In Situ Alteration of the Hydro-Mechanical Behaviour of a Compacted Stabilised Expansive Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Experimental Embankment
2.1. Soil Characterisation
2.2. Design of the Embankment
2.3. Backfill Characteristics at the Time of Construction
2.4. Backfill Monitoring
3. Experimental Program
3.1. Soil Sampling and Specimen Preparation
3.2. Laboratory Tests
4. Distribution of Water Content and Dry Density
5. Compression Behaviour
6. Shrinkage of the Specimens
7. Discussion
8. Conclusions
- The compressibility and shrinkage behaviour of the soil sampled beyond a horizontal distance of 2.50 m were equivalent to the performance of the same soil treated and cured in the laboratory at a constant moisture content for 6 months. Thus, it can be concluded that the central part of the backfill was not significantly altered since the time of construction of the backfill.
- The compressibility decreased progressively from 2.50 m towards the edge of the embankment. At the edge of the backfill, the behaviour of the specimen was comparable to the behaviour of the untreated soil. Moreover, the shrinkage behaviour at the edge was very close to the shrinkage behaviour of the untreated material. Those observations evidenced an alteration in the behaviour of the stabilised soil since the time of construction. The extent of the degradation depends on the distance to the surface.
- The altered area (from 0 to up to 2.50 m of horizontal distance) was identified on both sections treated with 4% lime. This weathered area was also found on section 3 of the embankment treated with 2% lime and 3% cement. These results suggest that both treatments led to a similar alteration process and were not able to prevent the deterioration of the treatment effects.
- The outer part of the embankment was correctly and homogeneously compacted because of the construction process, with an excess width removed at the end of construction. In addition, in situ monitoring since the time of construction shows that moisture content variations are limited to the first meter of the backfill. Thus, wetting and drying cycles at the edge of the embankment could not explain the degradation measured until 2.50 m. No freezing was detected, as the sensors positioned at 0.25 m of horizontal distance only measured positive temperatures over 10 years. Leaching and carbonation processes could explain the origin of the observed alterations.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Values |
---|---|
Passing sieve 80 μm (%) | 90 |
Clay size content (<2 μm) (%) | 70 |
Specific gravity Gs (-) | 2.675 |
Liquid limit (%) | 71 |
Plastic limit (%) | 29 |
Plasticity index (%) | 42 |
Section | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Upper part | 4% CaO | 4% CaO | 2% CaO + 3% CEM II |
Lower part | Untreated | 4% CaO | 2% CaO + 3% CEM II |
Section | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | 0% | 4% CaO | 4% CaO | 2% CaO + 3% CEM II |
wOMC (%) | 26.5 | 38.0 | 38.0 | 32.5 |
qd,Max (Mg/m3) | 1.45 | 1.244 | 1.244 | 1.338 |
ei (-) | 0.84 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.00 |
w (%) | 34.0 | 33.0 | 35.0 | 32.8 |
w-wOMC (%) | +7.5 | −5.0 | −3.0 | +0.3 |
qd (Mg/m3) | 1.380 | 1.364 | 1.319 | 1.395 |
qd/qd,Max (%) | 95.2 | 109.6 | 106.0 | 104.3 |
Section | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Untreated | 4% CaO | 4% CaO | 2% CaO + 3% CEM II | |||
Horizontal distance | / | 0.30 m | 4.10 m | 0.30 m | 4.10 m | 0.30 m | 4.10 m |
ew,SL (-) | 0.35 | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.25 |
PSH (%) | 22.8 | 19.2 | 10.0 | 16.2 | 8.6 | 18.5 | 10.2 |
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Chabrat, N.; Cuisinier, O.; Masrouri, F. In Situ Alteration of the Hydro-Mechanical Behaviour of a Compacted Stabilised Expansive Soil. Geotechnics 2023, 3, 921-936. https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics3030049
Chabrat N, Cuisinier O, Masrouri F. In Situ Alteration of the Hydro-Mechanical Behaviour of a Compacted Stabilised Expansive Soil. Geotechnics. 2023; 3(3):921-936. https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics3030049
Chicago/Turabian StyleChabrat, Nicolas, Olivier Cuisinier, and Farimah Masrouri. 2023. "In Situ Alteration of the Hydro-Mechanical Behaviour of a Compacted Stabilised Expansive Soil" Geotechnics 3, no. 3: 921-936. https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics3030049