Fast and Reliable Multiresidue Analysis of Aromas in Wine by Means of Gas Chromatography Coupled with Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Wine Sampling
2.3. Preliminary Chemical Analysis on Wine Samples
2.4. Extraction Methods
2.4.1. Headspace Analysis
2.4.2. Liquid-Liquid Extraction
2.4.3. Direct Injection
2.5. GC-MS/QqQ Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary Chemical Analysis
3.2. Comparison and Choice of the Extraction Procedure
3.3. Study of the Analytical Parameters
3.4. Analysis of Real Wine Samples for Determining the Aromas
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wine 1 | Alcohol Content (% vol) | Reducing Sugar (g L−1) | pH | Total Acidity (g L−1) | Volatile Acidity 2 (g L−1) | Malic Acid (g L−1) | Lactic Acid (g L−1) | Catechin (mg L−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fiano 1 | 12.7 | < 2.0 | 3.48 | 6.6 | 0.54 | 0 | 1.23 | 52 |
Fiano 2 | 12.9 | < 2.0 | 3.40 | 7.2 | 0.75 | 0 | 1.26 | 73 |
Compound | Recovery (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 g L−1 | 2 g L−1 | 5 g L−1 | 10 g L−1 | 15 g L−1 | |
Ethyl acetate | 98.8 (7.1) | 96.7 (5.9) | 94.7 (3.8) | 91.2 (3.5) | 85.5 (3.2) |
Isopropanol | 101.2 (6.9) | 98.3 (5.7) | 95.9 (4.0) | 92.9 (4.1) | 88.1 (3.0) |
2,3-Butanediol | 102.4 (8.1) | 97.9 (7.1) | 95.1 (5.1) | 90.2 (3.0) | 87.3 (2.6) |
1-Butanol | 99.5 (6.1) | 98.2 (4.9) | 94.8 (3.4) | 89.9 (3.5) | 85.2 (2.1) |
Pentanol | 99.8 (7.2) | 97.7 (6.5) | 94.3 (4.2) | 89.5 (2.8) | 88.1 (2.4) |
Propylene glycol | 101.4 (6.6) | 98.5 (5.1) | 97.2 (4.2) | 93.6 (3.2) | 89.3 (2.6) |
Ethyl lactate | 99.5 (6.1) | 97.2 (4.5) | 91.6 (3.9) | 91.8 (2.9) | 90.1 (2.5) |
Furfural | 98.7 (6.4) | 96.3 (4.6) | 94.7 (3,7) | 92.8 (3.1) | 89.5 (2.9) |
Hexanol | 98.9 (5.7) | 97.1 (4.2) | 94.2 (3.5) | 91.5 (2.7) | 88.3 (2.1) |
Lactic acid | 99.5 (5.7) | 97.6 (5.2) | 94.5 (4.8) | 93.0 (3.8) | 91.2 (2,3) |
Hydroxymethylfurfural | 101.0 (6.0) | 98.2 (4.8) | 96.1 (4.1) | 91.2 (3.3) | 90.8 (1.8) |
Succinic acid | 99.7 (6.4) | 97.5 (4.0) | 95.2 (3.1) | 91.3 (2.8) | 91.5 (1.7) |
Tyrosol | 100.1 (7.8) | 97.9 (6.1) | 94.2 (4.2) | 92.2 (2.9) | 89.9 (2.3) |
Compound | R2 | LOD | LOQ | Intraday | Interday | Recovery (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(µg mL−1) | (µg mL−1) | (as RSD,%) | (as RSD,%) | 0.5 µg mL−1 | 20 µg mL−1 | ||
Ethyl acetate | 0.9968 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 6.5 | 7.5 | 94.1 (3.9) | 97.8 (2.1) |
Isopropanol | 0.9952 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 3.4 | 6.4 | 93.1 (4.1) | 98.7 (3.6) |
2,3-Butanediol | 0.9981 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 4.5 | 6.3 | 96.2 (2.9) | 98.4 (3.3) |
1-Butanol | 0.9989 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 2.8 | 5.2 | 95.9 (4.1) | 100.2 (3.7) |
Pentanol | 0.9979 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 3.9 | 5.5 | 96.2 (4.7) | 101.1 (3.0) |
Propylene glycol | 0.9985 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 3.6 | 5.7 | 92.3 (3.6) | 98.5 (2.7) |
Ethyl lactate | 0.9977 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 4.2 | 6.7 | 93.1 (4.5) | 99.2 (3.7) |
Furfural | 0.9991 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 5.6 | 8.5 | 94.5 (5.9) | 98.3 (2.1) |
Hexanol | 0.9968 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 4.8 | 7.2 | 97.3 (4.1) | 100.5 (3.2) |
Lactic acid | 0.9985 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 4.5 | 6.6 | 94.2 (4.3) | 97.3 (2.8) |
