme rainfall event and found a significant increase in FA after the rainfall event (t = 1.759, df = 149, p = 0.08) compared with the dry season. Concurrently, LA increased by 28% (p < 0.01) and SLA increased by 33% (p < 0.01) after the rainfall event. During the dry season, the plants exhibited antisymmetry rather than FA, highlighting their distinct responses to seasonal stressors. These findings demonstrate the differential effects of rainfall extremes on leaf traits and asymmetry, positioning FA, LA, and SLA as mangrove stress indicators. 2025-03-03 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 21: Leaf Traits and Fluctuating Asymmetry as Stress Indicators in a Mangrove Species After an Extreme Rainfall Event

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010021

Authors: Dalton Serafim Luziene Seixas João Victor Sabino Kim Ribeiro Barão Jean Carlos Santos Guilherme Ramos Demetrio

Climate change, particularly extreme rainfall, imposes stress on plants, which can be assessed using fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in leaves and key leaf traits. FA, which is defined as random deviations in symmetrical structures, is a known bioindicator of environmental stress. Additionally, leaf area (LA) and specific leaf area (SLA) provide insights into plant responses to stressors. Mangrove plants have several mechanisms to cope with constant flooding and rainy periods. However, under extreme rainfall conditions, their adaptive capacity may be overwhelmed and plants may experience developmental stress. Nonetheless, it has not yet been verified whether plants subjected to drastic increases in rainfall exhibit more asymmetric leaves. We investigated seasonal differences in FA in Laguncularia racemosa after an extreme rainfall event and found a significant increase in FA after the rainfall event (t = 1.759, df = 149, p = 0.08) compared with the dry season. Concurrently, LA increased by 28% (p < 0.01) and SLA increased by 33% (p < 0.01) after the rainfall event. During the dry season, the plants exhibited antisymmetry rather than FA, highlighting their distinct responses to seasonal stressors. These findings demonstrate the differential effects of rainfall extremes on leaf traits and asymmetry, positioning FA, LA, and SLA as mangrove stress indicators.

]]> Leaf Traits and Fluctuating Asymmetry as Stress Indicators in a Mangrove Species After an Extreme Rainfall Event Dalton Serafim Luziene Seixas João Victor Sabino Kim Ribeiro Barão Jean Carlos Santos Guilherme Ramos Demetrio doi: 10.3390/stresses5010021 Stresses 2025-03-03 Stresses 2025-03-03 5 1 Article 21 10.3390/stresses5010021 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/21 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 20: Diurnal and Thermal Variations in an Oxidative Stress Biomarker of Pseudanabaena foetida: A Model for Environmental Adaptation in Aquatic Ecosystems https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/20 Pseudanabaena foetida, a filamentous cyanobacterium, is highly sensitive to temperature and light intensity. This study explores its oxidative stress responses under diurnal light intensities in temperature variations, utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) normalized to optical density (OD730) levels (H2O2/OD730) as a biomarker. The adequate P. foetida cells were distributed to three incubators for 22 days at 30 °C, 20 °C, and 10 °C. Light intensity varied over the course of the day, increasing from morning to a maximum at noon, followed by a gradual decrease until evening. Measurements of H2O2, protein, chlorophyll a (Chl a), and catalase (CAT) activity were carried out every three hours, starting at 6:00 and ending at 21:00. Protein concentration and Chl a increased between 12:00 and 15:00 for every temperature. H2O2, CAT, and H2O2/OD730 increased until 15:00 and decreased afterwards for each temperature. The CAT was directly proportional to P. foetida’s H2O2 concentration or cell biomass (H2O2/OD730), which indicates oxidative stress responses and a defense mechanism. The reduced temperature (30 °C to 20 °C and 30 °C to 10 °C) was significantly impactful on H2O2 concentration, protein concentration, and Chl a content. The model, based on P. foetida biomass, provides valuable insights into oxidative stress responses under different temperatures, with implications for understanding climate change. 2025-03-03 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 20: Diurnal and Thermal Variations in an Oxidative Stress Biomarker of Pseudanabaena foetida: A Model for Environmental Adaptation in Aquatic Ecosystems

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010020

Authors: Mizanur Rahman Takashi Asaeda Kiyotaka Fukahori Md Harun Rashid Akihiko Matsuo

Pseudanabaena foetida, a filamentous cyanobacterium, is highly sensitive to temperature and light intensity. This study explores its oxidative stress responses under diurnal light intensities in temperature variations, utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) normalized to optical density (OD730) levels (H2O2/OD730) as a biomarker. The adequate P. foetida cells were distributed to three incubators for 22 days at 30 °C, 20 °C, and 10 °C. Light intensity varied over the course of the day, increasing from morning to a maximum at noon, followed by a gradual decrease until evening. Measurements of H2O2, protein, chlorophyll a (Chl a), and catalase (CAT) activity were carried out every three hours, starting at 6:00 and ending at 21:00. Protein concentration and Chl a increased between 12:00 and 15:00 for every temperature. H2O2, CAT, and H2O2/OD730 increased until 15:00 and decreased afterwards for each temperature. The CAT was directly proportional to P. foetida’s H2O2 concentration or cell biomass (H2O2/OD730), which indicates oxidative stress responses and a defense mechanism. The reduced temperature (30 °C to 20 °C and 30 °C to 10 °C) was significantly impactful on H2O2 concentration, protein concentration, and Chl a content. The model, based on P. foetida biomass, provides valuable insights into oxidative stress responses under different temperatures, with implications for understanding climate change.

]]> Diurnal and Thermal Variations in an Oxidative Stress Biomarker of Pseudanabaena foetida: A Model for Environmental Adaptation in Aquatic Ecosystems Mizanur Rahman Takashi Asaeda Kiyotaka Fukahori Md Harun Rashid Akihiko Matsuo doi: 10.3390/stresses5010020 Stresses 2025-03-03 Stresses 2025-03-03 5 1 Article 20 10.3390/stresses5010020 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/20 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 19: Childhood Adversity and White Matter Microstructure: White Matter Differences Associated with Trauma Exposure https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/19 Current research on the effects of childhood trauma largely focuses on maltreatment. In the current study, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to determine the association between potentially traumatic exposures not related to maltreatment and fractional anisotropy (FA) in 184 youth aged 9–14 years. The Trauma History Profile was used to determine how many traumatic events in different categories were experienced and create low- and high-trauma groups. FA values were compared between groups in twelve a priori chosen regions of interest (ROIs). Five of the twelve regions showed significantly lower FA in the high-trauma groups when compared to the low-trauma groups, including the body of the corpus callosum, the total corpus callosum, bilateral posterior thalamic radiation, and the left cingulate gyrus projection of the cingulum bundle. Group differences were also observed across a range of behaviors. However, FA was not associated with posttraumatic stress symptomology. The results support the hypothesis that the high-trauma group had lower FA compared to the low-trauma group. The significant ROIs represent a subset of regions identified in studies of adults exposed to traumatic childhood events or children with a history of maltreatment. These results, obtained from typically developing youth, underline the importance of examining childhood trauma exposure in future developmental studies. 2025-03-03 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 19: Childhood Adversity and White Matter Microstructure: White Matter Differences Associated with Trauma Exposure

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010019

Authors: Andrea Rodriguez Helen Petropoulos Pilar M. Sanjuan Yu-Ping Wang Tony W. Wilson Vince D. Calhoun Julia M. Stephen

Current research on the effects of childhood trauma largely focuses on maltreatment. In the current study, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to determine the association between potentially traumatic exposures not related to maltreatment and fractional anisotropy (FA) in 184 youth aged 9–14 years. The Trauma History Profile was used to determine how many traumatic events in different categories were experienced and create low- and high-trauma groups. FA values were compared between groups in twelve a priori chosen regions of interest (ROIs). Five of the twelve regions showed significantly lower FA in the high-trauma groups when compared to the low-trauma groups, including the body of the corpus callosum, the total corpus callosum, bilateral posterior thalamic radiation, and the left cingulate gyrus projection of the cingulum bundle. Group differences were also observed across a range of behaviors. However, FA was not associated with posttraumatic stress symptomology. The results support the hypothesis that the high-trauma group had lower FA compared to the low-trauma group. The significant ROIs represent a subset of regions identified in studies of adults exposed to traumatic childhood events or children with a history of maltreatment. These results, obtained from typically developing youth, underline the importance of examining childhood trauma exposure in future developmental studies.

]]> Childhood Adversity and White Matter Microstructure: White Matter Differences Associated with Trauma Exposure Andrea Rodriguez Helen Petropoulos Pilar M. Sanjuan Yu-Ping Wang Tony W. Wilson Vince D. Calhoun Julia M. Stephen doi: 10.3390/stresses5010019 Stresses 2025-03-03 Stresses 2025-03-03 5 1 Article 19 10.3390/stresses5010019 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/19 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 18: Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Water Deficit: Morphophysiological and Gene Expression Responses in Caatinga Passion Fruit https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/18 The advancement of global warming and climate change requires strategic actions in understanding and seeking interactions between plant species and microorganisms that are more tolerant to water deficit. This research assessed the morpho-agronomic, physiological, and gene expression responses of two Passiflora cincinnata accessions (tolerant and sensitive) to water deficit, focusing on their relationship with mycorrhization. A randomized design with two accessions, two field capacities, and four AMF inoculation treatments was used to compare drought and control conditions. Differential gene expression was analyzed under drought stress, and the effect of mycorrhization on stress tolerance was evaluated. The results showed that inoculation with native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities, especially those from water-deficit conditions (AMF25), resulted in greater increases in height, number of leaves, stem diameter, number of tendrils, leaf area, and fresh biomass of root and shoot, with increases ranging from 50% to 300% compared to the control (non-inoculated) and monospecific inoculation (Entrophospora etunicata). Higher photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency were observed in the tolerant accession. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased the total chlorophyll content in both accessions, especially when inoculated with native AMF communities. Overall, P. cincinnata showed higher mycorrhizal responsiveness when inoculated with native AMF communities compared to monospecific inoculation with E. etunicata. The tolerant accession showed overexpression of the genes PcbZIP, PcSIP, and PcSTK, which are associated with signal transduction, water deficit tolerance, osmoregulation, and water transport. In contrast, the water deficit-sensitive accession showed repression of the PcSIP and PcSTK genes, indicating their potential use for distinguishing tolerant and sensitive accessions of the species. The tolerance of P. cincinnata to water deficit is directly related to physiological responses, increased photosynthetic rate, efficient water use, and regulation of gene expression. 2025-03-01 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 18: Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Water Deficit: Morphophysiological and Gene Expression Responses in Caatinga Passion Fruit

