Association between Diabetes and Dental Caries in Spanish Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Including 23,089 Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. The Survey
2.2. Diabetes (Independent Variable)
2.3. Dental Caries (Dependent Variable)
2.4. Control Variables
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Category | Overall (N = 23,089) | Diabetes | Effect Size a | p-Value b | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (N = 20,823) | Yes (N = 2266) | |||||
Sex | Male | 45.9 | 45.5 | 49.8 | 0.03 | <0.001 |
Female | 54.1 | 54.5 | 50.2 | |||
Age | ≤40 years | 27.2 | 29.8 | 2.7 | 0.28 | <0.001 |
41–65 years | 43.9 | 45.3 | 30.8 | |||
>65 years | 29.0 | 24.9 | 66.5 | |||
Marital status | Single/separated/divorced/widowed | 45.9 | 46.1 | 44.1 | 0.01 | 0.064 |
Married | 54.1 | 53.9 | 55.9 | |||
Education | ≤Primary | 31.2 | 27.9 | 61.7 | 0.20 | <0.001 |
Secondary | 43.0 | 44.7 | 28.2 | |||
≥Tertiary | 25.8 | 27.5 | 10.2 | |||
Smoking | Never | 50.8 | 50.7 | 50.9 | 0.08 | <0.001 |
Past | 25.8 | 24.9 | 34.3 | |||
Current | 23.4 | 24.3 | 14.8 | |||
Alcohol consumption | None | 35.8 | 34.0 | 52.1 | 0.11 | <0.001 |
Any | 64.2 | 66.0 | 47.9 | |||
Obesity | No | 82.3 | 83.9 | 66.5 | 0.13 | <0.001 |
Yes | 17.7 | 16.1 | 33.5 | |||
Hypertension | No | 73.0 | 77.1 | 34.8 | 0.28 | <0.001 |
Yes | 27.0 | 22.9 | 65.2 | |||
Hypercholesterolemia | No | 76.3 | 79.9 | 44.1 | 0.25 | <0.001 |
Yes | 23.7 | 20.1 | 55.9 |
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Jacob, L.; Shin, J.-I.; Grabovac, I.; Haro, J.M.; Koyanagi, A.; Tully, M.A.; Trott, M.; Kim, J.Y.; Pardhan, S.; Smith, L.; et al. Association between Diabetes and Dental Caries in Spanish Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Including 23,089 Adults. Oral 2021, 1, 281-289. https://doi.org/10.3390/oral1030027
Jacob L, Shin J-I, Grabovac I, Haro JM, Koyanagi A, Tully MA, Trott M, Kim JY, Pardhan S, Smith L, et al. Association between Diabetes and Dental Caries in Spanish Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Including 23,089 Adults. Oral. 2021; 1(3):281-289. https://doi.org/10.3390/oral1030027
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacob, Louis, Jae-Il Shin, Igor Grabovac, Josep Maria Haro, Ai Koyanagi, Mark A. Tully, Mike Trott, Jong Yeob Kim, Shahina Pardhan, Lee Smith, and et al. 2021. "Association between Diabetes and Dental Caries in Spanish Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Including 23,089 Adults" Oral 1, no. 3: 281-289. https://doi.org/10.3390/oral1030027
APA StyleJacob, L., Shin, J. -I., Grabovac, I., Haro, J. M., Koyanagi, A., Tully, M. A., Trott, M., Kim, J. Y., Pardhan, S., Smith, L., & López Sánchez, G. F. (2021). Association between Diabetes and Dental Caries in Spanish Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Including 23,089 Adults. Oral, 1(3), 281-289. https://doi.org/10.3390/oral1030027