Assessing Reliability of Recycled Water in Wicking Beds for Sustainable Urban Agriculture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Conditions
2.2. Experimental Design and Treatments
2.3. Soil, Water and Plant Tissue Analysis
2.4. Yield, Fruit Quality, Plant Growth and Water Use Efficiency
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Yield, Plant Growth and Water Use Efficiency
3.2. Salt Accumulation in Soil Layer
3.3. Soil Sodicity
3.4. Total Nitrogen and Other Nutrients
3.5. Tomato Plant Tissue
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Properties | Water Properties | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Soil texture | 90/5 | Element | FW | RW |
pH (H2O) | 7.57 | pH | 7.55 | 7.67 |
EC1:5 (dS/m) | 1.75 | EC (dS/m) | 0.38 | 1.42 |
Nitrate NO3 (mg/kg) | 6.20 | Cl (mg/L) | 68.75 | 330.00 |
Ammonium NO3 (mg/kg) | 1.23 | Total N (TKN + NOx) | 0.15 | 2.45 |
Ca (mg/kg) | 4659.53 | TC (mg/L) | 9.50 | 30.00 |
Mg (mg/kg) | 188.53 | Ca (mg/L) | 14.50 | 31.50 |
K (mg/kg) | 376.48 | Mg (mg/L) | 7.25 | 24.25 |
P (mg/kg) | 29.00 | K (mg/L) | 2.50 | 31.75 |
Na (mg/kg) | 143.08 | TP (mg/L) | 0.02 | 0.05 |
Ca:Mg | 15.00 | Na (mg/L) | 49.25 | 232.5 |
SAR | 2.62 | 7.56 |
Item No. | Treatment Label | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | T1WF2D | Wicking bed with fresh water, 2-day irrigation interval |
2 | T2WFM2D | Wicking bed with fresh water, 2-day irrigation interval, surface mulched |
3 | T3WR2D | Wicking bed with recycled water, 2-day irrigation interval |
4 | T4SF2D | Surface irrigation treatment with fresh water, same amount in treatment T1, 2-day irrigation interval |
5 | T5SF1.22D | Surface irrigation treatment with fresh water, 20% extra of treatment T1, 2-day irrigation interval |
6 | T6SR2D | Surface irrigation treatment with fresh water, same amount in treatment T3, 2-day irrigation interval |
7 | T7WF7D | Wicking bed with fresh water, 7-day irrigation interval |
8 | T8WR7D | Wicking bed with recycled water, 7-day irrigation interval |
9 | T9WFO2D | Sureface irrigation treatment with fresh water, outdoor, 2-day irrigation interval |
10 | T10SFO2D | Sureface irrigation treatment with fresh water, same amount in T9, outdoor, 2-day irrigation interval |
11 | T11WFB | Wicking bed with fresh water in large container |
Treatment | Marketable Yield (kg/plant) | Total Water (L/plant) | Crop Water Use (L/kg) | iWUE (g/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|
T1 WF2D | 1.43 bcd | 68.32 d | 48.0 b | 20.90 ab |
T2 WFM2D | 1.54 abc | 72.52 cd | 47.5 b | 21.20 a |
T3 WR2D | 1.04 de | 58.38 e | 56.5 ab | 17.80 abc |
T4 SF2D | 1.16 cde | 68.32 d | 59.6 ab | 17.00 bc |
T5 SF1.22D | 1.42 bcd | 81.98 b | 58.0 ab | 17.40 abc |
T6 SR2D | 0.92 e | 58.58 e | 66.2 a | 15.60 c |
T7 WF7D | 1.05 de | 53.70 e | 51.7 ab | 19.50 abc |
T8 WR7D | 0.78 e | 43.34 f | 63.9 ab | 18.10 abc |
T9 WFO2D | 1.77 ab | 86.22 b | 48.8 b | 20.50 ab |
T10 SFO2D | 1.63 ab | 86.26 b | 53.0 ab | 19.00 abc |
T11 WFB | 1.96 a | 103.36 a | 54.4 ab | 19.00 abc |
Treatment | Water Quality | Mean | Depth (mm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–75 | 75–150 | 150–225 | 225–300 | |||
T1WF2D | FW | 1.84 ± 0.33 a | 2.20 ± 0.10 | 1.93 ± 0.06 | 1.83 ± 0.21 | 1.40 ± 0.20 |
T3WR2D | RW | 2.11 ± 0.36 b | 2.63 ± 0.12 | 2.10 ± 0.00 | 2.07 ± 0.06 | 1.63 ± 0.06 |
T4SF2D | FW | 1.42 ± 0.50 c | 0.64 ± 0.16 | 1.53 ± 0.25 | 1.67 ± 0.15 | 1.83 ± 0.06 |
T6SR2D | RW | 1.77 ± 0.53 a | 0.94 ± 0.16 | 1.83 ± 0.06 | 2.13 ± 0.12 | 2.17 ± 0.06 |
T7WF7D | FW | 1.79 ± 0.26 a | 1.93 ± 0.12 | 1.90 ± 0.10 | 1.93± 0.06 | 1.40 ± 0.17 |
T8WR7D | RW | 2.03 ± 0.28 b | 2.30 ± 0.30 | 2.03 ± 0.06 | 2.13 ± 0.06 | 1.67 ± 0.15 |
Treatment | Water Quality | Mean | Depth (mm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–75 | 75–150 | 150–225 | 225–300 | |||
T1W 2D | FW | 0.70 ± 0.18 a | 0.95 ± 0.16 | 0.66 ± 0.04 | 0.62 ± 0.10 | 0.58 ± 0.06 |
T3W 2D | RW | 1.52 ± 0.24 b | 1.58 ± 0.13 | 1.24 ± 0.19 | 1.54 ± 0.16 | 1.73 ± 0.20 |
T4S 2D | FW | 0.47 ± 0.13 c | 0.37 ± 0.17 | 0.39 ± 0.08 | 0.53 ± 0.06 | 0.60 ± 0.07 |
T6S 2D | RW | 1.46 ± 0.14 b | 1.40 ± 0.03 | 1.35 ± 0.15 | 1.54 ± 0.14 | 1.53 ± 0.14 |
T7W 7D | FW | 0.63 ± 0.13 a | 0.73 ± 0.23 | 0.64 ± 0.04 | 0.60 ± 0.05 | 0.57 ± 0.10 |
T8W 7D | RW | 1.20 ± 0.23 d | 1.11 ± 0.13 | 0.96 ± 0.12 | 1.28 ± 0.13 | 1.47 ± 0.18 |
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Semananda, N.P.K.; Ward, J.D.; Myers, B.R. Assessing Reliability of Recycled Water in Wicking Beds for Sustainable Urban Agriculture. Earth 2021, 2, 468-484. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth2030028
Semananda NPK, Ward JD, Myers BR. Assessing Reliability of Recycled Water in Wicking Beds for Sustainable Urban Agriculture. Earth. 2021; 2(3):468-484. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth2030028
Chicago/Turabian StyleSemananda, Niranjani P. K., James D. Ward, and Baden R. Myers. 2021. "Assessing Reliability of Recycled Water in Wicking Beds for Sustainable Urban Agriculture" Earth 2, no. 3: 468-484. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth2030028