Hydroxymethylfurfural | 0.9982 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 5.1 | 8.2 | 95.8 (3.8) | 99.7 (2.9) |
Succinic acid | 0.9979 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 4.2 | 5.9 | 94.5 (4.7) | 98.9 (4.4) |
Tyrosol | 0.9944 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 3.7 | 6.3 | 96.9 (5.3) | 99.5 (2.1) |
Compound | tr (min) | Fiano White Wine (µg mL−1) | |
---|---|---|---|
Cherry Barrel | Steel Tank | ||
Ethyl acetate | 9.68 | 4.08 | 1.94 |
Isobutanol | 10.58 | 8.40 | 3.76 |
Acetic acid | 10.74 | 3.24 | n.d. |
Ammonium acetate | 10.94 | 11.27 | 2.43 |
Diglycerol | 11.17 | 45.06 | n.d. |
1-Hydroxypropan-2-one | 12.54 | 2.02 | 0.28 |
Isoamyl alcohol | 13.24 | 25.87 | 20.76 |
Pentanol | 13.29 | 7.28 | 5.42 |
1-Heptene-4-ol | 14.17 | 0.35 | 0.12 |
Dioxirane | 14.40 | 0.26 | n.d. |
Propylene glycol | 14.54 | 2.10 | 1.75 |
Ethyl lactate | 15.14 | 1.52 | 1.22 |
2,3-Butanediol | 15.32 | 8.59 | 7.21 |
1,3-Butanediol | 15.50 | 5.67 | 4.38 |
Furan-2-carbaldehyde (or Furfural) | 16.07 | 3.38 | 0.47 |
Hexanol | 16.22 | 0.25 | 0.19 |
2-Furanmethanol | 16.53 | 2.13 | 0.10 |
Lactic acid | 16.96 | 0.19 | 0.06 |
Pyruvic acid | 17.10 | 0.64 | 0.07 |
1-Methoxybutan-2-ol | 17.39 | 0.12 | 0.25 |
1,3-Dioxane-2-methyl-4-methyl | 17.58 | 0.41 | n.d. |
4-Acethylpyrazole | 17.67 | 0.45 | 0.08 |
2,4-Dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone | 18.53 | 1.73 | 0.16 |
Furfural-5-metil | 18.84 | 2.00 | 0.76 |
4-Oxopentanedioic acid | 18.91 | 1.83 | 0.26 |
Dihydroxyacetone (or 1,3-Dihydroxypropan-2-one) | 19.04 | 2.36 | n.d. |
Pyran-2,6(3H)-dione | 19.89 | 0.67 | 0.55 |
2-Acetylfuran (or 2-Furyl methyl ketone) | 21.40 | 1.05 | 0.07 |
Phenethyl alcohol | 21.58 | 9.17 | 15.57 |
Diethyl butanedioate (or Diethyl succinate) | 21.73 | 0.62 | 0.58 |
Glycerin acetate (or 1-acetylglycerol) | 21.86 | 0.54 | 0.31 |
Pyrarone | 22.15 | 7.03 | 1.07 |
Ethyl succinate | 22.18 | 12.15 | 12.77 |
5-Hydroxymaltol | 22.43 | 0.59 | 0.01 |
Succinic acid (or Butanedioic acid) | 22.85 | 3.61 | 7.72 |
2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran | 23.18 | 1.65 | 0.54 |
Hydroxymethylfurfural | 23.56 | 10.16 | 0.09 |
Tyrosol (or 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)phenol) | 27.07 | 5.27 | 6.00 |
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Guerriero, E.; Iorizzo, M.; Cerasa, M.; Notardonato, I.; Testa, B.; Letizia, F.; Di Fiore, C.; Russo, M.V.; Avino, P. Fast and Reliable Multiresidue Analysis of Aromas in Wine by Means of Gas Chromatography Coupled with Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Analytica 2021, 2, 38-49. https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica2020005
Guerriero E, Iorizzo M, Cerasa M, Notardonato I, Testa B, Letizia F, Di Fiore C, Russo MV, Avino P. Fast and Reliable Multiresidue Analysis of Aromas in Wine by Means of Gas Chromatography Coupled with Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Analytica. 2021; 2(2):38-49. https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica2020005
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuerriero, Ettore, Massimo Iorizzo, Marina Cerasa, Ivan Notardonato, Bruno Testa, Francesco Letizia, Cristina Di Fiore, Mario Vincenzo Russo, and Pasquale Avino. 2021. "Fast and Reliable Multiresidue Analysis of Aromas in Wine by Means of Gas Chromatography Coupled with Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry" Analytica 2, no. 2: 38-49. https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica2020005