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010018

Authors: Luiz Victor de Almeida Dantas Roberta Lane de Oliveira Silva Welson Lima Simões Adriana Mayumi Yano-Melo Natoniel Franklin de Melo

The advancement of global warming and climate change requires strategic actions in understanding and seeking interactions between plant species and microorganisms that are more tolerant to water deficit. This research assessed the morpho-agronomic, physiological, and gene expression responses of two Passiflora cincinnata accessions (tolerant and sensitive) to water deficit, focusing on their relationship with mycorrhization. A randomized design with two accessions, two field capacities, and four AMF inoculation treatments was used to compare drought and control conditions. Differential gene expression was analyzed under drought stress, and the effect of mycorrhization on stress tolerance was evaluated. The results showed that inoculation with native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities, especially those from water-deficit conditions (AMF25), resulted in greater increases in height, number of leaves, stem diameter, number of tendrils, leaf area, and fresh biomass of root and shoot, with increases ranging from 50% to 300% compared to the control (non-inoculated) and monospecific inoculation (Entrophospora etunicata). Higher photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency were observed in the tolerant accession. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased the total chlorophyll content in both accessions, especially when inoculated with native AMF communities. Overall, P. cincinnata showed higher mycorrhizal responsiveness when inoculated with native AMF communities compared to monospecific inoculation with E. etunicata. The tolerant accession showed overexpression of the genes PcbZIP, PcSIP, and PcSTK, which are associated with signal transduction, water deficit tolerance, osmoregulation, and water transport. In contrast, the water deficit-sensitive accession showed repression of the PcSIP and PcSTK genes, indicating their potential use for distinguishing tolerant and sensitive accessions of the species. The tolerance of P. cincinnata to water deficit is directly related to physiological responses, increased photosynthetic rate, efficient water use, and regulation of gene expression.

]]> Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Water Deficit: Morphophysiological and Gene Expression Responses in Caatinga Passion Fruit Luiz Victor de Almeida Dantas Roberta Lane de Oliveira Silva Welson Lima Simões Adriana Mayumi Yano-Melo Natoniel Franklin de Melo doi: 10.3390/stresses5010018 Stresses 2025-03-01 Stresses 2025-03-01 5 1 Article 18 10.3390/stresses5010018 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/18 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 17: Biochemical and Plant Growth Response of the Common Bean to Bioinput Application Under a Drought Stress Period https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/17 The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a global staple, but to guarantee its provision, the crop water supply must be adequate, and bioinput application can benefit plants under drought. The objective was to evaluate the common bean’s response to bioinput application when it was cropped in soils with different water holding capacities submitted to a drought period. The greenhouse experiment used sandy loam and clayey soils. Seeds were sown, and 10 days after emergence (DAE), the treatments were applied: (i) no bioinput application or (ii) bioinput application (Priestia aryabhattai, re-applied at 46 DAE). The first plant growth evaluation was performed at 40 DAE. The irrigation maintained the crops’ needs until the beginning of flowering for all the treatments, when the irrigation was differentiated (for 10 days): (i) maintenance of irrigation or (ii) a drought period. A biochemical analysis was performed of superoxide dismutase activity [SOD], hydrogen peroxide [H2O2], peroxidase activity [POD], and malonaldehyde [MDA] production at 52 DAE. At 57 DAE, the second plant growth evaluation was performed, and the irrigation differentiation ended. Grain harvest followed physiological maturation. Priestia aryabhattai mitigated the drought stress in the common bean cropped in sandy soil by reducing the SOD, H2O2, and MDA production in comparison to no bioinput application. When it was cultivated in the clayey soil, the water availability was maintained for longer, reducing the plant’s dependency on bacteria for stress mitigation. 2025-02-20 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 17: Biochemical and Plant Growth Response of the Common Bean to Bioinput Application Under a Drought Stress Period

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010017

Authors: Bruna Arruda Breno Miranda Bagagi Nelson Borges de Freitas Junior Wilfrand Ferney Bejarano Herrera German Andrés Estrada-Bonilla Willian Aparecido Leoti Zanetti Ana Laura Silva Silvério Fernando Ferrari Putti

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a global staple, but to guarantee its provision, the crop water supply must be adequate, and bioinput application can benefit plants under drought. The objective was to evaluate the common bean’s response to bioinput application when it was cropped in soils with different water holding capacities submitted to a drought period. The greenhouse experiment used sandy loam and clayey soils. Seeds were sown, and 10 days after emergence (DAE), the treatments were applied: (i) no bioinput application or (ii) bioinput application (Priestia aryabhattai, re-applied at 46 DAE). The first plant growth evaluation was performed at 40 DAE. The irrigation maintained the crops’ needs until the beginning of flowering for all the treatments, when the irrigation was differentiated (for 10 days): (i) maintenance of irrigation or (ii) a drought period. A biochemical analysis was performed of superoxide dismutase activity [SOD], hydrogen peroxide [H2O2], peroxidase activity [POD], and malonaldehyde [MDA] production at 52 DAE. At 57 DAE, the second plant growth evaluation was performed, and the irrigation differentiation ended. Grain harvest followed physiological maturation. Priestia aryabhattai mitigated the drought stress in the common bean cropped in sandy soil by reducing the SOD, H2O2, and MDA production in comparison to no bioinput application. When it was cultivated in the clayey soil, the water availability was maintained for longer, reducing the plant’s dependency on bacteria for stress mitigation.

]]> Biochemical and Plant Growth Response of the Common Bean to Bioinput Application Under a Drought Stress Period Bruna Arruda Breno Miranda Bagagi Nelson Borges de Freitas Junior Wilfrand Ferney Bejarano Herrera German Andrés Estrada-Bonilla Willian Aparecido Leoti Zanetti Ana Laura Silva Silvério Fernando Ferrari Putti doi: 10.3390/stresses5010017 Stresses 2025-02-20 Stresses 2025-02-20 5 1 Article 17 10.3390/stresses5010017 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/17 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 16: Biological Guardians: Unveiling Microbial Solutions to Combat Cannabis sativa Fungal Pathogens https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/16 Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is one of the earliest cultivated crops and is valued for its medicinal compounds, food, fibre, and bioactive secondary metabolites. The rapid expansion of the cannabis industry has surpassed the development of production system knowledge. The scientific community currently focuses on optimising agronomic and environmental factors to enhance cannabis yield and quality. However, cultivators face significant challenges from severe pathogens, with limited effective control options. The principal diseases include root rot, wilt, bud rot, powdery mildew, cannabis stunt disease, and microorganisms that reduce post-harvest quality. Sustainable management strategies involve utilising clean planting stocks, modifying environmental conditions, implementing sanitation, applying fungal and bacterial biological control agents, and drawing on decades of research on other crops. Plant–microbe interactions can promote growth and regulate secondary metabolite production. This review examines the recent literature on pathogen management in indoor cannabis production using biocontrol agents. Specific morphological, biochemical, and agronomic characteristics hinder the implementation of biological control strategies for cannabis. Subsequent investigations should focus on elucidating the plant–microbe interactions essential for optimising the effectiveness of biological control methodologies in cannabis cultivation systems. 2025-02-17 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 16: Biological Guardians: Unveiling Microbial Solutions to Combat Cannabis sativa Fungal Pathogens

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010016

Authors: S. M. Ahsan Md. Injamum-Ul-Hoque Ashim Kumar Das Muhammad Imran Soosan Tavakoli Da Bin Kwon Sang-Mo Kang In-Jung Lee Hyong Woo Choi

Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is one of the earliest cultivated crops and is valued for its medicinal compounds, food, fibre, and bioactive secondary metabolites. The rapid expansion of the cannabis industry has surpassed the development of production system knowledge. The scientific community currently focuses on optimising agronomic and environmental factors to enhance cannabis yield and quality. However, cultivators face significant challenges from severe pathogens, with limited effective control options. The principal diseases include root rot, wilt, bud rot, powdery mildew, cannabis stunt disease, and microorganisms that reduce post-harvest quality. Sustainable management strategies involve utilising clean planting stocks, modifying environmental conditions, implementing sanitation, applying fungal and bacterial biological control agents, and drawing on decades of research on other crops. Plant–microbe interactions can promote growth and regulate secondary metabolite production. This review examines the recent literature on pathogen management in indoor cannabis production using biocontrol agents. Specific morphological, biochemical, and agronomic characteristics hinder the implementation of biological control strategies for cannabis. Subsequent investigations should focus on elucidating the plant–microbe interactions essential for optimising the effectiveness of biological control methodologies in cannabis cultivation systems.

]]> Biological Guardians: Unveiling Microbial Solutions to Combat Cannabis sativa Fungal Pathogens S. M. Ahsan Md. Injamum-Ul-Hoque Ashim Kumar Das Muhammad Imran Soosan Tavakoli Da Bin Kwon Sang-Mo Kang In-Jung Lee Hyong Woo Choi doi: 10.3390/stresses5010016 Stresses 2025-02-17 Stresses 2025-02-17 5 1 Review 16 10.3390/stresses5010016 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/16 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 15: Toxicity of Fixed Oils, Essential Oils and Isolated Chemicals to Hetorhabditis amazonensis and Steinernema rarum https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/15 Non-target organisms are not well studied. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of seven essential oils, two fixed oils, d-limonene and eugenol on the mortality, behavior and infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes (ENPs). The oils were diluted at 1% (v/v) in water with Tween® 80 PS at 0.05% (v/v), and water with Tween® alone was used as the control treatment. In the mortality test, 2 mL of solution containing 50 µL of the nematode suspension, 20 µL of oil/compounds solution isolated with Tween 80, and 1930 µL of water were placed in plastic containers. After four days, the number of dead juveniles was counted. In the bioassay of the behavior of the EPNs, the frequency of lateral body beats of the infective juveniles in liquid medium was analyzed after exposure to the solutions. In the infectivity test, after contact of the EPNs with oils and essential oil chemical compounds, the juveniles were washed and applied to second-instar Spodoptera eridania larvae. All oils and isolated compounds caused mortality in H. amazonensis and S. rarum, with Ocimum canum and the isolated compound eugenol showing the highest efficacy against H. amazonensis and O. canum, Eucalyptus citriodora, Zingiber officinale, Salvia sclarea and the isolated compound eugenol being the most effective against S. rarum. There was a reduction in the number of lateral beats of H. amazonensis and S. rarum for all treatments, with the exception of Cymbopogon winterianus in H. amazonensis and Annona muricata in S. rarum. The infectivity of H. amazonenis and S. rarum on S. eridania was reduced when exposed to the solutions, with the exception of the isolated compound d-limonene in both species, soursop for H. amazonenis and rosemary for S. rarum, which were classified as non-toxic to the species tested. The results obtained in this study may be useful for the choice of oils and essential oil chemical compounds with potential use in integrated pest management programs. 2025-02-17 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 15: Toxicity of Fixed Oils, Essential Oils and Isolated Chemicals to Hetorhabditis amazonensis and Steinernema rarum

