Obesity and Ideal Cardiovascular Health: Results from the My Research Legacy Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Cohort
2.2. Overweight, Obesity, and Ideal Cardiovascular Health
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Differences in Ideal Cardiovascular Health Data among Normal-Weight, Overweight, and Obese Participants
3.2. Ideal Cardiovascular Health in Obese Participants
3.3. Digital Health Data and Life’s Simple 7 Health Score
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Normal Weight (n = 523) | Overweight (n = 378) | Obese (n = 660) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 42.7 ± 14.0 | 44.8 ± 13.6 | 45.1 ± 11.8 | <0.01 |
Gender (% female) | 82.6 | 74.3 | 81.5 | <0.01 |
Race and Ethnicity (no.) | <0.01 | |||
Asian | 17 | 17 | 8 | |
Black | 12 | 10 | 38 | |
Hispanic | 16 | 22 | 30 | |
White | 458 | 322 | 557 | |
Other | 20 | 7 | 27 | |
Region (no.) | <0.01 | |||
Northeast | 74 | 61 | 92 | |
South | 199 | 148 | 275 | |
Midwest | 120 | 77 | 181 | |
West | 130 | 92 | 112 | |
Diagnosed with Cardiovascular Disease (%) | 29.3 | 36.0 | 42.0 | <0.01 |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 1.5 | 6.9 | 19.2 | <0.01 |
Hypertension (%) | 34.2 | 47.9 | 63.3 | <0.01 |
Hypercholesterolemia (%) | 13.8 | 22.5 | 24.9 | <0.01 |
Medications (%) | <0.01 | |||
Diabetes mellitus | 1.5 | 5.3 | 16.5 | |
Hypertension | 16.6 | 29.9 | 46.5 | |
Hypercholesterolemia | 17.4 | 17.4 | 24.9 | |
Smoking status (%) | <0.01 | |||
Current | 5.5 | 5.3 | 8.9 | |
Quit ≤ 1 year | 2.9 | 4.0 | 4.4 | |
Quit > 1 year | 18.4 | 23.0 | 28.2 | |
Never | 73.2 | 67.7 | 58.5 | |
Clinical Data | ||||
Weight (kg) | 62.7 ± 9.0 | 77.9 ± 9.6 | 104.8 ± 21.9 | <0.01 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.2 ± 1.9 | 27.3 ± 1.4 | 37.6 ± 6.8 | <0.01 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) * | 113.5 ± 11.4 | 118.5 ± 12.1 | 121.4 ± 13.0 | <0.01 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) * | 70.7 ± 8.0 | 73.6 ± 8.1 | 75.3 ± 8.9 | <0.01 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) * | 186.0 ± 29.9 | 189.7 ± 31.6 | 190.2 ± 27.1 | <0.04 |
Blood glucose (mmol/L) * | 94.9 ± 12.0 | 99.3 ± 14.6 | 102.7 ± 22.7 | <0.01 |
Diet | ||||
Vegetables/day (cups) | 2.1 ± 1.4 | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | <0.01 |
Fruit/day (cups) | 1.5 ± 1.1 | 1.4 ± 1.2 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | <0.01 |
Fish (servings/week) | 1.0 ± 1.1 | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 0.8 ± 1.0 | <0.01 |
Whole grains (servings/day) | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.5 ± 1.1 | <0.01 |
Sugar-sweetened beverages (servings/week) | 1.9 ± 3.0 | 2.2 ± 3.2 | 3.0 ± 3.6 | <0.01 |
Avoid prepackaged foods (%) | 62.7 | 56.4 | 41.5 | <0.01 |
Avoid eating out (%) | 40.3 | 37.6 | 35.5 | 0.23 |
Avoid salt at home (%) | 52.8 | 56.4 | 59.9 | 0.05 |
Exercise | ||||
Moderate exercise (min/week) | 237.2 ± 224.1 | 219.9 ± 219.9 | 168.6 ± 199.2 | <0.01 |
Vigorous exercise (min/week) | 102.7 ± 137.4 | 79.6 ± 123.9 | 32.2 ± 79.1 | <0.01 |
Life’s Simple 7 | ||||
Smoking score (%) | <0.05 | |||
Poor | 5.5 | 5.3 | 8.9 | |
Intermediate | 2.9 | 4.0 | 4.4 | |
Ideal | 91.6 | 90.7 | 86.7 | |
Activity score (%) | <0.01 | |||
Poor | 1.2 | 0.5 | 3.3 | |
Intermediate | 23.7 | 30.2 | 53.0 | |
Ideal | 75.1 | 69.3 | 43.7 | |
Diet score (%) | <0.01 | |||
Poor | 36.0 | 41.5 | 52.3 | |
Intermediate | 51.8 | 48.7 | 42.4 | |
Ideal | 12.2 | 9.8 | 5.3 | |
Weight score (%) | <0.01 | |||
Poor | 0 | 0 | 100.0 | |
Intermediate | 0 | 100 | 0.0 | |
Ideal | 100 | 0 | 0.0 | |
Blood glucose score (%) | <0.01 | |||
Poor | 0.2 | 3.2 | 7.1 | |
Intermediate | 29.3 | 40.0 | 38.5 | |
Ideal | 70.5 | 56.8 | 54.4 | |
Cholesterol score (%) | <0.01 | |||
Poor | 3.2 | 3.7 | 1.4 | |
Intermediate | 40.0 | 52.9 | 55.9 | |
