Capturing in Season Change-of-Direction Movement Pattern Change in Youth Soccer Players with Inertial Measurement Units
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Testing Protocol
2.3. Accelerometer Data
2.4. Injury Data
2.5. Data Processing
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
R Package | Version |
ggplot2 | 3.3.3 |
dplyr | 1.0.5 |
readxl | 1.3.1 |
tidyverse | 1.3.1 |
gtsummary | 1.4.1 |
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Female n = 13 | Male n = 19 | |
---|---|---|
Mean age (SD) | 16.5 years (0.7) | 16.2 years (0.7) |
Mean height (SD) | 166.0 cm (6.6) | 182.7 cm (11.2) |
Mean body mass (SD) | 59 kg (6) | 66 kg (6) |
Playing position | ||
Goalkeeper | 0 | 2 |
Defender | 5 | 6 |
Midfielder | 4 | 4 |
Forward | 4 | 7 |
Years played (Mean) | 8.7 | 10.6 |
Leg dominance | ||
Left | 0 | 4 (injured = 1, noninjured = 3) |
Right | 13 (injured = 7, noninjured = 6) | 15 (injured = 9, noninjured = 6) |
Previous injury 1 | ||
Acute injury | 6 (knee = 1, ankle = 3, thigh = 2) | 9 (groin = 3, ankle = 4, thigh = 2) |
Overuse injury | 1 (knee = 1) | 1 (knee = 1) |
No injuries | 6 | 9 |
Injured, N = 17 1 | Noninjured, N = 15 1 | Cohen’s d | 95% CI 2 | p-Value 3 | Adjusted p-Value 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
180° Pivot Turns | Mean Change between the Tests (m/s2) | |||||
FFC right leg | 33 (36) | −6 (43) | 1.0 | 0.23, 1.7 | 0.012* | 0.14 |
PFC right leg | 1 (65) | 3 (80) | −0.02 | −0.72, 0.67 | >0.9 | >0.9 |
FFC left leg | 3 (36) | 10 (70) | −0.13 | −0.82, 0.57 | 0.7 | >0.9 |
PFC left leg | 14 (53) | −9 (49) | 0.44 | −0.26, 1.1 | 0.2 | >0.9 |
135° cuts | ||||||
FFC right leg | 16 (41) | 10 (71) | 0.10 | −0.60, 0.79 | 0.8 | >0.9 |
PFC right leg | 7 (64) | −2 (96) | 0.11 | −0.58, 0.81 | 0.8 | >0.9 |
FFC left leg | 1 (54) | 8 (30) | −0.17 | −0.86, 0.53 | 0.6 | >0.9 |
PFC left leg | −1 (51) | −8 (56) | 0.14 | −0.56, 0.83 | 0.7 | >0.9 |
90° cuts | ||||||
FFC right leg | 20 (60) | −17 (35) | 0.75 | 0.02, 1.5 | 0.039 * | 0.5 |
PFC right leg | 20 (56) | 0 (86) | 0.28 | −0.42, 1.0 | 0.4 | >0.9 |
FFC left leg | 18 (80) | 19 (43) | −0.01 | −0.70, 0.69 | >0.9 | >0.9 |
PFC left leg | 5 (65) | 0 (50) | 0.08 | −0.61, 0.78 | 0.8 | >0.9 |
COD | Test 1 | Test 2 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRA (m/s2) | PRA (m/s2) | |||||||||||
Injured Leg, N = 17 1 | Noninjured Leg, N = 17 1 | Cohen’s d 2 | 95% CI 2,3 | p-Value 4 | Adjusted p-Value 5 | Injured Leg, N = 17 1 | Noninjured Leg, N = 17 1 | Cohen’s d 2 | 95% CI 2,3 | p-Value 4 | Adjusted p-Value 5 | |
FFC180 | 178 (48) | 158 (52) | 0.39 | −0.29, 1.1 | 0.3 | >0.9 | 145 (47) | 154 (49) | −0.18 | −0.85, 0.50 | 0.6 | >0.9 |
PFC180 | 156 (53) | 180 (61) | −0.43 | −1.1, 0.25 | 0.2 | >0.9 | 159 (43) | 162 (37) | −0.10 | −0.77, 0.58 | 0.8 | >0.9 |
FFC135 | 164 (51) | 159 (58) | 0.09 | −0.58, 0.77 | 0.8 | >0.9 | 151 (38) | 156 (43) | −0.14 | −0.81, 0.54 | 0.7 | >0.9 |
PFC135 | 136 (49) | 163 (58) | -0.52 | −1.2, 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.9 | 140 (45) | 152 (44) | −0.29 | −1.0, 0.39 | 0.4 | >0.9 |
FFC90 | 178 (63) | 186 (63) | -0.13 | −0.81, 0.54 | 0.7 | >0.9 | 156 (37) | 170 (46) | −0.33 | −1.0, 0.35 | 0.3 | >0.9 |
PFC90 | 173 (64) | 183 (61) | -0.16 | −0.83, 0.52 | 0.7 | >0.9 | 157 (46) | 175 (37) | −0.43 | −1.1, 0.25 | 0.2 | >0.9 |
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Alanen, A.-M.; Bruce, O.L.; Benson, L.C.; Chin, M.; van den Berg, C.; Jordan, M.J.; Ferber, R.; Pasanen, K. Capturing in Season Change-of-Direction Movement Pattern Change in Youth Soccer Players with Inertial Measurement Units. Biomechanics 2023, 3, 155-165. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics3010014
Alanen A-M, Bruce OL, Benson LC, Chin M, van den Berg C, Jordan MJ, Ferber R, Pasanen K. Capturing in Season Change-of-Direction Movement Pattern Change in Youth Soccer Players with Inertial Measurement Units. Biomechanics. 2023; 3(1):155-165. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics3010014
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlanen, Aki-Matti, Olivia L. Bruce, Lauren C. Benson, Mathieu Chin, Carla van den Berg, Matthew J. Jordan, Reed Ferber, and Kati Pasanen. 2023. "Capturing in Season Change-of-Direction Movement Pattern Change in Youth Soccer Players with Inertial Measurement Units" Biomechanics 3, no. 1: 155-165. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics3010014