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010015

Authors: Alixelhe Pacheco Damascena Luis Moreira de Araujo Junior Luiza Akemi Gonçalves Tamashiro Dirceu Pratissoli

Non-target organisms are not well studied. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of seven essential oils, two fixed oils, d-limonene and eugenol on the mortality, behavior and infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes (ENPs). The oils were diluted at 1% (v/v) in water with Tween® 80 PS at 0.05% (v/v), and water with Tween® alone was used as the control treatment. In the mortality test, 2 mL of solution containing 50 µL of the nematode suspension, 20 µL of oil/compounds solution isolated with Tween 80, and 1930 µL of water were placed in plastic containers. After four days, the number of dead juveniles was counted. In the bioassay of the behavior of the EPNs, the frequency of lateral body beats of the infective juveniles in liquid medium was analyzed after exposure to the solutions. In the infectivity test, after contact of the EPNs with oils and essential oil chemical compounds, the juveniles were washed and applied to second-instar Spodoptera eridania larvae. All oils and isolated compounds caused mortality in H. amazonensis and S. rarum, with Ocimum canum and the isolated compound eugenol showing the highest efficacy against H. amazonensis and O. canum, Eucalyptus citriodora, Zingiber officinale, Salvia sclarea and the isolated compound eugenol being the most effective against S. rarum. There was a reduction in the number of lateral beats of H. amazonensis and S. rarum for all treatments, with the exception of Cymbopogon winterianus in H. amazonensis and Annona muricata in S. rarum. The infectivity of H. amazonenis and S. rarum on S. eridania was reduced when exposed to the solutions, with the exception of the isolated compound d-limonene in both species, soursop for H. amazonenis and rosemary for S. rarum, which were classified as non-toxic to the species tested. The results obtained in this study may be useful for the choice of oils and essential oil chemical compounds with potential use in integrated pest management programs.

]]> Toxicity of Fixed Oils, Essential Oils and Isolated Chemicals to Hetorhabditis amazonensis and Steinernema rarum Alixelhe Pacheco Damascena Luis Moreira de Araujo Junior Luiza Akemi Gonçalves Tamashiro Dirceu Pratissoli doi: 10.3390/stresses5010015 Stresses 2025-02-17 Stresses 2025-02-17 5 1 Article 15 10.3390/stresses5010015 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/15 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 14: Metabolic and Stomatal Traits of Pancratium maritimum L. (Sand Daffodil) Subjected to Induced Salinity https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/14 Pancratium maritimum L. (sea or sand daffodil) —which is a perennial geophyte native to coastal habitats of the Mediterranean region—was used to investigate the effect of applied salinity on leaves and bulbs. Three groups of potted bulbs growing in a growth chamber were irrigated using aqueous sodium chloride solutions (1.5%, 3%, and 6%) and one group was irrigated with distilled water. Substantial fluctuations in proline accumulation, soluble sugars, and starch content have been investigated in the bulbs and leaves of potted plants in response to induced salinity. The highest leaf sugar content (239.78 mg/g d.w.) and bulb sugar content (213.31 mg/g d.w.), as well as the lowest proline accumulation (10.5 μmol/g d.w.), were found in samples from plants subjected to 1.5% NaCl. In the bulbs, elevated starch content (500 and 627 mg/g d.w.) was investigated in samples from plants irrigated with 1.5% and 3% NaCl, respectively. The stomatal density differed among the apical, middle, and basal parts of the same leaf blade from plants subjected to salinity treatment; the highest values (12,778 stomata/cm2) were detected in the apical leaf part and the lowest were in the basal leaf part (1407 stomata/cm2) of plants irrigated with 1.5% aqueous sodium chloride solution. The number of adjacent stomata connected with a structural strand varied among leaf parts subjected to 1.5% NaCl, while it was quite similar and comparable in leaf parts of plants irrigated with aqueous sodium chloride solutions 3% and 6%; this trait may counterbalance functional implications of the elevated stomatal density estimated under salinity conditions. According to the results, there is some consensus that the induced salinity 1.5% NaCl may simulate the natural habitat of P. maritimum, therefore being a helpful framework for sustainable horticulture in coastal regions. 2025-02-14 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 14: Metabolic and Stomatal Traits of Pancratium maritimum L. (Sand Daffodil) Subjected to Induced Salinity

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010014

Authors: John Pouris Sophia Rhizopoulou

Pancratium maritimum L. (sea or sand daffodil) —which is a perennial geophyte native to coastal habitats of the Mediterranean region—was used to investigate the effect of applied salinity on leaves and bulbs. Three groups of potted bulbs growing in a growth chamber were irrigated using aqueous sodium chloride solutions (1.5%, 3%, and 6%) and one group was irrigated with distilled water. Substantial fluctuations in proline accumulation, soluble sugars, and starch content have been investigated in the bulbs and leaves of potted plants in response to induced salinity. The highest leaf sugar content (239.78 mg/g d.w.) and bulb sugar content (213.31 mg/g d.w.), as well as the lowest proline accumulation (10.5 μmol/g d.w.), were found in samples from plants subjected to 1.5% NaCl. In the bulbs, elevated starch content (500 and 627 mg/g d.w.) was investigated in samples from plants irrigated with 1.5% and 3% NaCl, respectively. The stomatal density differed among the apical, middle, and basal parts of the same leaf blade from plants subjected to salinity treatment; the highest values (12,778 stomata/cm2) were detected in the apical leaf part and the lowest were in the basal leaf part (1407 stomata/cm2) of plants irrigated with 1.5% aqueous sodium chloride solution. The number of adjacent stomata connected with a structural strand varied among leaf parts subjected to 1.5% NaCl, while it was quite similar and comparable in leaf parts of plants irrigated with aqueous sodium chloride solutions 3% and 6%; this trait may counterbalance functional implications of the elevated stomatal density estimated under salinity conditions. According to the results, there is some consensus that the induced salinity 1.5% NaCl may simulate the natural habitat of P. maritimum, therefore being a helpful framework for sustainable horticulture in coastal regions.

]]> Metabolic and Stomatal Traits of Pancratium maritimum L. (Sand Daffodil) Subjected to Induced Salinity John Pouris Sophia Rhizopoulou doi: 10.3390/stresses5010014 Stresses 2025-02-14 Stresses 2025-02-14 5 1 Article 14 10.3390/stresses5010014 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/14 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 13: Exploring Epigenetic Modifiers in Cowpea: Genomic and Transcriptomic Insights into Histone Methyltransferases and Histone Demethylases https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/13 Histone methyltransferases (SDGs) and demethylases (JMJs) are well-established regulators of transcriptional responses in plants under adverse conditions. This study characterized SDG and JMJ enzymes in the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genome and analyzed their expression patterns under various stress conditions, including root dehydration and mechanical injury followed by CABMV or CPSMV inoculation. A total of 47 VuSDG genes were identified in the cowpea genome and classified into seven distinct classes: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII. Additionally, 26 VuJMJ-coding genes were identified and categorized into their respective groups: Jmj-only, JMJD6, KDM3, KDM5, and KDM4. Analysis of gene expansion mechanisms for the studied loci revealed a predominance of dispersed duplication and WGD/segmental duplication events, with Ka/Ks ratios indicating that all WGD/segmental duplications are under purifying selection. Furthermore, a high degree of conservation was observed for these loci across species, with legumes displaying the highest conservation rates. Cis-Regulatory Element analysis of VuSDG and VuJMJ gene promoters revealed associations with Dof-type and bZIP transcription factors, both of which are known to play roles in plant stress responses and developmental processes. Differential expression patterns were observed for VuSDG and VuJMJ genes under the studied stress conditions, with the highest number of upregulated transcripts detected during the root dehydration assay. Our expression data suggest that as the referred stress persists, the tolerant cowpea accession decreases methylation activity on target histones and shifts towards enhanced demethylation. This dynamic balance between histone methylation and demethylation may regulate the expression of genes linked to dehydration tolerance. During the mechanical injury and viral inoculation assays, VuSDG and VuJMJ transcripts were upregulated exclusively within 60 min after the initial mechanical injury combined with CABMV or CPSMV inoculation, indicating an early role for these enzymes in the plant’s defense response to pathogen exposure. The current study presents a detailed analysis of histone modifiers in cowpea and indicates their role as important epigenetic regulators modulating stress tolerance. 2025-02-13 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 13: Exploring Epigenetic Modifiers in Cowpea: Genomic and Transcriptomic Insights into Histone Methyltransferases and Histone Demethylases

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010013

Authors: Jéssica Barbara Vieira Viana José Ribamar Costa Ferreira-Neto Eliseu Binneck Roberta Lane de Oliveira Silva Antônio Félix da Costa Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon

Histone methyltransferases (SDGs) and demethylases (JMJs) are well-established regulators of transcriptional responses in plants under adverse conditions. This study characterized SDG and JMJ enzymes in the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genome and analyzed their expression patterns under various stress conditions, including root dehydration and mechanical injury followed by CABMV or CPSMV inoculation. A total of 47 VuSDG genes were identified in the cowpea genome and classified into seven distinct classes: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII. Additionally, 26 VuJMJ-coding genes were identified and categorized into their respective groups: Jmj-only, JMJD6, KDM3, KDM5, and KDM4. Analysis of gene expansion mechanisms for the studied loci revealed a predominance of dispersed duplication and WGD/segmental duplication events, with Ka/Ks ratios indicating that all WGD/segmental duplications are under purifying selection. Furthermore, a high degree of conservation was observed for these loci across species, with legumes displaying the highest conservation rates. Cis-Regulatory Element analysis of VuSDG and VuJMJ gene promoters revealed associations with Dof-type and bZIP transcription factors, both of which are known to play roles in plant stress responses and developmental processes. Differential expression patterns were observed for VuSDG and VuJMJ genes under the studied stress conditions, with the highest number of upregulated transcripts detected during the root dehydration assay. Our expression data suggest that as the referred stress persists, the tolerant cowpea accession decreases methylation activity on target histones and shifts towards enhanced demethylation. This dynamic balance between histone methylation and demethylation may regulate the expression of genes linked to dehydration tolerance. During the mechanical injury and viral inoculation assays, VuSDG and VuJMJ transcripts were upregulated exclusively within 60 min after the initial mechanical injury combined with CABMV or CPSMV inoculation, indicating an early role for these enzymes in the plant’s defense response to pathogen exposure. The current study presents a detailed analysis of histone modifiers in cowpea and indicates their role as important epigenetic regulators modulating stress tolerance.

