The Brother–Sister Sibling Dyad as a Pathway to Gender-Based Violence Prevention: Engaging Male Siblings in Family-Strengthening Programs in Humanitarian Settings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site: Syrian Refugee Community in Za’atari and Azraq, Jordan
2.2. Study Site: Malian Refugee Community and Host Communities in Abala, Niger
2.3. SSAGE Intervention
2.4. SSAGE Program Implementation
2.5. Evaluative Study Design
2.6. Data Collection
2.7. Analysis
2.8. Ethics
3. Results
3.1. Changes to the Sibling Dyad Associated with Girls’ Increased Protection from GBV
3.1.1. Decreased Physical, Psychological, and Verbal Abuse by Male Siblings
“Walid was a guy who bullied his family, friends, and relatives. He listened to no one. When the program started, he wanted to participate. He registered himself and his relationship with his family and friends started to improve. They were surprised by the changes he was going through. He became understanding and his actions changed…his relationship with his sister was based on violence. He ordered her and forced her to do things. Now he helps her and doesn’t treat her like a servant. Once he asked her for a glass of water and hit her when she didn’t bring it. After the program though, they started to understand each other. The relationship changed.”(Male sibling from a participatory research activity, Azraq)
3.1.2. Increased Equity in Household Labor between Male Siblings and Their Sisters
“There are many beneficial things that we have learned together. For example, we think that there are many jobs that are only for girls, but SSAGE has made us understand that these jobs are not only for men. Another example is that your sister stacks, prepares the meal… you can see that she has jobs, but “SSAGE” has taught us that you can reduce all these jobs that your sister does.”(Male sibling from a paired interview, Abala)
3.1.3. Increased Emotional Connection and Social Support between Siblings
“The program has affected my relationship with my brother because before we didn’t talk like that, but now with our participation in the program as soon as he hears something he comes to me to talk, we talk, we talk, we laugh, we have become friends. And also before we only would fight, argue, we didn’t even talk, everything that he tells me to do I would refuse to do because I don’t respect it, but now we don’t argue anymore, we talk, we chatter, we laugh.”(Adolescent girl from a paired interview, Abala)
“The brother has changed. He trusts his sister and shares his worries with her. If he faces a problem, he will tell her. Sometimes, a girl faced trouble in the street. A guy followed her, and someone saw that. The brother knew and he didn’t trust his sister anymore. He suspected her and she didn’t leave the house without him. The program teaches him that if something like this happened, he shouldn’t suspect his sister. He should trust her and answer back to people who talk about her.”(Adolescent girl from a paired interview, Za’atari)
“He has changed because he got information … that his sister shouldn’t be pressured and deprived from education. He refused to take her to educational institutions because he didn’t want her to go. Now, it is ok with him and when I tell him to take her because she is going alone without her sisters, he would immediately change his clothes and willingly take her. He used to take her sometimes but unwillingly and only because I told him to.”(Female caregiver from an in-depth interview, Azraq)
3.2. Pathways of Change in the Sibling Dyad
3.2.1. Male Siblings’ Interrogation of Positive and Negative Masculinities
“I’ve seen that the relationship between my son and daughter have changed after the program. He shares things with her, tells her things, and helps her. He is supporting her now. They used to fight but now they have a good understanding. He assists her in studying and supports her inside and outside the house … He thought that he was the guy and she was the girl and end of story. The program helped him change this idea and helped us become cooperative and participative. He helps her with studying and with matters inside and outside the house now.”(Female caregiver from an in-depth interview, Azraq)
3.2.2. Improved Communication between Siblings
“Mostly, the way my oldest son treats his sister [has changed]. He is more gentle and understanding now. If she tells him that she can’t do something for him, he will tell her that he will do it himself. He is more understanding and compassionate now. I don’t know [why these changes occurred] but it is related to the information they were given. Even the way she treats her brother has changed. They both have changed. She used to refuse to bring him things. Now she would tell him that she is tired and can’t do things for him and she would ask him to do his stuff by himself. The way they talk has changed. They treat each other in a nicer way.”(Female caregiver from an in-depth interview, Azraq)
3.3. Unanticipated Impacts of Male Siblings’ Heightened Awareness to Protection Risks Faced by Their Sisters
“Now with the program we have known that with the accompaniment of a boy in a house can help to have an eye on the education of the girls, he is a protector because if he sees his sister in inappropriate places, he will make her come back home. Because a girl who hangs out everywhere can attract problems especially with the ill-intentioned men who will not hesitate to find a thousand ways to attract them with money or materials.”(Female caregiver from an in-depth interview, Abala)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Jordan | Niger | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cycle 1 | Cycle 2 | Cycle 1 | Cycle 2 | ||
Male and female caregivers | 63 | 30 | 60 | 37 | 190 |
Adolescent girls | 39 | 26 | 53 | 23 | 141 |
Male siblings | 35 | 20 | 50 | 21 | 126 |
Program staff and mentors | 0 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 12 |
Total | 137 | 84 | 163 | 89 | 469 |
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Koris, A.; Giuffrida, M.; Anderson, K.; Shalouf, H.; Saley, I.; Marei, A.; Seff, I.; Deitch, J.; Stark, L. The Brother–Sister Sibling Dyad as a Pathway to Gender-Based Violence Prevention: Engaging Male Siblings in Family-Strengthening Programs in Humanitarian Settings. Adolescents 2023, 3, 153-172. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents3010012
Koris A, Giuffrida M, Anderson K, Shalouf H, Saley I, Marei A, Seff I, Deitch J, Stark L. The Brother–Sister Sibling Dyad as a Pathway to Gender-Based Violence Prevention: Engaging Male Siblings in Family-Strengthening Programs in Humanitarian Settings. Adolescents. 2023; 3(1):153-172. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents3010012
Chicago/Turabian StyleKoris, Andrea, Monica Giuffrida, Kristine Anderson, Hana Shalouf, Ibrahim Saley, Ahmad Marei, Ilana Seff, Julianne Deitch, and Lindsay Stark. 2023. "The Brother–Sister Sibling Dyad as a Pathway to Gender-Based Violence Prevention: Engaging Male Siblings in Family-Strengthening Programs in Humanitarian Settings" Adolescents 3, no. 1: 153-172. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents3010012