Virtual Reality Mindfulness for Meta-Competence Training among People with Different Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Is mindfulness training an effective intervention for meta-competences development in SEND?
- Can VR-assisted mindfulness support meta-competence training in target groups, such as those with SEND?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Review Design
2.2. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Information Sources
2.4. Search Strategy
2.5. Selection Processes
2.6. Data Collection and Data Items
2.7. Critical Appraisal of Included Literature
2.8. Research Results
3. Theoretical Background
3.1. Mindfulness for Meta-Competence Training: The Mediation of Metacognition
3.2. Mindfulness Training for Emotional Meta-Competences: The Mediation of Emotional Intelligence
3.3. Mindfulness Strategies for Meta-Competence Training
3.4. The Potential of VR in Assisting Mindfulness Training in SEND
4. Summary of Findings
4.1. Mindfulness Strategies for Meta-Competence Training
4.1.1. Mindfulness for Meta-Competence Training in Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Neuropsychiatric Conditions
4.1.2. Mindfulness Strategies for Meta-Competence Training in Intellectual Disabilities
4.1.3. Mindfulness Strategies for Meta-Competence Training in Learning Difficulties
4.1.4. Mindfulness Strategies for Meta-Competence Training in Giftedness
4.2. VR Mindfulness for Meta-Competence Training
4.2.1. VR Mindfulness for Meta-Competence Training in Neurodevelopmental Disorders
4.2.2. VR Mindfulness for Meta-Competence Training in Anxiety Disorders and Phobias
4.2.3. VR Mindfulness for Meta-Competence Training in Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
4.3. Risk of Bias Assessments
4.4. Research Impact, Authors’ Productivity, and Other Metrics
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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Searching String and Main Searching Terms |
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“Mindfulness” OR “Guided meditation” AND/OR “Virtual Reality” OR “VR” OR “3D” OR “Immersive technologies” AND “Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder” OR “Autism Spectrum Disorder” OR “Intellectual Disability” OR “Dyslexia” OR “Giftedness” OR “Specific Learning Difficulties” OR “Anxiety” OR “Depression” OR “Phobias” AND “Metacognitive Skills” OR “Self-regulation” OR “Emotion Regulation” OR “Self-awareness” OR “Emotional awareness” OR “Inhibition control” OR “Attention regulation” OR “Adaptability” |
Reference | Country | Target Group | Participants | Duration | Mindfulness Program | Measurement | Research Design | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singh et al., 2003 [94] | USA | ID | n = 1, 27-year-old | 10 sessions, 30 mi./sessions | Soles of the Feet | Staff- and self-reported behaviors | Case study | Improved self-control |
Singh et al., 2007 [95] | USA | ID | n = 3 27–43 years | 10 sessions, 30 mi./sessions | Soles of the Feet | Staff- and self-reported behaviors, | Multiple baseline design | Better control of aggressive behavior |
Huguet et al., 2019 [27] | Spain | ADHD | n =70 (nexp = 34, nclt = 36 7 to 12 years, F = 51, m = 19 Mage = 9 | 8 sessions, 75 min per session | MBCT | K-SADS-PL, Wisc-IV, DSM-IV-TR, CBCL | RCT | Enhanced emotional regulation |
Tarrasch et al., 2016 [96] | Israel | LD (ADHD, DYX) | n = 24 24–48 years Mage = 30 | 8 weekly sessions | MBSR | MAAS, PSS, RRQ, SWLS | Feasibility Study | Improved impulse and attentional regulation, better reading skills |
Zaccari et al., 2022 [90] | Italy | ADHD | n = 25 (nexp = 15, nclt = 10) Mage = 8.9 | 24 sessions, 6 min. and rising to 30 min. | Breathing, mindfulness of body parts, mindfulness of thoughts, mindful games | CBCL, CPRS-R:L, SDSC | RCT | Sleep improvements and better behavioral regulation |