]]> Exploring Epigenetic Modifiers in Cowpea: Genomic and Transcriptomic Insights into Histone Methyltransferases and Histone Demethylases Jéssica Barbara Vieira Viana José Ribamar Costa Ferreira-Neto Eliseu Binneck Roberta Lane de Oliveira Silva Antônio Félix da Costa Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon doi: 10.3390/stresses5010013 Stresses 2025-02-13 Stresses 2025-02-13 5 1 Article 13 10.3390/stresses5010013 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/13 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 12: The Impact of Micro-Nanoplastics on Mitochondria in the Context of Diet and Diet-Related Diseases https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/12 Pollution by emerging contaminants, such as micro-nanoplastics, alongside the exponential prevalence of diet-related diseases like obesity and type 2 diabetes, poses significant concerns for modern societies. There is an urgent need to explore the synergistic effects of these two factors, as unhealthy lifestyles may increase disease susceptibility and amplify the harmful impacts of pollutants on human health. Mitochondria play a crucial role in both micro-nanoplastic-induced toxicity and in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes. This makes them a potential target for assessing the combined effects of micro-nanoplastic exposure and poor dietary habits. To address this issue, we conducted a review of the latest investigations evaluating the effects of micro-nanoplastics in the presence of unhealthy diets. Although the evidence is limited, the reviewed studies indicate that these particles may exacerbate common metabolic disturbances associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes: elevated fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Some studies have identified mitochondrial dysfunction as a potential underlying mechanism driving these effects. Thus, mitochondria appear to be a key link between micro-nanoplastic exposure and diet-related diseases. Assessing the function of this organelle may allow a more fitted risk assessment of the potential impacts of micro-nanoplastics. 2025-02-06 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 12: The Impact of Micro-Nanoplastics on Mitochondria in the Context of Diet and Diet-Related Diseases

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010012

Authors: Mónica G. Silva Maria Manuel Oliveira Francisco Peixoto

Pollution by emerging contaminants, such as micro-nanoplastics, alongside the exponential prevalence of diet-related diseases like obesity and type 2 diabetes, poses significant concerns for modern societies. There is an urgent need to explore the synergistic effects of these two factors, as unhealthy lifestyles may increase disease susceptibility and amplify the harmful impacts of pollutants on human health. Mitochondria play a crucial role in both micro-nanoplastic-induced toxicity and in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes. This makes them a potential target for assessing the combined effects of micro-nanoplastic exposure and poor dietary habits. To address this issue, we conducted a review of the latest investigations evaluating the effects of micro-nanoplastics in the presence of unhealthy diets. Although the evidence is limited, the reviewed studies indicate that these particles may exacerbate common metabolic disturbances associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes: elevated fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Some studies have identified mitochondrial dysfunction as a potential underlying mechanism driving these effects. Thus, mitochondria appear to be a key link between micro-nanoplastic exposure and diet-related diseases. Assessing the function of this organelle may allow a more fitted risk assessment of the potential impacts of micro-nanoplastics.

]]> The Impact of Micro-Nanoplastics on Mitochondria in the Context of Diet and Diet-Related Diseases Mónica G. Silva Maria Manuel Oliveira Francisco Peixoto doi: 10.3390/stresses5010012 Stresses 2025-02-06 Stresses 2025-02-06 5 1 Review 12 10.3390/stresses5010012 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/12 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 11: Lonely Beetles Lose Weight: Absence of Conspecific Sounds Negatively Impacts Body Mass in Larval and Adult Passalus Beetles https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/11 For animals that typically live in groups or family units, being isolated from their conspecifics can be stressful. Horned passalus beetles (genus Odontotaenius), inhabit decaying logs in forests in the eastern United States. While not a truly social insect, they do coinhabit logs and maintain family units, and they are known to communicate with each other using stridulations that produce varying types of “chirps”. This project investigated if the auditory environment within these logs affects the beetles, specifically by exposing larval or adult beetles in a lab to sounds of (1) other beetles chirping, (2) no sound, or (3) the sounds of crickets, for varying time periods. Beetles were weighed before and after the exposures to determine changes in body mass. Beetle larvae experienced the slowest growth rates when listening to crickets or no sound, and the highest growth rates when hearing adult chirps. Adult beetles experienced mass losses in the treatments without beetle sounds, and this finding was replicated in three different experiments. The mass loss was greatest in the experiment that had the longest duration. The fact that the mass losses were observed in both the silent treatment, plus the treatment of cricket sounds, indicates that the lack of conspecific sounds (of other passalus beetles) was driving the effect. Surprisingly, there was no added effect of nematode parasitism on adult weight loss. Also, there was no evidence that the beetles were foraging less in the treatments without beetle sound, which suggest those beetles were experiencing elevated metabolism. The reduced growth rates and lost mass are signs that the beetles experienced chronic stress when deprived of the sounds of their kin. Combined, these experiments demonstrate how the acoustic environment, and especially the sounds of other beetles, is important to the lives of these insects, perhaps owing to the fact that they live in dark tunnels. 2025-02-05 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 11: Lonely Beetles Lose Weight: Absence of Conspecific Sounds Negatively Impacts Body Mass in Larval and Adult Passalus Beetles

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010011

Authors: Andrew K. Davis

For animals that typically live in groups or family units, being isolated from their conspecifics can be stressful. Horned passalus beetles (genus Odontotaenius), inhabit decaying logs in forests in the eastern United States. While not a truly social insect, they do coinhabit logs and maintain family units, and they are known to communicate with each other using stridulations that produce varying types of “chirps”. This project investigated if the auditory environment within these logs affects the beetles, specifically by exposing larval or adult beetles in a lab to sounds of (1) other beetles chirping, (2) no sound, or (3) the sounds of crickets, for varying time periods. Beetles were weighed before and after the exposures to determine changes in body mass. Beetle larvae experienced the slowest growth rates when listening to crickets or no sound, and the highest growth rates when hearing adult chirps. Adult beetles experienced mass losses in the treatments without beetle sounds, and this finding was replicated in three different experiments. The mass loss was greatest in the experiment that had the longest duration. The fact that the mass losses were observed in both the silent treatment, plus the treatment of cricket sounds, indicates that the lack of conspecific sounds (of other passalus beetles) was driving the effect. Surprisingly, there was no added effect of nematode parasitism on adult weight loss. Also, there was no evidence that the beetles were foraging less in the treatments without beetle sound, which suggest those beetles were experiencing elevated metabolism. The reduced growth rates and lost mass are signs that the beetles experienced chronic stress when deprived of the sounds of their kin. Combined, these experiments demonstrate how the acoustic environment, and especially the sounds of other beetles, is important to the lives of these insects, perhaps owing to the fact that they live in dark tunnels.

]]> Lonely Beetles Lose Weight: Absence of Conspecific Sounds Negatively Impacts Body Mass in Larval and Adult Passalus Beetles Andrew K. Davis doi: 10.3390/stresses5010011 Stresses 2025-02-05 Stresses 2025-02-05 5 1 Article 11 10.3390/stresses5010011 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/11 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 10: In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Activity of Extracts and Micro-Aerogels of Bursera microphylla A. Gray https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/10 Chitosan micro-aerogels (CsM) are an innovative strategy for the controlled release of healing and anti-inflammatory ingredients. Although Bursera microphylla has anti-inflammatory activity in vitro, its in vivo effect is unknown. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects of extracts and micro-aerogels of B. microphylla. Chitosan micro-aerogels loaded with 0.5% (CsMBT-0.5) and 1% (CsMBT-1) B. microphylla ethanol extract were characterized by SEM, FTIR, TGA, and moisture absorption. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay, and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro were evaluated by NO quantification. Anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects in vivo were tested in CD1 mice. The microparticles measured 135–180 μm. FTIR showed that the extract’s compounds remained unchanged during synthesis. TGA indicated degradation of the micro-aerogels between 250–350 °C and reduced moisture absorption when loaded with the extract. The extract inhibited NO release by 36% at 6.25 μg/mL and CsMBT-1 by 46% at 100 μg/mL (p < 0.05). The extract and CsMBT-0.5 in mice reduced ear swelling by 70% at 30 mg/mL (p < 0.0001). The extract reduced wound size by day 9, while CsMBT-0.5 accelerated wound closure from day 1 (p < 0.05), indicating that chitosan micro-aerogels were a promising anti-inflammatory and wound-healing treatment option. 2025-01-27 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 10: In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Activity of Extracts and Micro-Aerogels of Bursera microphylla A. Gray

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010010

Authors: Juan Ramón Cañez-Orozco Juan José Acevedo-Fernández Julio César López-Romero Victor Alonso Reyna-Urrutia Ramón Enrique Robles-Zepeda Heriberto Torres-Moreno

Chitosan micro-aerogels (CsM) are an innovative strategy for the controlled release of healing and anti-inflammatory ingredients. Although Bursera microphylla has anti-inflammatory activity in vitro, its in vivo effect is unknown. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects of extracts and micro-aerogels of B. microphylla. Chitosan micro-aerogels loaded with 0.5% (CsMBT-0.5) and 1% (CsMBT-1) B. microphylla ethanol extract were characterized by SEM, FTIR, TGA, and moisture absorption. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay, and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro were evaluated by NO quantification. Anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects in vivo were tested in CD1 mice. The microparticles measured 135–180 μm. FTIR showed that the extract’s compounds remained unchanged during synthesis. TGA indicated degradation of the micro-aerogels between 250–350 °C and reduced moisture absorption when loaded with the extract. The extract inhibited NO release by 36% at 6.25 μg/mL and CsMBT-1 by 46% at 100 μg/mL (p < 0.05). The extract and CsMBT-0.5 in mice reduced ear swelling by 70% at 30 mg/mL (p < 0.0001). The extract reduced wound size by day 9, while CsMBT-0.5 accelerated wound closure from day 1 (p < 0.05), indicating that chitosan micro-aerogels were a promising anti-inflammatory and wound-healing treatment option.

