Ongoing Community-Based Whole-Food, Plant-Based Lifestyle Effectively Preserves Muscle Mass during Body Mass Loss
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Eligibility
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Outcomes
2.3.1. Demographic Characteristics of the Subjects
2.3.2. Anthropometrics and BC Parameters
2.3.3. Baseline Western-Type Lifestyle and the Intervention WFPB Lifestyle Programme Characteristics
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics of the Subjects
3.2. Anthropometrics and BC Indices
4. Discussion
4.1. Main Findings
4.2. Anthropometrics and BC Indices
4.3. Baseline Western-Type Lifestyle of the Participants and the Changed WFPB Lifestyle Programme
5. Strength, Limitations and Future Direction
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | N = 217 |
---|---|
Age (years) | 41.1 ± 12.7 |
Woman (n (%)) | 145 (66.8) |
Man (n (%)) | 72 (33.2) |
BH (cm) | 170.8 ± 8.6 |
BH of woman (cm) | 166.2 ± 5.6 |
BH of man (cm) | 180.0 ± 5.9 |
Physical activity (n (%)) † | |
Resistance workout †† | 48 (22) |
Walking ‡ | 89 (41) |
No PA | 92 (42) |
Alcohol intake (≥ 3 times/w, n (%)) | 14 (7) |
Smoking habits (yes, n (%)) | 11 (5.1) |
Education status (n (%)) | |
High school | 103 (47.5) |
College or more | 114 (52.5) |
Woman (N = 145) | Man (N = 72) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Baseline | FU | Mean Diff. | p-Value | Baseline | FU | Mean Diff. | p-Value |
BM (kg) | 67.8 ± 11.8 | 65.4 ± 10.4 | −2.4 ± 3.1 | <0.001 | 88.0 ± 17.5 | 84.2 ± 15.4 | −3.9 ± 5.6 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.5 ± 4.0 | 23.6 ± 3.4 | −0.9 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | 27.1 ± 5.0 | 25.9 ± 4.3 | −1.2 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
BFM/BH (kg/cm) † | 0.12 ± 0.05 | 0.10 ± 0.04 | −0.02 ± 0.01 | <0.001 | 0.11 ± 0.06 | 0.08 ± 0.05 | −0.03 ± 0.02 | <0.001 |
FFM/BH (kg/cm) † | 0.29 ± 0.04 | 0.30 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.063 | 0.37 ± 0.05 | 0.37 ± 0.05 | 0 | N/A |
TBW (kg) | 35.8 ± 6.3 | 35.8 ± 5.4 | 0 | N/A | 46.7 ± 8.5 | 47.7 ± 7.6 | 1.0 ± 7.8 | 0.261 |
ECW (kg) | 15.3 ± 2.6 | 15.2 ± 2.3 | −0.1 ± 2.7 | 0.520 | 18.9 ± 3.1 | 18.7 ± 2.8 | −0.2 ± 3.3 | 0.587 |
ICW (kg) | 20.7 ± 4.2 | 20.7 ± 3.6 | 0 | N/A | 27.4 ± 5.9 | 28.9 ± 5.5 | 1.5 ± 5.9 | <0.046 |
ECW–ICW ratio (%) | 75.4 ± 11.3 | 74.2 ± 8.8 | −1.2 ± 12.6 | 0.254 | 70.4 ± 11.5 | 65.7 ± 8.7 | −4.7 ± 12.6 | 0.002 |
PhA (°) | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 5.8 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.6 | 0.031 | 6.2 ± 0.9 | 6.6 ± 0.9 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
BM (kg) | BFM (kg) | FFM (kg) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | FU | Mean Diff. | p-Value | Baseline | FU | Mean Diff. | p-Value | Baseline | FU | Mean Diff. | p-Value | |
BMI classification * | ||||||||||||
Normal BMI class † | 64.2 ± 8.2 | 63.0 ± 8.2 | −1.2 ± 2.2 | <0.001 | 14.7 ± 4.2 | 12.3 ± 4.1 | −2.4 ± 1.6 | <0.001 | 50.5 ± 8.6 | 51.4 ± 9.1 | 0.9 ± 2.7 | <0.001 |
Pre-obesity BMI class †† | 80.7 ± 9.8 | 76.8 ± 9.5 | −3.9 ± 3.7 | <0.001 | 21.4 ± 5.6 | 17.8 ± 5.9 | −3.6 ± 2.7 | <0.001 | 57.7 ± 11.3 | 57.4 ± 11.5 | −0.3 ± 4.5 | 0.613 |
Obesity BMI class ††† | 101.0 ± 18.7 | 93.5 ± 18.6 | −7.5 ± 6.1 | <0.001 | 34.3 ± 10.6 | 28.6 ± 11.0 | −5.6 ± 5.4 | <0.001 | 65.5 ± 13.9 | 64.0 ± 12.9 | −1.5 ± 3.6 | 0.032 |
Sub-analysis | ||||||||||||
BM loss < 5 kg | 71.3 ± 14.4 | 69.9 ± 13.9 | −1.4 ± 1.8 | <0.001 | 17.9 ± 7.4 | 15.5 ± 7.4 | −2.3 ± 1.4 | <0.001 | 53.5 ± 10.7 | 54.3 ± 10.9 | 0.8 ± 3.2 | 0.001 |
BM loss ≥ 5 kg | 88.2 ± 19.0 | 79.4 ± 17.3 | −8.8 ± 5.2 | <0.001 | 26.5 ± 10.9 | 19.8 ± 10.4 | −6.7 ± 4.6 | <0.001 | 60.8 ± 13.4 | 58.6 ± 12.6 | −2.2 ± 3.9 | <0.001 |
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Jakše, B.; Jakše, B.; Godnov, U.; Pinter, S. Ongoing Community-Based Whole-Food, Plant-Based Lifestyle Effectively Preserves Muscle Mass during Body Mass Loss. Obesities 2022, 2, 157-170. https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities2020014
Jakše B, Jakše B, Godnov U, Pinter S. Ongoing Community-Based Whole-Food, Plant-Based Lifestyle Effectively Preserves Muscle Mass during Body Mass Loss. Obesities. 2022; 2(2):157-170. https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities2020014
Chicago/Turabian StyleJakše, Boštjan, Barbara Jakše, Uroš Godnov, and Stanislav Pinter. 2022. "Ongoing Community-Based Whole-Food, Plant-Based Lifestyle Effectively Preserves Muscle Mass during Body Mass Loss" Obesities 2, no. 2: 157-170. https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities2020014