Reese et al., 2015 [93] | USA | TS | n = 18 16–67 years | 8 weekly 2-h classes and one 4-h retreat | MBSR | SCID, YGTSS, CGI-I, ATQ, WSAS | nRCT | Better control of tic intensity |
Spek et al., 2013 [92] | Netherlands | ASD | n = 41, (nexp = 20, nClt = 21), 18 and 65 years | 9 weeks 40–60 min daily | Mindfulness-based-therapy for autism spectrum disorders | SCL-90-R RRQ GMS VCI, WAISIII | RCT | Better self-management of anxiety, depression, and rumination |
Pradhan et al., 2017 [97] | USA | LD | n = 3, 8–10 years | 10 sessions, 30 min | MBR-RAM | WISC-IV, WIAT-III | Case study | Improved self-regulation, self-observation, and emotional regulation |
Juliano et al., 2020 [91] | USA | ASD | n = 27 11–16 years, F = 21, M = 6, Mage = 13.60 | 16 sessions, 30 min/session | Mindful Schools curriculum | CWIT, CN | Feasibility study | Improved inhibitory control |
Santonastaso et al., 2020 [89] | Italy | ADHD | n = 25 (nexp = 15, nclt = 10) 7–11 years Mage = 8.9 | 3 times per week for 8 weeks | Mindful breathing, body scan, self-observation of thoughts | CPT-II, CPRS-R:L, CBCL 6–18, CBCL 6–18, CDI, PSI-SF, | RCT | Improvements in attentional control, inhibition control, and emotional regulation |
Turanzas et al., 2020 [98] | Spain | GIFT | n = 22 8–14 years Mage = 11.36 | 8 weekly 90-min group sessions | Mindfulness for Giftedness | CAMM, AFQ-Y, CDI, STAIC, PANAS-C, ESCQ | Pilot study | Improved emotional recognition and emotional regulation |
Olton-Weber et al., 2020 [99] | USA | GIFT | n = 42, F = 18, M = 22, NB = 2, 11 to 14 years | 6 weeks | BREATHE | CAPS, CAMM | quasi-experimental design | Better recognition and regulation of self-imposed forms of perfectionism |
Reference | Country | Clinical Condition | Sample | VR Design | Duration | Mindfulness Program | Type of Measurement | Research Design | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lunsky et al., 2022 [28] | Canada | ASD | n = 37 Mage = 31, F = 14, M = 21, NB = 2 | VR meeting platform | 6 weeks, 60 min per session | MBSR | DASS-21, FFMQ-SF, SCS-SF | Feasibility study | Better regulation of stress, connectedness |
Veling et al., 2021 [112] | Netherlands | ANX, PSY, DEP or BPD | n = 50 (nexp = 25, nClt. = 25), F = 33, M = 17, Mage = 41.6 | Samsung Galaxy S6 or S7 smartphone, connected to the Samsung Gear VR HMD, VR relaxation software | 20 (minimum of 10 min, 10 consecutive days per session) | Guided meditation and progressive relaxation techniques | BAI, GPTS, IDS, PSS-10, VAS, SSQ | RCT | Improved ability to regulate negative emotions. Enhanced positive thinking. |
Lacey et al., 2022 [109] | New Zealand | Specific Phobias | n = 126 (nexp = 51/63 analysed, nclt: 58/63 analysed), Mage = 42.2 | Smartphone app combined with the headset that holds the smartphone and uses 360° video | 6 weeks | Meditative techniques based on acceptance and flexibility around anxiety | SMSP, PHQ9, BFNE | RCT | Flexibility to behavioral change, optimism, better self-management of negative thoughts and fears |
Chavez et al., 2020 [103] | USA | DEP, ANX, ADHD, BPD | n = 28 (n1 =8, n2= 11, n3 = 10) M= 15, F = 14 Mage = 21.6 | Oculus Go headset | 1 session | Guided meditation | STAI-6, salivary cortisol | RCT | Anxiety regulation, no difference in cortisol levels. |
Shiban et al., 2017 [108] | Germany | DEP, PB | n= 29, (nexp = 15, nClt.= 14), Mage = 34.3, F = 24, M = 5 | V6 Head Mounted Display | 1 session | Mindful Breathing | HR, SCL, RR, ASI, FFS, FSB | RCT | Improved ability of self-control |
Cikajlo et al., 2017 [87] | Ireland | ANX | n = 8 24–48 years | ReCoVR System Design, 3D VR headset | 8 weeks, 30 min/per session | MBSR | SWLS, MAAS | Feasibility Study | well-being, attention regulation, and anxiety management |