]]> In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Activity of Extracts and Micro-Aerogels of Bursera microphylla A. Gray Juan Ramón Cañez-Orozco Juan José Acevedo-Fernández Julio César López-Romero Victor Alonso Reyna-Urrutia Ramón Enrique Robles-Zepeda Heriberto Torres-Moreno doi: 10.3390/stresses5010010 Stresses 2025-01-27 Stresses 2025-01-27 5 1 Article 10 10.3390/stresses5010010 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/10 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 9: Effective Applications of Bacillus subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens as Biocontrol Agents of Damping-Off Disease and Biostimulation of Tomato Plants https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/9 Using Bacillus species as bioagents for environmentally sustainable and economically viable plant disease management is a viable strategy. Thus, it is important to promote their use in agriculture. In this study, two Bacillus species were isolated from the rhizosphere of tomato plants, while three fungal species were isolated from samples of tomato plants that were infected with damping-off disease. The Bacillus strains were tested in vitro for their antagonistic activity against fungal species using a dual culture technique. In a greenhouse experiment, the effectiveness of applying antagonistic bacteria with soilborne fungal disease on induced damping-off of tomato (cv. Super Strain B) plants, their physiological attributes, antioxidant enzymes, mineral content, and yield under greenhouse conditions during the 2022 and 2023 seasons were determined. The fungal isolates were identified as Fusarium oxysporum KT224063, Pythium debaryanum OP823136, and Rhizoctonia solani OP823124, while the Bacillus isolates were identified as B. subtilis OP823140 and B. amyloliquefaciens OP823147 on the basis of the rRNA gene sequences. The dual culture test revealed that B. subtilis outperformed B. amyloliquefaciens in resistance to R. solani and F. oxysporum, which were recorded as 28.33 and 33.00 mm, respectivley. In contrast, B. amyloliquefaciens caused the highest antagonistic effect against tested P. debaryanum fungus. Additionally, in a greenhouse experiment, tomato plants treated with each of these antagonistic Bacillus strains significantly suppressed fungal disease, displayed improved plant growth parameters, had an increased content of photosynthetic pigments, antioxidants enzymes, and total phenols, and an increased macronutrient content and yield during the two growing seasons. In conclusion, effective applications of B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens had the potential to mitigate damping-off disease, which is caused by F. oxysporum, P. debaryanum, and R. solani in tomato plants, while simultaneously promoting growth dynamics. 2025-01-27 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 9: Effective Applications of Bacillus subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens as Biocontrol Agents of Damping-Off Disease and Biostimulation of Tomato Plants

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010009

Authors: Dina Fathi Ismail Ali Sahar El-Nahrawy Hassan A. H. EL-Zawawy Alaa El-Dein Omara

Using Bacillus species as bioagents for environmentally sustainable and economically viable plant disease management is a viable strategy. Thus, it is important to promote their use in agriculture. In this study, two Bacillus species were isolated from the rhizosphere of tomato plants, while three fungal species were isolated from samples of tomato plants that were infected with damping-off disease. The Bacillus strains were tested in vitro for their antagonistic activity against fungal species using a dual culture technique. In a greenhouse experiment, the effectiveness of applying antagonistic bacteria with soilborne fungal disease on induced damping-off of tomato (cv. Super Strain B) plants, their physiological attributes, antioxidant enzymes, mineral content, and yield under greenhouse conditions during the 2022 and 2023 seasons were determined. The fungal isolates were identified as Fusarium oxysporum KT224063, Pythium debaryanum OP823136, and Rhizoctonia solani OP823124, while the Bacillus isolates were identified as B. subtilis OP823140 and B. amyloliquefaciens OP823147 on the basis of the rRNA gene sequences. The dual culture test revealed that B. subtilis outperformed B. amyloliquefaciens in resistance to R. solani and F. oxysporum, which were recorded as 28.33 and 33.00 mm, respectivley. In contrast, B. amyloliquefaciens caused the highest antagonistic effect against tested P. debaryanum fungus. Additionally, in a greenhouse experiment, tomato plants treated with each of these antagonistic Bacillus strains significantly suppressed fungal disease, displayed improved plant growth parameters, had an increased content of photosynthetic pigments, antioxidants enzymes, and total phenols, and an increased macronutrient content and yield during the two growing seasons. In conclusion, effective applications of B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens had the potential to mitigate damping-off disease, which is caused by F. oxysporum, P. debaryanum, and R. solani in tomato plants, while simultaneously promoting growth dynamics.

]]> Effective Applications of Bacillus subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens as Biocontrol Agents of Damping-Off Disease and Biostimulation of Tomato Plants Dina Fathi Ismail Ali Sahar El-Nahrawy Hassan A. H. EL-Zawawy Alaa El-Dein Omara doi: 10.3390/stresses5010009 Stresses 2025-01-27 Stresses 2025-01-27 5 1 Article 9 10.3390/stresses5010009 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/9 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 8: Impact of a Phytogenic Feed Additive on Diarrhea Incidence, Intestinal Histomorphology and Fecal Excretion of F4-Fimbriated Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Post-Weaning Piglets https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/8 This study investigated the effects of a phytogenic feed additive (PFA) containing a blend of herbs, plant extracts and essential oils from the Lamiaceae, Schisandraceae, Zingiberaceae and Fabaceae families on the fecal score, intestinal histomorphology and fecal excretion of F4-fimbriated enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (F4-ETEC) in post-weaning piglets. Thirty 31-day-old weaned piglets were randomly allocated to three treatment groups. The positive control (PC) group received colistin via drinking water from d 8 to 14 post-weaning and the same basal diet as the negative control (NC) group; the treatment group received the basal diet with PFA supplementation (1 g/kg of feed). The experiment lasted 21 days. At day 9 post-weaning, all piglets were orally administered 3.0 × 1010 CFU/piglet of the F4-ETEC strain. The PC piglets had higher fecal consistency than the NC and PFA piglets. PFA supplementation resulted in a lower percentage of piglets excreting F4-ETEC in the feces on days 4–7 post-challenge than in the NC group (p < 0.05) but a higher percentage versus the PC group on day 3–7 post-challenge (p < 0.05). The number of goblet cells (GCs) in the jejunum of the PFA piglets was higher than the NC and PC piglets (p < 0.01). The GC density in the jejunum of the PFA piglets was larger than in the PC piglets (p < 0.05) and similar to the NC piglets (p > 0.10). Mucus thickness in the jejunum of the PFA piglets was similar to the NC piglets and PC piglets (p > 0.10). In conclusion, PFA supplementation to the F4-ETEC-challenged piglets reduced the prevalence of fecal E. coli excretion and improved jejunal histomorphology. 2025-01-21 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 8: Impact of a Phytogenic Feed Additive on Diarrhea Incidence, Intestinal Histomorphology and Fecal Excretion of F4-Fimbriated Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Post-Weaning Piglets

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010008

Authors: Torres-Pitarch Alberto Anja Keiner Maud Le Gall Francesc Molist Xiaonan Guan Anouschka Middelkoop Encarnación Jiménez-Moreno Aitor Balfagón Graziano Mantovani Miquel Nofrarías Tobias Aumiller

This study investigated the effects of a phytogenic feed additive (PFA) containing a blend of herbs, plant extracts and essential oils from the Lamiaceae, Schisandraceae, Zingiberaceae and Fabaceae families on the fecal score, intestinal histomorphology and fecal excretion of F4-fimbriated enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (F4-ETEC) in post-weaning piglets. Thirty 31-day-old weaned piglets were randomly allocated to three treatment groups. The positive control (PC) group received colistin via drinking water from d 8 to 14 post-weaning and the same basal diet as the negative control (NC) group; the treatment group received the basal diet with PFA supplementation (1 g/kg of feed). The experiment lasted 21 days. At day 9 post-weaning, all piglets were orally administered 3.0 × 1010 CFU/piglet of the F4-ETEC strain. The PC piglets had higher fecal consistency than the NC and PFA piglets. PFA supplementation resulted in a lower percentage of piglets excreting F4-ETEC in the feces on days 4–7 post-challenge than in the NC group (p < 0.05) but a higher percentage versus the PC group on day 3–7 post-challenge (p < 0.05). The number of goblet cells (GCs) in the jejunum of the PFA piglets was higher than the NC and PC piglets (p < 0.01). The GC density in the jejunum of the PFA piglets was larger than in the PC piglets (p < 0.05) and similar to the NC piglets (p > 0.10). Mucus thickness in the jejunum of the PFA piglets was similar to the NC piglets and PC piglets (p > 0.10). In conclusion, PFA supplementation to the F4-ETEC-challenged piglets reduced the prevalence of fecal E. coli excretion and improved jejunal histomorphology.

]]> Impact of a Phytogenic Feed Additive on Diarrhea Incidence, Intestinal Histomorphology and Fecal Excretion of F4-Fimbriated Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Post-Weaning Piglets Torres-Pitarch Alberto Anja Keiner Maud Le Gall Francesc Molist Xiaonan Guan Anouschka Middelkoop Encarnación Jiménez-Moreno Aitor Balfagón Graziano Mantovani Miquel Nofrarías Tobias Aumiller doi: 10.3390/stresses5010008 Stresses 2025-01-21 Stresses 2025-01-21 5 1 Article 8 10.3390/stresses5010008 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/8 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 7: Cannabis for Chronic Pain: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Challenges https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/7 Chronic pain represents a complex and debilitating condition that affects millions of people worldwide, significantly compromising their quality of life. The conventional approach to treating this type of pain often relies on the use of opioid analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs. While these agents are effective in the short term, they present several limitations, including the risk of dependence, severe side effects, and, in some cases, ineffectiveness in reducing pain. In this context, medical cannabis has emerged as a promising therapeutic alternative, given its potential ability to relieve pain effectively with a favorable safety profile. This work aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the existing literature on the effects of medical cannabis in the treatment of chronic pain. Cannabis sativa contains several pharmacologically active compounds, the most prominent of which are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), which interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system, thereby modulating the pain response. Clinical evidence has shown that cannabinoids can significantly reduce the intensity of chronic pain, particularly in cases of neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, arthritis, and other painful conditions that are unresponsive to conventional treatments. However, the full integration of medical cannabis into clinical practice faces significant obstacles, including the need for standardized dosing, long-term safety data, and regulatory frameworks. These issues, alongside concerns over adverse effects and drug interactions, must be addressed to unlock the full therapeutic potential of cannabinoids, particularly for chronic pain patients, who endure both physical suffering and the added burden of stress. 2025-01-15 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 7: Cannabis for Chronic Pain: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Challenges

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010007

Authors: Carla Matos Ana Teresa Pereira Maria João Dias Carla Sousa Ana Ferreira Vinha Carla Moutinho Márcia Carvalho

Chronic pain represents a complex and debilitating condition that affects millions of people worldwide, significantly compromising their quality of life. The conventional approach to treating this type of pain often relies on the use of opioid analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs. While these agents are effective in the short term, they present several limitations, including the risk of dependence, severe side effects, and, in some cases, ineffectiveness in reducing pain. In this context, medical cannabis has emerged as a promising therapeutic alternative, given its potential ability to relieve pain effectively with a favorable safety profile. This work aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the existing literature on the effects of medical cannabis in the treatment of chronic pain. Cannabis sativa contains several pharmacologically active compounds, the most prominent of which are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), which interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system, thereby modulating the pain response. Clinical evidence has shown that cannabinoids can significantly reduce the intensity of chronic pain, particularly in cases of neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, arthritis, and other painful conditions that are unresponsive to conventional treatments. However, the full integration of medical cannabis into clinical practice faces significant obstacles, including the need for standardized dosing, long-term safety data, and regulatory frameworks. These issues, alongside concerns over adverse effects and drug interactions, must be addressed to unlock the full therapeutic potential of cannabinoids, particularly for chronic pain patients, who endure both physical suffering and the added burden of stress.

