Associations of Passive Drinking with Perceived Health Status, Mental Health, and Family Wellbeing in Hong Kong Chinese Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n b | % (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Male | 3239 | 51.5 (50.0, 53.0) |
Female | 2601 | 48.5 (47.0, 50.0) |
Age | ||
11–15 | 3513 | 64.0 (62.6, 65.3) |
16–20 | 2327 | 36.0 (34.7, 37.4) |
Place of birth | ||
Hong Kong | 4002 | 69.9 (68.5, 71.2) |
Mainland China | 1397 | 22.4 (21.3, 23.6) |
Others | 408 | 7.7 (6.8, 8.7) |
Perceived family affluence | ||
Below average | 1473 | 25.4 (24.1, 26.7) |
Average | 3153 | 55.8 (54.3, 57.3) |
Above average | 1048 | 18.8 (17.6, 20.0) |
Age of first drinking 1 unit of alcohol c | ||
Never | 2741 | 53.4 (51.9, 54.9) |
7–11 | 1529 | 25.9 (24.7, 27.2) |
12 or above | 1092 | 20.6 (19.4, 21.9) |
Drinking frequency | ||
Never | 2972 | 53.2 (51.7, 54.6) |
Yearly or less | 1388 | 23.3 (22.1, 24.6) |
Monthly or less | 780 | 12.4 (11.5, 13.2) |
1–3 times per month | 529 | 8.3 (7.7, 9.1) |
1–6 times per week | 110 | 1.7 (1.4, 2.1) |
Everyday | 47 | 1.1 (0.6, 1.7) |
Usual drinking quantity in a drinking day c | ||
0 | 2777 | 53.5 (52.0, 55.0) |
Less than 0.5 unit | 809 | 14.6 (13.7, 15.7) |
0.5–1 unit | 998 | 17.4 (16.3, 18.5) |
2–4 units | 556 | 9.5 (8.7, 10.4) |
5 or more units | 278 | 4.9 (4.3, 5.7) |
Drinking ≥ 5 units of alcohol on one occasion c | ||
Never | 4752 | 82.2 (81.1, 83.4) |
Less than yearly | 612 | 10.3 (9.4, 11.2) |
Yearly | 262 | 4.0 (3.6, 4.6) |
Monthly | 143 | 2.4 (2.0, 2.9) |
Weekly | 27 | 0.5 (0.3, 1.0) |
Daily | 25 | 0.5 (0.3, 1.0) |
Passive Drinking | Ever | Past 30-Day | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | |
Overall | 2397 | 40.8 (39.4, 42.2) | 1691 | 29.1 (27.8, 30.5) |
Noise | 1338 | 23.2 (22.0, 24.5) | 795 | 14.1 (13.0, 15.2) |
Study/sleep interrupted | 1112 | 19.2 (18.1, 20.4) | 751 | 12.8 (11.9, 13.8) |
Felt troubled by littering | 545 | 9.2 (8.4, 10.0) | 319 | 5.4 (4.8, 6.1) |
Exposed to vomit or urination | 572 | 9.7 (8.9, 10.6) | 224 | 3.9 (3.3, 4.5) |
Felt neglected | 818 | 14.2 (13.2, 15.3) | 548 | 9.5 (8.7, 10.4) |
Emotionally hurt | 808 | 13.5 (12.6, 14.4) | 488 | 8.2 (7.5, 9.0) |
Felt unsafe | 741 | 12.8 (11.9, 13.8) | 408 | 7.1 (6.4, 7.8) |
Took care of a drunk person | 705 | 11.9 (11.0, 12.9) | 266 | 4.6 (4.0, 5.3) |
Verbal insult or harassment | 851 | 15.0 (13.9, 16.1) | 529 | 9.3 (8.5, 10.3) |
Pushed, hit, or assaulted | 464 | 8.5 (7.7, 9.5) | 268 | 5.0 (4.3, 5.8) |
Sexual harassment | 167 | 3.0 (2.5, 3.6) | 80 | 1.4 (1.1, 1.9) |
Unwanted intercourse | 83 | 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) | 38 | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) |
Properties damaged | 266 | 4.9 (4.2, 5.7) | 141 | 2.8 (2.2, 3.5) |
Accidents | 110 | 2.0 (1.6, 2.6) | 43 | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) |
Financial loss | 232 | 3.9 (3.4, 4.5) | 127 | 2.1 (1.7, 2.5) |
Others | 149 | 2.6 (2.1, 3.2) | 65 | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) |
Causes of Ever/Past 30-Day PD a | Perceived Health Status b (Fair or Poor) | Patient Health Questionnaire-2 c (≥3) | Perceived Stress Scale-4 d | Perceived Happiness in General e | Perceived Happiness Compared with Peers e |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR (95% C.I.) f | Adjusted b (95% C.I.) f | ||||
Parental PD | |||||
No PD (n = 5455) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Parental ever PD (n = 113) | 1.09 (0.70, 1.69) | 0.90 (0.59, 1.39) | 0.52 (−0.001, 1.04) | −0.11 (−0.41, 0.19) | −0.24 (−0.54, 0.07) |
Parental PD in past 30 days (n = 272) | 1.26 (0.96, 1.66) | 1.63 (1.26, 2.10) *** | 0.76 (0.42, 1.10) *** | −0.52 (−0.72, −0.33) *** | −0.37 (−0.57, −0.17) *** |
p trend | 0.09 | <0.01 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Siblings PD | |||||
