Whole Blood Fatty Acid Profiles of Cold-Stunned Juvenile Green, Kemp’s Ridley, and Loggerhead Sea Turtles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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C. mydas (n = 11) | L. kempii (n = 12 *) | C. caretta (n = 3) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | Range | Median | Range | Median | Range | |
Weight (kg) | 3.4 | 3.0–18.4 | 2.3 | 1.7–5.8 | 35.0 | 23.2–49.0 |
SCL-N # (cm) | 30.8 | 29.2–50.7 | 26.3 | 23.2–36.3 | 64.0 | 56.9–74.0 |
Temperature (°C) | 5.8 | 4.4–8.0 | 11.1 | 7.8–12.8 | 6.7 | 4.6–8.9 |
Cold-Stunned Sea Turtle Fatty Acid Profiles | Published Healthy Sea Turtle Fatty Acid Profiles | ||||||
Individual Fatty Acids * | Species | p-Value # | Species | ||||
Fatty Acid | Common Name | C. mydas (n = 11) | L. kempii (n = 12) | C. caretta (n = 3) | C. mydas (n = 9) | L. kempii (n = 8) | |
14:0 | Myristic acid | 5.2 ± 0.45 a | 6.9 ± 0.44 b | 4.9 ± 0.87 a | 0.0251 | 4.2 ± 0.50 | 5.0 ± 0.41 |
14:1 | Myristoleic acid | 0.04 ± 0.14 a | 0.49 ± 0.13 b | 1.72 ± 0.26 c | <0.0001 | NR | NR |
15:0 | Pentadecylic acid | 0.37± 0.10 a | 0.83 ± 0.09 b | 0.86 ± 0.19 b | 0.0061 | ND | ND |
16:0 | Palmitic acid | 20.0 ± 0.46 a | 19.8 ± 0.44 a | 15.3 ± 0.88 b | 0.0002 | 17.4 ± 0.59 | 16.9 ± 0.37 |
16:1n7 | Palmitoleic acid | 4.5 ± 0.77 a | 15.8 ± 0.74 b | 10.0 ± 1.48 c | <0.0001 | 5.4 ± 0.46 | 12.0 ± 0.56 |
17:0 | Margaric acid | ND | ND | ND | – | 0.4 ± 0.12 | 0.9 ± 0.06 |
17:1n7 | Heptadecenoic acid | ND | ND | ND | – | 0.8 ± 0.20 | 2.6 ± 0.25 |
18:0 | Stearic acid | 12.5 ± 0.58 a | 7.5 ± 0.56 b | 9.0 ± 1.12 b | <0.0001 | 10.9 ± 0.25 | 8.5 ± 0.37 |
18:1n7 | Vaccenic acid | 2.7 ± 0.24 a | 3.7 ± 0.23 b | 3.8 ± 0.45 b | 0.0135 | 2.2 ± 0.69 | 3.8 ± 0.54 |
18:1n9 | Oleic acid | 25.5 ± 0.80 a | 20.8 ± 0.76 b | 23.3 ± 1.53 a,b | 0.0012 | 28.3 ± 1.24 | 23.6 ± 0.73 |
18:2n6 | Linoleic acid | 4.6 ± 0.59 | 3.6 ± 0.56 | 3.7 ± 1.12 | 0.4621 | 4.9 ± 0.51 | 3.2 ± 0.14 |
18:3n6 | γ-Linoleic acid | 0.04 ± 0.024 a | 0.17 ± 0.023 b | 0.13 ± 0.046 b | 0.0034 | 0.1 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
18:3n3 | α-Linolenic acid | 1.0 ± 0.13 | 0.7 ± 0.12 | 0.6 ± 0.25 | 0.2183 | 1.5 ± 0.47 | 0.6 ± 0.06 |
18:4n3 | Stearidonic acid | 0.17 ± 0.037 | 0.17 ± 0.035 | 0.27 ± 0.071 | 0.3813 | NR | NR |
20:0 | Arachidic acid | 0.22 ± 0.023 a | 0.18 ± 0.022 b | 0.33 ± 0.044 b | 0.0297 | 0.1 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.03 |
20:1n7 | Paullinic acid | 0.76 ± 0.087 a | 0.30 ± 0.083 b | 0.76 ± 0.117 a | 0.0020 | 0.5 ± 0.11 | 0.6 ± 0.04 |
20:1n9 | Gondoic acid | ND | ND | ND | – | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.02 |
20:2n6 | Eicosadienoic acid | 0.30 ± 0.046 | 0.19 ± 0.044 | 0.32 ± 0.087 | 0.2047 | 0.1 ± 0.04 | 0.4 ± 0.02 |
20:3n3 | Eicosatrienoic acid | 0.04 ± 0.013 | 0.01 ± 0.013 | 0.04 ± 0.026 | 0.2936 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.02 |
20:3n9 | Mead acid | 0.08 ± 0.020 a | 0.00 ± 0.019 b | 0.15 ± 0.038 a | 0.0018 | 0.5 ± 0.26 | 0.0 ± 0.02 |
20:3n6 | Dihomo-γ-Linoleic acid | 0.64 ± 0.059 a | 0.21 ± 0.056 b | 0.39 ± 0.123 b | <0.0001 | 0.6 ± 0.06 | 0.4 ± 0.02 |
20:4n6 | Arachidonic acid | 13.5 ± 1.04 a | 9.5 ± 0.99 b | 13.4 ± 1.98 a,b | 0.0232 | 12.8 ± 1.42 | 11.7 ± 0.50 |
20:4n3 | Eicosatetraenoic acid | 0.06 ± 0.040 | 0.17 ± 0.039 | 0.09 ± 0.078 | 0.1848 | 0.1 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.02 |