]]> Cannabis for Chronic Pain: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Challenges Carla Matos Ana Teresa Pereira Maria João Dias Carla Sousa Ana Ferreira Vinha Carla Moutinho Márcia Carvalho doi: 10.3390/stresses5010007 Stresses 2025-01-15 Stresses 2025-01-15 5 1 Review 7 10.3390/stresses5010007 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/7 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 6: Heavy Metal Tolerance and Accumulation Potential of a Rare Coastal Species, Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. maritima https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/6 The aim of the present study was to explore heavy metal tolerance and accumulation potential in Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. maritima plants from coastal sand dunes in controlled conditions. Plants were established from seeds collected in coastal sand dunes and cultivated in substrates in greenhouse conditions. A gradual treatment with CdCl2, PbOAc, CuSO4, MnSO4, and ZnSO4 was performed until three final concentrations for each metal were reached. The number of leaves, their biomass, and biomass of roots were negatively affected by increasing concentrations of lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) in substrate, but no negative effect was evident for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). Visible effects of metal toxicity were evident for Pb-treated plants (appearance of thinner leaves, yellowing of older leaves), as well as for Mn-treated plants (reduced leaf size, curled leaves, red leaf venation). There was a significant decrease in water content in old leaves at high Pb and increasing Mn concentration, indicating accelerated leaf senescence. Increase in polyphenol oxidase activity in leaves was evident in all the plants treated with heavy metals. In contrast, an increase in peroxidase activity was evident only for plants treated with 50 and 100 mg L−1 Cd, 500 mg L−1 Pb, 200–1000 mg L−1 Mn, and 500 mg L−1 Zn. Metal accumulation potential for Cd and Cu was the highest in the roots, but for Pb, Mn, and Zn, more metal accumulated in old leaves. It can be concluded that A. vulneraria subsp. maritima plants are tolerant to high Cd, Cu, and Zn, but moderately susceptible to Pb and Mn. However, oxidative enzyme activity cannot be unequivocally used as a specific indicator of metal tolerance. In respect to phytoremediation potential, the plants have very good accumulation capacity for Pb, Mn, and Zn. 2025-01-15 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 6: Heavy Metal Tolerance and Accumulation Potential of a Rare Coastal Species, Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. maritima

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010006

Authors: Una Andersone-Ozola Astra Jēkabsone Andis Karlsons Anita Osvalde Lidia Banaszczyk Ineta Samsone Gederts Ievinsh

The aim of the present study was to explore heavy metal tolerance and accumulation potential in Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. maritima plants from coastal sand dunes in controlled conditions. Plants were established from seeds collected in coastal sand dunes and cultivated in substrates in greenhouse conditions. A gradual treatment with CdCl2, PbOAc, CuSO4, MnSO4, and ZnSO4 was performed until three final concentrations for each metal were reached. The number of leaves, their biomass, and biomass of roots were negatively affected by increasing concentrations of lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) in substrate, but no negative effect was evident for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). Visible effects of metal toxicity were evident for Pb-treated plants (appearance of thinner leaves, yellowing of older leaves), as well as for Mn-treated plants (reduced leaf size, curled leaves, red leaf venation). There was a significant decrease in water content in old leaves at high Pb and increasing Mn concentration, indicating accelerated leaf senescence. Increase in polyphenol oxidase activity in leaves was evident in all the plants treated with heavy metals. In contrast, an increase in peroxidase activity was evident only for plants treated with 50 and 100 mg L−1 Cd, 500 mg L−1 Pb, 200–1000 mg L−1 Mn, and 500 mg L−1 Zn. Metal accumulation potential for Cd and Cu was the highest in the roots, but for Pb, Mn, and Zn, more metal accumulated in old leaves. It can be concluded that A. vulneraria subsp. maritima plants are tolerant to high Cd, Cu, and Zn, but moderately susceptible to Pb and Mn. However, oxidative enzyme activity cannot be unequivocally used as a specific indicator of metal tolerance. In respect to phytoremediation potential, the plants have very good accumulation capacity for Pb, Mn, and Zn.

]]> Heavy Metal Tolerance and Accumulation Potential of a Rare Coastal Species, Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. maritima Una Andersone-Ozola Astra Jēkabsone Andis Karlsons Anita Osvalde Lidia Banaszczyk Ineta Samsone Gederts Ievinsh doi: 10.3390/stresses5010006 Stresses 2025-01-15 Stresses 2025-01-15 5 1 Article 6 10.3390/stresses5010006 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/6 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 5: Genetic Diversity and Genome-Wide Association Study for Shoot and Root Traits in Rice Grown Under Water Deficit at Early Vegetative Stage https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/5 Water deficit affects rice growth, development, and yield. Knowledge of genetic diversity for water deficit tolerance, as well as the genetic architecture that is responsible for this trait, can accelerate rice cultivars’ improvement. In this study, different tools were applied to assess genetic diversity and identify genome regions associated with shoot and root traits in rice germplasm grown under water deficit at an early vegetative stage. A panel of 177 rice genotypes grown under water deficit was evaluated for root length (RL), root dry weight (RDW), shoot length (SL), and shoot dry weight (SDW). Genetic diversity was investigated using means grouping and principal component analysis. For the genome-wide association study, a general linear model was applied, using RL, RDW, SL, and SDW phenotypic data converted into Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUPs); genotypic data (1185 single nucleotide polymorphism—SNPs-loci); and population structure. Overall, little genetic diversity was observed, but genotypes with a higher water deficit tolerance were identified. Several significant SNPs were mapped, 81, 5, 53, and 41 for RL, RDW, SL, and SDW, respectively. Among the identified genes, there are those encoding kinases, proteins involved in phytohormone and cell wall metabolism, and Cytochrome P450. The obtained results provide insight into genetic diversity and the genetic architecture of water deficit tolerance, which will be useful in improving this trait in rice grown in Brazil. 2025-01-13 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 5: Genetic Diversity and Genome-Wide Association Study for Shoot and Root Traits in Rice Grown Under Water Deficit at Early Vegetative Stage

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010005

Authors: Gabriel Brandão das Chagas Rodrigo Pagel Machado Célanet Fils-Aimé Antônio de Azevedo Perleberg Viviane Kopp da Luz Antonio Costa de Oliveira Luciano Carlos da Maia Camila Pegoraro

Water deficit affects rice growth, development, and yield. Knowledge of genetic diversity for water deficit tolerance, as well as the genetic architecture that is responsible for this trait, can accelerate rice cultivars’ improvement. In this study, different tools were applied to assess genetic diversity and identify genome regions associated with shoot and root traits in rice germplasm grown under water deficit at an early vegetative stage. A panel of 177 rice genotypes grown under water deficit was evaluated for root length (RL), root dry weight (RDW), shoot length (SL), and shoot dry weight (SDW). Genetic diversity was investigated using means grouping and principal component analysis. For the genome-wide association study, a general linear model was applied, using RL, RDW, SL, and SDW phenotypic data converted into Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUPs); genotypic data (1185 single nucleotide polymorphism—SNPs-loci); and population structure. Overall, little genetic diversity was observed, but genotypes with a higher water deficit tolerance were identified. Several significant SNPs were mapped, 81, 5, 53, and 41 for RL, RDW, SL, and SDW, respectively. Among the identified genes, there are those encoding kinases, proteins involved in phytohormone and cell wall metabolism, and Cytochrome P450. The obtained results provide insight into genetic diversity and the genetic architecture of water deficit tolerance, which will be useful in improving this trait in rice grown in Brazil.

]]> Genetic Diversity and Genome-Wide Association Study for Shoot and Root Traits in Rice Grown Under Water Deficit at Early Vegetative Stage Gabriel Brandão das Chagas Rodrigo Pagel Machado Célanet Fils-Aimé Antônio de Azevedo Perleberg Viviane Kopp da Luz Antonio Costa de Oliveira Luciano Carlos da Maia Camila Pegoraro doi: 10.3390/stresses5010005 Stresses 2025-01-13 Stresses 2025-01-13 5 1 Article 5 10.3390/stresses5010005 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/5 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 4: The Bidirectional Interaction Between Insulin and the Hypothalamus–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis in Normal Pregnant Mares https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/4 The aim of this study was to determine if the changes in plasma insulin, glucose (GLU), fructosamine (FRUCT), adrenocortical hormone (ACTH), and cortisol (CORT) concentrations in mares of different ages were substantial enough to indicate the need to also establish specific reference intervals for pregnant Spanish Purebred mares with a heterogeneous body conditional score (BCS). A total of 45 mares were used in the study, which were classified according to age into 24 <10 years (from 4 to 9 years) and 21 >10 years (from 10 to 18 years). According to the BCS, mares <10 and >10 years were distinguished into three groups as follows: underweight (BCS < 4–5; n = 8), moderate (BCS = 6–7; n = 8), and overweight (BCS = 8; n = 8) (BCS < 4–5 (n = 7), BCS = 6–7 (n = 7), and BCS = 8 (n = 7)), respectively. The main results of this study were that (I) circulating insulin, GLU, FRUCT, ACTH, and CORT concentrations were altered throughout the whole duration of pregnancy in mares; that (II) aging and BCS significantly affected insulin, ACTH, and CORT changes; and that (III) ACTH-CORT significantly correlated with insulin, FRUCT, and GLU. The results may have implications for health and disease and warrant future prospective investigations on the bidirectional interaction between insulin and the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in equine species, affecting the GLU and FRUCT profile through the entire physiological pregnancy. 2025-01-07 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 4: The Bidirectional Interaction Between Insulin and the Hypothalamus–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis in Normal Pregnant Mares

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010004

Authors: Katiuska Satué Deborah La Fauci Pietro Medica Maria Gemma Velasco-Martinez Cristina Cravana Giuseppe Bruschetta Esterina Fazio

The aim of this study was to determine if the changes in plasma insulin, glucose (GLU), fructosamine (FRUCT), adrenocortical hormone (ACTH), and cortisol (CORT) concentrations in mares of different ages were substantial enough to indicate the need to also establish specific reference intervals for pregnant Spanish Purebred mares with a heterogeneous body conditional score (BCS). A total of 45 mares were used in the study, which were classified according to age into 24 <10 years (from 4 to 9 years) and 21 >10 years (from 10 to 18 years). According to the BCS, mares <10 and >10 years were distinguished into three groups as follows: underweight (BCS < 4–5; n = 8), moderate (BCS = 6–7; n = 8), and overweight (BCS = 8; n = 8) (BCS < 4–5 (n = 7), BCS = 6–7 (n = 7), and BCS = 8 (n = 7)), respectively. The main results of this study were that (I) circulating insulin, GLU, FRUCT, ACTH, and CORT concentrations were altered throughout the whole duration of pregnancy in mares; that (II) aging and BCS significantly affected insulin, ACTH, and CORT changes; and that (III) ACTH-CORT significantly correlated with insulin, FRUCT, and GLU. The results may have implications for health and disease and warrant future prospective investigations on the bidirectional interaction between insulin and the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in equine species, affecting the GLU and FRUCT profile through the entire physiological pregnancy.