Navarro et al., 2016 [111] | USA | BPD | n = 1, 32 years, F = 1 | Kaiser Electro-OpticsVR goggles | 4 sessions | DBT Mindfulness | DBT diary card, KIMS-Short, | Case study | Improved self-regulation, observation skills, emotional regulation |
Navarro et al., 2019 [107] | Spain | GAD | n = 39 (nexp = 19, nCtl. = 20), F = 30, M = 9, Mage = 45.23 | Oculus Rift DK2 VR goggles with head-mounted display, with head tracking | 6 sessions | DBT Mindfulness skills training | GAD-7, HADS, FFMQ, DERS, VAAS | RCT | Improved self-regulation of anxiety, depression, and emotion regulation and interoceptive awareness. |
Gomez et al., 2017 [106] | Saudi Arabia | ANX | n = 1, 21 years old | Oculus Rift DK2 VR goggles | 4 sessions | DBT® mindfulness skills training | PCL-C | Case study | Improvements in positive thinking, emotional regulation |
Modrego-Alarcon et al., 2021 [102] | Spain | ANX | n = 280 (nexp = 93, nClt1 = 93, nclt2 = 94), F = 59, M = 221 Mage = 22.25 years | VR goggles | 6 weeks, once a week, 90 min per session | MBSR | PSS, STAI | RCT | Better self-control, emotional balance, reduced anxiety, academic engagement |
Tarrant et al., 2018 [105] | USA | GAD | n = 26 (nexp = 14, nCtl.= 12), F = 20, M = 6, Mage = 46.21 | Gear VR HMD powered by Samsung S7, Mindfulness in nature experience, by StoryUp VR | a brief 75 min VR meditation intervention | Participants completed VR and non-VR meditations | GAD-7, STAI EEG patterns | RCT | Improved self-regulation of anxiety. VR group showed significant electrophysiological markers indicating lower anxiety |
Mistry et al., 2020 [104] | Canada | PTSD | n = 96 (clinical sample: n = 26), F = 54, M = 42, Mage = 24.02 96 (54 females, 42 males). | Head Mounted Display | 1 session | Guided meditation | LEC-5, LES, ACE, PCL-5, MEQ, TRASC, mDES, BASS, | Within-group mixed-methods study | Positive affect increased. Improved emotional regulation ability. Better stress management. |
Habak et al., 2021 [83] | Australia | DEP | n = 79, F = 53, M = 23 male, NB = 3, 25–34 years | VR headset | 3 sessions | Positive Visualizations | PANAS, BHS, SWEMWBS, | Pilot study | Better regulation of negative affect |
Serra-Pla et al., 2017 [100] | Spain | ADHD | n = 50, nexp = 25, nclt = 25 | VR goggles | Four 30-min sessions | MBSR | Pre-treatment, post-treatment, and at 3- and 12-months post-treatment. | RCT | Improved self-management skills |
Bossenbroek et al., 2020 [101] | Nehterlands | ADHD, ASD | n = 8 (F = 1, M = 7, Mage= 14.67 | Immersive VR biofeedback game | 4 weeks, 6 sessions. 15 min. | Mindful breathing | STAI, Likert Scale to measure disruptive classroom behavior | Single-case experimental study | Improved self-regulation skills |
Seol et al., 2017 [110] | Korea | PD | n = 5 | Head-mounted display, leap motion sensor, PSL-lecg2 and Falcon device | 2 sessions | Mindfulness scenarios, breathing regulatory guidance | DASS | Pilot Study | Improved ability to consciously stabilize their state of mind. improved self-management of anxiety, and positive feelings of peacefulness. |
Ilioudi et al., 2023 [113] | Sweden | DEP, BPD, ANX | n = 60, nexp = 40, nClt = 20, F = 35, M = 25 Mage = 39.1 | Head-mounted display (an Oculus Go) running in a mobile app | 1 session | Βreathing exercises, Guided relaxation | MADRS-S, BAI | Quasi RCT | Improved ability to induce self-relaxation |
Source | Journal | Publisher | Quartile Score | SJR (2022) |
---|---|---|---|---|
[104] | Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy | American Psychological Association | Q1 | 2.11 |
[112,113] | Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) | JMIR Publications Inc. | Q1 | 1.99 |
[109] | Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry | SAGE Publications Ltd. | Q1 | 1.82 |