20:5n3 | Eicosapentaenoic acid | 1.9 ± 0.33 a | 4.1 ± 0.31 b | 2.7 ± 0.63 a,b | 0.0003 | 2.1 ± 0.14 | 4.0 ± 0.31 |
22:0 | Behenic acid | 0.15 ± 0.027 | 0.12 ± 0.026 | 0.25 ± 0.051 | 0.0880 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.02 |
22:1n9 | Erucic acid | 0.02 ± 0.042 a | 0.32 ± 0.040 b | 0.29 ± 0.080 b | <0.0001 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.0 ± 0.01 |
22:4n6 | Adrenic acid | 1.7 ± 0.17 a | 0.6 ± 0.16 b | 2.6 ± 0.33 c | <0.0001 | 2.1 ± 0.22 | 1.5 ± 0.07 |
22:5n6 | n6-Docosapentaenoic acid | 0.72 ± 0.119 | 0.48 ± 0.114 | 1.10 ± 0.228 | 0.0566 | 0.8 ± 0.29 | 0.3 ± 0.02 |
22:5n3 | n3-Docosapentaenoic acid | 1.16 ± 0.137 | 0.84 ± 0.132 | 1.50 ± 0.263 | 0.0688 | 1.9 ± 0.20 | 1.1 ± 0.07 |
22:6n3 | Docosahexaenoic acid | 2.0 ± 0.26 | 2.3 ± 0.24 | 2.0 ± 0.49 | 0.6429 | 1.7 ± 0.42 | 1.7 ± 0.11 |
24:0 | Lignoceric acid | 0.08 ± 0.017 a | 0.05 ± 0.017 a | 0.17 ± 0.033 b | 0.0217 | 0.0 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
24:1 | Nervonic acid | 0.12 ± 0.042 a | 0.32 ± 0.040 b | 0.21 ± 0.081 a,b | 0.0108 | 0.26 ± 0.03 | 0.35 ± 0.02 |
Cold-Stunned Sea Turtle Fatty Acid Profiles | Published Healthy Sea Turtle Fatty Acid Profiles | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatty Acid Groups | Species | p-Value # | Species | ||||
C. mydas (n = 11) | L. kempii (n = 12) | C. caretta (n = 3) | C. mydas (n = 11) | L. kempii (n = 12) | |||
Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (HUFA) | 21.8 ± 1.18 a | 18.1 ± 1.13 b | 24.0 ± 2.26 a | 0.0325 | 22.7 ± 1.65 ^ | 20.8 ± 0.67 ^ | |
Monoenes | 33.7 ± 0.99 a | 41.6 ± 0.95 b | 40.1 ± 1.89 b | <0.0001 | 37.5 ± 1.67 ^ | 43.0 ± 0.76 ^ | |
Total n3 fatty acids | 6.4 ± 0.59 | 8.3 ± 0.57 | 7.1 ± 1.14 | 0.0746 | 7.4 ± 0.67 | 7.6 ± 0.53 | |
Total n6 fatty acids | 21.5 ± 1.15 a | 14.7 ± 1.10 b | 21.7 ± 2.20 a | 0.0006 | 21.4 ± 1.75 | 17.6 ± 0.63 | |
Total n9 fatty acids | 25.6 ± 0.79 a | 21.9 ± 0.75 b | 25.5 ± 1.51 a | 0.0054 | 29.3 ± 1.41 | 22.5 ± 0.13 | |
n-6:n-3 Fatty acid ratio | 3.9 ± 0.49 a | 1.9 ± 0.47 b | 3.0 ± 0.93 a,b | 0.0186 | 3.1 ± 0.37 ^ | 2.4 ± 0.17 ^ | |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) | 27.9 ± 1.26 a | 23.0 ± 1.21 b | 29.0 ± 2.42 a | 0.0163 | 29.3± 1.46 ^ | 25.2 ± 0.74 ^ | |
Saturates | 38.4 ± 0.77 a | 35.4 ± 0.74 b | 30.8 ± 1.47 c | 0.0003 | 33.2 ± 0.64 | 31.5 ± 1.78 |
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Heniff, A.C.; Minter, L.J.; Harms, C.A.; Bibus, D.; Koutsos, E.A.; Ange-van Heugten, K.D. Whole Blood Fatty Acid Profiles of Cold-Stunned Juvenile Green, Kemp’s Ridley, and Loggerhead Sea Turtles. J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2023, 4, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg4010001
Heniff AC, Minter LJ, Harms CA, Bibus D, Koutsos EA, Ange-van Heugten KD. Whole Blood Fatty Acid Profiles of Cold-Stunned Juvenile Green, Kemp’s Ridley, and Loggerhead Sea Turtles. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens. 2023; 4(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg4010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeniff, Ashlyn C., Larry J. Minter, Craig A. Harms, Doug Bibus, Elizabeth A. Koutsos, and Kimberly D. Ange-van Heugten. 2023. "Whole Blood Fatty Acid Profiles of Cold-Stunned Juvenile Green, Kemp’s Ridley, and Loggerhead Sea Turtles" Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 4, no. 1: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg4010001