]]> The Bidirectional Interaction Between Insulin and the Hypothalamus–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis in Normal Pregnant Mares Katiuska Satué Deborah La Fauci Pietro Medica Maria Gemma Velasco-Martinez Cristina Cravana Giuseppe Bruschetta Esterina Fazio doi: 10.3390/stresses5010004 Stresses 2025-01-07 Stresses 2025-01-07 5 1 Article 4 10.3390/stresses5010004 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/4 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 3: Monitoring Stresses Caused by Gaseous Pollutants: How Can They Affect a Fruit-Feeding Butterfly Community (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Caatinga? https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/3 This study evaluated the effects of gaseous pollutants and vegetation on the structure of fruit-feeding butterfly communities (some subfamilies of Nymphalidae) in a Caatinga area in Brumado, BA, between 2016 and 2018. Two transects were established: Transect “I” (presence of pollutant plumes) and Transect “II” (absence), encompassing a forest fragment and pasture. Bait traps were installed in each transect, and the butterfly communities were analyzed using faunistic indices, including species richness, Shannon diversity index, abundance, and dominance. The canopy opening was also assessed. The composition of fruit-feeding butterfly communities was influenced by both pollutants and vegetation. Gaseous pollutants increased butterfly abundance, diversity, and species richness, though species dominance remained unaffected. Notably, the abundance of Hamadryas februa was particularly sensitive to pollutant exposure. Conversely, increased canopy opening was negatively associated with butterfly abundance and diversity. A relationship between canopy opening and the presence of gaseous pollutants may reflect changes in the abundance and diversity of fruit-feeding butterfly species in the study region. Long-term community monitoring is important, as interannual differences in population fluctuations are common. A better understanding of the patterns found is essential to for devise devising conservation strategies for frugivorous butterfly communities in mining ventures. 2025-01-06 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 3: Monitoring Stresses Caused by Gaseous Pollutants: How Can They Affect a Fruit-Feeding Butterfly Community (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Caatinga?

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010003

Authors: Gustavo dos Santos Silva Maicon dos Santos da Silva Eloito Caires de Mates Wesley Gil Oliveira Silva Daniela Ribeiro da Costa Laura Braga Raymundo José de Sá Neto Avaldo de Oliveira Soares Filho Mateus Pereira dos Santos Suzany Aguiar Leite Maria Aparecida Castellani

This study evaluated the effects of gaseous pollutants and vegetation on the structure of fruit-feeding butterfly communities (some subfamilies of Nymphalidae) in a Caatinga area in Brumado, BA, between 2016 and 2018. Two transects were established: Transect “I” (presence of pollutant plumes) and Transect “II” (absence), encompassing a forest fragment and pasture. Bait traps were installed in each transect, and the butterfly communities were analyzed using faunistic indices, including species richness, Shannon diversity index, abundance, and dominance. The canopy opening was also assessed. The composition of fruit-feeding butterfly communities was influenced by both pollutants and vegetation. Gaseous pollutants increased butterfly abundance, diversity, and species richness, though species dominance remained unaffected. Notably, the abundance of Hamadryas februa was particularly sensitive to pollutant exposure. Conversely, increased canopy opening was negatively associated with butterfly abundance and diversity. A relationship between canopy opening and the presence of gaseous pollutants may reflect changes in the abundance and diversity of fruit-feeding butterfly species in the study region. Long-term community monitoring is important, as interannual differences in population fluctuations are common. A better understanding of the patterns found is essential to for devise devising conservation strategies for frugivorous butterfly communities in mining ventures.

]]> Monitoring Stresses Caused by Gaseous Pollutants: How Can They Affect a Fruit-Feeding Butterfly Community (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Caatinga? Gustavo dos Santos Silva Maicon dos Santos da Silva Eloito Caires de Mates Wesley Gil Oliveira Silva Daniela Ribeiro da Costa Laura Braga Raymundo José de Sá Neto Avaldo de Oliveira Soares Filho Mateus Pereira dos Santos Suzany Aguiar Leite Maria Aparecida Castellani doi: 10.3390/stresses5010003 Stresses 2025-01-06 Stresses 2025-01-06 5 1 Article 3 10.3390/stresses5010003 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/3 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 2: Elevated Soil Temperatures Impact Nematode Reproduction Biology https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/2 Plant-parasitic nematodes are one of the economically most important pathogens, and how rising soil temperatures due to climate change impact their ability to damage crops is poorly understood. The current study was conducted to evaluate the reproduction biology (reproduction and virulence) of Rotylenchulus reniformis and Meloidogyne floridensis on tomato at soil temperatures of 26 °C (control), 32 °C, 34 °C, and 36 °C. The reproduction and virulence of both nematode species were differentially impacted by soil temperature. Relative to the control, the increase in reproduction of R. reniformis ranged from 20% to 116% while that of M. floridensis ranged from 22% to 133%. The greatest reproduction of R. reniformis was observed at 34 °C while that of M. floridensis was observed at 32 °C. Across all temperatures, reproduction of M. floridensis was 2.9 to 7.8 times greater than the reproduction of R. reniformis, suggesting that the former nematode species has a greater fecundity. The rates of change in reproduction relative to the controls were greater in M. floridensis than in R. reniformis, indicating that the latter nematode species is more resilient to changes in soil temperature. The virulence of both nematode species increased numerically or significantly at 32 °C and 36 °C, but not at 34 °C. The greatest virulence of both nematode species was observed at 36 °C at which 57% and 60% root biomass was lost to R. reniformis and M. floridensis, respectively, compared to the root biomass of uninoculated plants at that temperature. The results of the current study suggested that crop damage by nematodes will likely increase as global soil temperature continues to increase. 2025-01-03 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 2: Elevated Soil Temperatures Impact Nematode Reproduction Biology

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010002

Authors: Sagar GC Prakash Banakar David Harshman Churamani Khanal

Plant-parasitic nematodes are one of the economically most important pathogens, and how rising soil temperatures due to climate change impact their ability to damage crops is poorly understood. The current study was conducted to evaluate the reproduction biology (reproduction and virulence) of Rotylenchulus reniformis and Meloidogyne floridensis on tomato at soil temperatures of 26 °C (control), 32 °C, 34 °C, and 36 °C. The reproduction and virulence of both nematode species were differentially impacted by soil temperature. Relative to the control, the increase in reproduction of R. reniformis ranged from 20% to 116% while that of M. floridensis ranged from 22% to 133%. The greatest reproduction of R. reniformis was observed at 34 °C while that of M. floridensis was observed at 32 °C. Across all temperatures, reproduction of M. floridensis was 2.9 to 7.8 times greater than the reproduction of R. reniformis, suggesting that the former nematode species has a greater fecundity. The rates of change in reproduction relative to the controls were greater in M. floridensis than in R. reniformis, indicating that the latter nematode species is more resilient to changes in soil temperature. The virulence of both nematode species increased numerically or significantly at 32 °C and 36 °C, but not at 34 °C. The greatest virulence of both nematode species was observed at 36 °C at which 57% and 60% root biomass was lost to R. reniformis and M. floridensis, respectively, compared to the root biomass of uninoculated plants at that temperature. The results of the current study suggested that crop damage by nematodes will likely increase as global soil temperature continues to increase.

]]> Elevated Soil Temperatures Impact Nematode Reproduction Biology Sagar GC Prakash Banakar David Harshman Churamani Khanal doi: 10.3390/stresses5010002 Stresses 2025-01-03 Stresses 2025-01-03 5 1 Article 2 10.3390/stresses5010002 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/2 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 1: Effects of Intermittent Drought During Tillering and Stalk Elongation Stages on the Physiological Attributes of Diverse Sugarcane Genotypes https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/1 The growth and yield of sugarcane have been negatively impacted by drought stress, particularly during two stages of development, namely, tillering and elongation. This research aimed to determine the responses of diverse sugarcane cultivars under water-withholding conditions during the tillering and stalk elongation stages. A factorial experiment in CRD with four replications was used. Two water regimes were allocated to factor A, namely, providing water and controlling soil moisture at the field capacity (FC), and providing water-withholding (WW) conditions continuously at the tillering and elongation stages. Five different sugarcane cultivars were assigned to factor B. Drought significantly impacts the physiological characteristics of sugarcane during both the tillering and stalk elongation stages, with the tillering stage being more severely affected. KK3 and PK4 demonstrated superior drought tolerance in terms of relative water content and stomatal conductance, maintaining higher levels compared to the others. Increased proline content in the roots of K88-92 and MPT14-618 under drought conditions facilitated osmotic adjustment. Biomass production varied significantly across genotypes, with MPT14-618, KK3, and K88-92 maintaining better biomass compared to UT12 and PK4. The findings suggest that drought stress differentially impacts sugarcane genotypes, with KK3, K88-92, and MPT14-618 exhibiting superior physiological and growth resistance. These genotypes show promising potential for cultivation in arid regions. 2025-01-03 Stresses, Vol. 5, Pages 1: Effects of Intermittent Drought During Tillering and Stalk Elongation Stages on the Physiological Attributes of Diverse Sugarcane Genotypes

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses5010001

Authors: Mintra Tippa-art Peeraya Klomsa-ard Patcharin Songsri Nakorn Jongrungklang

The growth and yield of sugarcane have been negatively impacted by drought stress, particularly during two stages of development, namely, tillering and elongation. This research aimed to determine the responses of diverse sugarcane cultivars under water-withholding conditions during the tillering and stalk elongation stages. A factorial experiment in CRD with four replications was used. Two water regimes were allocated to factor A, namely, providing water and controlling soil moisture at the field capacity (FC), and providing water-withholding (WW) conditions continuously at the tillering and elongation stages. Five different sugarcane cultivars were assigned to factor B. Drought significantly impacts the physiological characteristics of sugarcane during both the tillering and stalk elongation stages, with the tillering stage being more severely affected. KK3 and PK4 demonstrated superior drought tolerance in terms of relative water content and stomatal conductance, maintaining higher levels compared to the others. Increased proline content in the roots of K88-92 and MPT14-618 under drought conditions facilitated osmotic adjustment. Biomass production varied significantly across genotypes, with MPT14-618, KK3, and K88-92 maintaining better biomass compared to UT12 and PK4. The findings suggest that drought stress differentially impacts sugarcane genotypes, with KK3, K88-92, and MPT14-618 exhibiting superior physiological and growth resistance. These genotypes show promising potential for cultivation in arid regions.