No PD (n = 5665) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Siblings ever PD (n = 21) | 1.28 (0.47, 3.49) | 0.57 (0.19, 1.71) | −0.04 (−1.21, 1.13) | −0.78 (−1.45, −0.10) * | −0.60 (−1.29, 0.08) |
Siblings PD in past 30 days (n = 154) | 0.90 (0.62, 1.33) | 1.50 (1.07, 2.11) * | 0.08 (−0.36, 0.52) | −0.30 (−0.56, −0.04) * | −0.17 (−0.43, 0.09) |
p trend | 0.67 | <0.05 | 0.74 | <0.01 | 0.12 |
Relatives PD | |||||
No PD (n = 5717) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Relatives ever PD (n = 40) | 1.57 (0.80, 3.09) | 2.18 (1.15, 4.12) * | 0.74 (−0.11, 1.60) | −0.48 (−0.97, 0.02) | −0.66 (−1.16, −0.15) * |
Relatives PD in past 30 days (n = 83) | 1.07 (0.64, 1.77) | 1.94 (1.23, 3.04) ** | 0.25 (−0.35, 0.86) | −0.73 (−1.07, −0.38) *** | −0.40 (−0.76, −0.05) * |
p trend | 0.51 | <0.01 | 0.18 | <0.001 | <0.01 |
Peers PD | |||||
No PD (n = 5181) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Peers ever PD (n = 114) | 0.97 (0.63, 1.50) | 0.99 (0.65, 1.50) | 0.37 (−0.14, 0.89) | −0.34 (−0.64, −0.05) * | −0.16 (−0.47, 0.14) |
Peers PD in past 30 days (n = 545) | 0.83 (0.67, 1.03) | 1.40 (1.16, 1.70) *** | 0.30 (0.05, 0.54) * | −0.27 (−0.41, −0.12) *** | −0.24 (−0.39, −0.10) ** |
p trend | 0.09 | <0.01 | <0.05 | <0.001 | <0.01 |
Others PD | |||||
No PD (n = 4962) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Others ever PD (n = 176) | 0.83 (0.57, 1.21) | 1.11 (0.79, 1.56) | 0.17 (−0.25, 0.59) | 0.05 (−0.19, 0.30) | 0.002 (−0.25, 0.25) |
Others PD in past 30 days (n = 702) | 1.12 (0.93, 1.34) | 1.43 (1.20, 1.69) *** | 0.35 (0.13, 0.57) ** | −0.19 (−0.32, −0.06) ** | −0.09 (−0.22, 0.03) |
p trend | 0.33 | <0.001 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.17 |
Causes of Ever/Past 30-Day PD a | Family Health b | Family Happiness b | Family Harmony b | Family Wellbeing c |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted b (95% C.I.) d | ||||
Parental PD | ||||
No PD (n = 5455) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Parental ever PD (n = 113) | −0.56 (−0.98, −0.14) ** | −0.52 (−0.95, −0.08) ** | −0.57 (−1.03, −0.12) ** | −1.66 (−2.90, −0.42) * |
Parental PD in past 30 days (n = 272) | −1.39 (−1.66, −1.11) *** | −1.36 (−1.64, −1.08) *** | −1.40 (−1.70, −1.10) *** | −4.19 (−5.00, −3.38) *** |
p trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Siblings PD | ||||
No PD (n = 5665) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Siblings ever PD (n = 21) | −1.34 (−2.30, −0.39) ** | −1.23 (−2.21, −0.24) * | −1.00 (−2.03, 0.03) | −3.58 (−6.39, −0.77) * |
Siblings PD in past 30 days (n = 154) | −0.18 (−0.54, 0.18) | −0.31 (−0.68, 0.07) | −0.28 (−0.67, 0.12) | −0.75 (−1.83, 0.32) |
p trend | 0.14 | <0.05 | 0.09 | 0.07 |
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Chau, S.L.; Wu, Y.; Wang, M.P.; Ho, S.Y. Associations of Passive Drinking with Perceived Health Status, Mental Health, and Family Wellbeing in Hong Kong Chinese Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study. Adolescents 2023, 3, 173-181. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents3010013
Chau SL, Wu Y, Wang MP, Ho SY. Associations of Passive Drinking with Perceived Health Status, Mental Health, and Family Wellbeing in Hong Kong Chinese Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study. Adolescents. 2023; 3(1):173-181. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents3010013
Chicago/Turabian StyleChau, Siu Long, Yongda Wu, Man Ping Wang, and Sai Yin Ho. 2023. "Associations of Passive Drinking with Perceived Health Status, Mental Health, and Family Wellbeing in Hong Kong Chinese Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study" Adolescents 3, no. 1: 173-181. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents3010013