Ideal | 56.8 | 43.4 | 42.7 | |
Blood pressure score (%) | <0.01 | |||
Poor | 3.3 | 4.5 | 9.4 | |
Intermediate | 37.7 | 56.9 | 61.8 | |
Ideal | 59.0 | 38.6 | 28.8 |
Obese Ideal Cardiovascular Health (n = 103) | Obese Non-Ideal Cardiovascular Health (n = 557) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 38.3 ± 11.1 | 46.3 ± 11.5 | <0.01 |
Gender (% female) | 85.4 | 80.8 | 0.26 |
Race and Ethnicity (no.) | 0.36 | ||
Asian | 1 | 7 | |
Black | 8 | 30 | |
Hispanic | 7 | 23 | |
White | 81 | 476 | |
Other | 6 | 21 | |
Region (no.) | 0.67 | ||
Northeast | 18 | 74 | |
South | 42 | 233 | |
Midwest | 28 | 153 | |
West | 15 | 97 | |
Diagnosed with Cardiovascular Disease (%) | 32.0 | 43.8 | <0.03 |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 1.0 | 22.6 | <0.01 |
Hypertension (%) | 31.1 | 69.3 | <0.01 |
Hypercholesterolemia (%) | 17.5 | 65.7 | <0.01 |
Medications (%) | <0.01 | ||
Diabetes mellitus | 1.0 | 19.4 | |
Hypertension | 20.4 | 51.4 | |
Hypercholesterolemia | 3.9 | 28.7 | |
Smoking status (%) | <0.01 | ||
Current | 0.0 | 10.6 | |
Quit ≤ 1 year | 0.0 | 5.2 | |
Quit > 1 year | 35.0 | 26.9 | |
Never | 65.0 | 57.3 | |
CLINICAL DATA | |||
Weight (kg) | 97.6 ± 17.1 | 106.2 ± 22.4 | <0.01 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 35.6 ± 5.0 | 37.9 ± 7.1 | <0.01 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) * | 113.3 ± 9.6 | 122.9 ± 13.0 | <0.01 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) * | 71.2 ± 6.2 | 76.1 ± 9.2 | <0.01 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) * | 180.5 ± 21.4 | 191.9 ± 27.3 | <0.01 |
Blood glucose (mmol/L) * | 94.1 ± 6.0 | 104.3 ± 24.2 | <0.01 |
Normal Weight (n = 108) | Overweight (n = 81) | Obese (n = 103) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Weight (kg) | 63.4 ± 9.2 | 78.2 ± 10.0 | 101.3 ± 27.4 | <0.01 |
Delta reported vs. measured weight (kg) | −0.8 ± 3.9 | 0.0 ± 2.8 | −0.7 ± 5.7 | 0.47 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.4 ± 2.2 | 27.2 ± 1.9 | 36.2 ± 5.7 | <0.01 |
Delta reported vs. measured BMI (kg/m2) | −0.3 ± 1.4 | 0.0 ± 1.0 | −0.3 ± 2.0 | 0.42 |
Healthy Weight Score (%) | <0.01 | |||
Poor | 0.0 | 7.4 | 93.2 | |
Intermediate | 11.1 | 85.2 | 6.8 | |
Ideal | 88.9 | 7.4 | 0.0 | |
Normal Weight (n = 128) | Overweight (n = 103) | Obese (n = 124) | p Value | |
Moderate exercise (min/week) | 157.3 ± 206.6 | 135.8 ± 170.8 | 112.2 ± 138.3 | 0.12 |
Delta reported vs. measured moderate exercise (min/week) | 90.1 ± 288.4 | 75.9 ± 244.4 | 72.5 ± 216.8 | 0.84 |
Vigorous exercise (min/week) | 184.6 ± 234.0 | 167.9 ± 218.0 | 140.9 ± 233.4 | 0.31 |
Delta reported vs. measured vigorous exercise (min/week) | −66.0 ± 236.2 | −66.0 ± 192.0 | −97.1 ± 239.1 | 0.46 |
Physical Activity Score (%) | 0.12 | |||
Poor | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Intermediate | 35.2 | 35.9 | 46.8 | |
Ideal | 64.8 | 64.1 | 53.2 | |
Normal Weight (n = 99) | Overweight (n = 79) | Obese (n = 94) | p Value | |
Recalculated LS7 Health Score | 7.9 ± 1.0 | 7.1 ± 1.2 | 6.0 ± 1.0 | <0.01 |
Normal Weight (n = 137) | Overweight (n = 107) | Obese (n = 131) | p Value | |
Steps per day | 8593.0 ± 5186.2 | 8069.6 ± 4463.9 | 6756.0 ± 4145.0 | <0.01 |
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Leopold, J.A.; Antman, E.M. Obesity and Ideal Cardiovascular Health: Results from the My Research Legacy Study. Obesities 2021, 1, 36-48. https://doi.org/10.3390/Obesities1010004
Leopold JA, Antman EM. Obesity and Ideal Cardiovascular Health: Results from the My Research Legacy Study. Obesities. 2021; 1(1):36-48. https://doi.org/10.3390/Obesities1010004
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeopold, Jane A., and Elliott M. Antman. 2021. "Obesity and Ideal Cardiovascular Health: Results from the My Research Legacy Study" Obesities 1, no. 1: 36-48. https://doi.org/10.3390/Obesities1010004