]]> Effects of Intermittent Drought During Tillering and Stalk Elongation Stages on the Physiological Attributes of Diverse Sugarcane Genotypes Mintra Tippa-art Peeraya Klomsa-ard Patcharin Songsri Nakorn Jongrungklang doi: 10.3390/stresses5010001 Stresses 2025-01-03 Stresses 2025-01-03 5 1 Article 1 10.3390/stresses5010001 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/1 Stresses, Vol. 4, Pages 923-934: Phytoremediation Potential of Melia azedarach and Ailanthus altissima for Pb, Zn, and Cu from Aqueous Solution https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/4/4/62 Growing concerns over metal pollution highlight the need for effective remediation strategies. This study evaluates the accumulation capacity and tolerance of Melia azedarach and Ailanthus altissima for trace elements (Pb, Zn, and Cu), aiming to assess their phytoremediation potential. Three-month-old seedlings of both species, grown from seeds collected at the Touissit mine site, were cultivated in perlite and irrigated with Hoagland nutrient solution. Plants were exposed to various concentrations of metal salts—Pb(NO3)2 (8, 40, and 80 mg.L−1), ZnSO4 (8, 40, and 80 mg.L−1), and CuSO4 (2, 10, and 20 mg.L−1)—over a 90-day period. Growth, biomass, metal accumulation, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents were measured. Results indicate that M. azedarach exhibited enhanced biomass under Pb exposure, suggesting notable tolerance and potential for phytoremediation. Conversely, A. altissima showed an initial increase in biomass at low Pb levels, followed by a significant reduction at higher concentrations. Both species demonstrated decreased biomass under Zn and Cu treatments, with varying degrees of sensitivity. Notably, A. altissima accumulated significant levels of Pb, Zn, and Cu, particularly in the roots, indicating high phytoremediation potential. While M. azedarach also accumulated metals, levels were comparatively lower. Both species maintained chlorophyll content under metal stress, indicating resilience. Overall, this hydroponic screening highlights the considerable capacities of M. azedarach and A. altissima for Pb, Zn, and Cu tolerance, with A. altissima showing particularly high potential for Pb phytostabilization. 2024-12-16 Stresses, Vol. 4, Pages 923-934: Phytoremediation Potential of Melia azedarach and Ailanthus altissima for Pb, Zn, and Cu from Aqueous Solution

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses4040062

Authors: Mohammed Oujdi Yassine Chafik Azzouz Boukroute Domenico Morabito Mohamed Addi

Growing concerns over metal pollution highlight the need for effective remediation strategies. This study evaluates the accumulation capacity and tolerance of Melia azedarach and Ailanthus altissima for trace elements (Pb, Zn, and Cu), aiming to assess their phytoremediation potential. Three-month-old seedlings of both species, grown from seeds collected at the Touissit mine site, were cultivated in perlite and irrigated with Hoagland nutrient solution. Plants were exposed to various concentrations of metal salts—Pb(NO3)2 (8, 40, and 80 mg.L−1), ZnSO4 (8, 40, and 80 mg.L−1), and CuSO4 (2, 10, and 20 mg.L−1)—over a 90-day period. Growth, biomass, metal accumulation, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents were measured. Results indicate that M. azedarach exhibited enhanced biomass under Pb exposure, suggesting notable tolerance and potential for phytoremediation. Conversely, A. altissima showed an initial increase in biomass at low Pb levels, followed by a significant reduction at higher concentrations. Both species demonstrated decreased biomass under Zn and Cu treatments, with varying degrees of sensitivity. Notably, A. altissima accumulated significant levels of Pb, Zn, and Cu, particularly in the roots, indicating high phytoremediation potential. While M. azedarach also accumulated metals, levels were comparatively lower. Both species maintained chlorophyll content under metal stress, indicating resilience. Overall, this hydroponic screening highlights the considerable capacities of M. azedarach and A. altissima for Pb, Zn, and Cu tolerance, with A. altissima showing particularly high potential for Pb phytostabilization.

]]> Phytoremediation Potential of Melia azedarach and Ailanthus altissima for Pb, Zn, and Cu from Aqueous Solution Mohammed Oujdi Yassine Chafik Azzouz Boukroute Domenico Morabito Mohamed Addi doi: 10.3390/stresses4040062 Stresses 2024-12-16 Stresses 2024-12-16 4 4 Article 923 10.3390/stresses4040062 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/4/4/62 Stresses, Vol. 4, Pages 916-922: Dynamic Dysregulation of Ribosomal Protein Genes in Mouse Brain Stress Models https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/4/4/61 Emphasizing their evolutionarily conserved role in stress adaptation mechanisms, ribosomal protein genes (RPGs) are observed to be downregulated in various stressors and across phyla. However, this evolutionarily conserved stress response is not well explored in mouse models of neurobiological stress. This study investigates the dysregulation patterns of RPGs in various murine preclinical stress paradigms across different brain regions using available transcriptomic data and identifies the non-canonical ribosomal functions using synaptic gene-ontology terms. Without a discernible structure across different brain areas, we observed heterogeneous dysregulation, encompassing either up or downregulation in both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial RPGs. However, downregulation was more prominent than upregulation, and the overall dysregulation seems more prevalent in the chronic stress paradigm compared to stress paradigms involving acute and early-life stress. Enrichment analysis significantly associates dysregulated RPGs with post-synaptic gene ontology terms, emphasizing their involvement in synaptic modulation. Overall, the study demonstrates ribosomal dysregulation as an evolutionarily conserved stress response mechanism during different mouse stress paradigms. We discuss the possibility that the variability in the directionality of dysregulation may emerge as a potential marker of neuronal activity in response to diverse stress paradigms and the involvement of paradigm-specific RPG dysregulation either in the process of global downscaling of ribosome biogenesis or in the process of ribosomal heterogeneity, each leading to a different effect. 2024-12-12 Stresses, Vol. 4, Pages 916-922: Dynamic Dysregulation of Ribosomal Protein Genes in Mouse Brain Stress Models

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses4040061

Authors: Vandana Sharma Rammohan Shukla

Emphasizing their evolutionarily conserved role in stress adaptation mechanisms, ribosomal protein genes (RPGs) are observed to be downregulated in various stressors and across phyla. However, this evolutionarily conserved stress response is not well explored in mouse models of neurobiological stress. This study investigates the dysregulation patterns of RPGs in various murine preclinical stress paradigms across different brain regions using available transcriptomic data and identifies the non-canonical ribosomal functions using synaptic gene-ontology terms. Without a discernible structure across different brain areas, we observed heterogeneous dysregulation, encompassing either up or downregulation in both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial RPGs. However, downregulation was more prominent than upregulation, and the overall dysregulation seems more prevalent in the chronic stress paradigm compared to stress paradigms involving acute and early-life stress. Enrichment analysis significantly associates dysregulated RPGs with post-synaptic gene ontology terms, emphasizing their involvement in synaptic modulation. Overall, the study demonstrates ribosomal dysregulation as an evolutionarily conserved stress response mechanism during different mouse stress paradigms. We discuss the possibility that the variability in the directionality of dysregulation may emerge as a potential marker of neuronal activity in response to diverse stress paradigms and the involvement of paradigm-specific RPG dysregulation either in the process of global downscaling of ribosome biogenesis or in the process of ribosomal heterogeneity, each leading to a different effect.

]]> Dynamic Dysregulation of Ribosomal Protein Genes in Mouse Brain Stress Models Vandana Sharma Rammohan Shukla doi: 10.3390/stresses4040061 Stresses 2024-12-12 Stresses 2024-12-12 4 4 Brief Report 916 10.3390/stresses4040061 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/4/4/61 Stresses, Vol. 4, Pages 896-915: Studies of Applications of Cold Plasma Systems in Cancer Treatment: Mechanisms of Oxidant Stress and Pathway Signaling https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/4/4/60 Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has gained attention as a non-invasive therapeutic option in oncology due to its selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells. CAP produces a complex mixture of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which induce oxidative stress, leading to various forms of cell death, including apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. These mechanisms allow CAP to target cancer cells effectively while sparing healthy tissue, making it a versatile tool in cancer treatment. This review explores the molecular pathways modulated by CAP, including PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK, and p53, which are crucial in the regulation of cell survival and proliferation. Additionally, in vivo, in vitro, and clinical studies supporting the efficacy of CAP are collected, providing additional evidence on its potential in oncological therapy. 2024-12-12 Stresses, Vol. 4, Pages 896-915: Studies of Applications of Cold Plasma Systems in Cancer Treatment: Mechanisms of Oxidant Stress and Pathway Signaling

Stresses doi: 10.3390/stresses4040060

Authors: David Durán Martínez Adriana Valladares Méndez Jesús Rivera Islas Jessica Nayelli Sánchez-Carranza

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has gained attention as a non-invasive therapeutic option in oncology due to its selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells. CAP produces a complex mixture of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which induce oxidative stress, leading to various forms of cell death, including apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. These mechanisms allow CAP to target cancer cells effectively while sparing healthy tissue, making it a versatile tool in cancer treatment. This review explores the molecular pathways modulated by CAP, including PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK, and p53, which are crucial in the regulation of cell survival and proliferation. Additionally, in vivo, in vitro, and clinical studies supporting the efficacy of CAP are collected, providing additional evidence on its potential in oncological therapy.

]]> Studies of Applications of Cold Plasma Systems in Cancer Treatment: Mechanisms of Oxidant Stress and Pathway Signaling David Durán Martínez Adriana Valladares Méndez Jesús Rivera Islas Jessica Nayelli Sánchez-Carranza doi: 10.3390/stresses4040060 Stresses 2024-12-12 Stresses 2024-12-12 4 4 Review 896 10.3390/stresses4040060 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/4/4/60