[102] | Behaviour Research and Therapy | Elsevier Ltd. | Q1 | 1.79 |
[101,103] | JMIR Mental Health | JMIR Publications Inc. | Q1 | 1.41 |
[108] | BMC Psychiatry | BioMed Central Ltd. | Q1 | 1.29 |
[28,98] | Mindfulness | Springer Verlag | Q1 | 1.26 |
[93] | Journal of Psychosomatic Research | Elsevier Inc. | Q1 | 1.13 |
[90] | Psychology and Health | Routledge | Q1 | 1.03 |
[99] | Gifted Child Quarterly | SAGE Publications Inc. | Q1 | 0.93 |
[95] | Behavior Modification | SAGE Publications Inc. | Q1 | 0.9 |
[27] | Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics (JDBP) | Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Ltd. | Q1 | 0.75 |
[96,105,106,107,111] | Frontiers in Psychology | Frontiers Media S.A. | Q2 | 0.89 |
[83,89] | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) | Q2 | 0.83 |
[91,92,94] | Research in Developmental Disabilities | Elsevier Inc. | Q2 | 0.77 |
[87] | JMIR Research Protocols | JMIR Publications Inc. | Q2 | 0.53 |
[100] | Revista de Neurologia | Revista de Neurologia | Q3 | 0.29 |
[97] | Adolescent Psychiatry | Bentham Science Publishers B.V. | Not yet assigned | - |
[110] | Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, VRST | Association for Computing Machinery | Not yet assigned | - |
Source | First Author Name | Total Publications | h-Index | Total Citations |
---|---|---|---|---|
[94,95] | Singh, Nirbhay | 612 | 45 | 12,822 |
[28] | Lunsky, Yona J. | 279 | 37 | 5019 |
[112] | Veling, Wim | 116 | 31 | 3038 |
[27] | Huguet, Anna | 64 | 27 | 3752 |
[96] | Tarrasch, Ricardo | 78 | 26 | 2401 |
[109] | Lacey, Cameron J. | 105 | 19 | 1436 |
[90] | Zaccari, Vittorio | 82 | 19 | 1242 |
[93] | Reese, Hannah | 38 | 17 | 1523 |
[103] | Chavez, Laura Johnson | 54 | 16 | 678 |
[108] | Shiban, Youssef | 35 | 15 | 1638 |
[87] | Cikajlo, Imre | 77 | 14 | 900 |
[92] | Spek, Annelies | 25 | 13 | 718 |
[97] | Pradhan, Basant | 31 | 11 | 443 |
[107,111] | Navarro-Haro, María V. | 25 | 10 | 438 |
[106] | Gómez, Jocelyn | 11 | 9 | 198 |
[102] | Modrego-Alarcón, Marta | 13 | 8 | 373 |
[91] | Juliano, Anthony | 17 | 6 | 548 |
[89] | Santonastaso, Ornella | 9 | 6 | 125 |
[105] | Tarrant, Jeffrey M. | 10 | 5 | 236 |
[104] | Mistry, Divya | 5 | 4 | 50 |
[83] | Habak, Stephanie | 6 | 3 | 27 |
[100] | Serra-Pla, Juanfran Francisco | 3 | 3 | 33 |
[98] | Turanzas, Jorge | 3 | 3 | 32 |
[110] | Seol, Eunbi | 3 | 3 | 30 |
[101] | Bossenbroek, Rineke | 3 | 2 | 42 |
[99] | Olton-Weber, Sophia | 1 | 1 | 28 |
[113] | Ilioudi, Maria | 1 | 0 | 0 |
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Mitsea, E.; Drigas, A.; Skianis, C. Virtual Reality Mindfulness for Meta-Competence Training among People with Different Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review. Psychiatry Int. 2023, 4, 324-353. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint4040031
Mitsea E, Drigas A, Skianis C. Virtual Reality Mindfulness for Meta-Competence Training among People with Different Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review. Psychiatry International. 2023; 4(4):324-353. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint4040031
Chicago/Turabian StyleMitsea, Eleni, Athanasios Drigas, and Charalabos Skianis. 2023. "Virtual Reality Mindfulness for Meta-Competence Training among People with Different Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review" Psychiatry International 4, no. 4: 324-353. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint4040031
APA StyleMitsea, E., Drigas, A., & Skianis, C. (2023). Virtual Reality Mindfulness for Meta-Competence Training among People with Different Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review. Psychiatry International, 4(4), 324-353. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint4040031