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Article

Revisiting the Spectral Displacement Method for Estimation of the Binding Constants in Systems Involving Multiple Equilibria

by
Marco Russo
1,*,
Antonella Di Vincenzo
2,
Michele Antonio Floriano
2,† and
Paolo Lo Meo
2,*
1
Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN-CNR, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
2
Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Deceased author.
Sustain. Chem. 2025, 6(4), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem6040049
Submission received: 29 September 2025 / Revised: 4 November 2025 / Accepted: 11 November 2025 / Published: 4 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Collection New and Unconventional Strategies in Sustainable Chemistry Education at All Levels)
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Abstract

The old spectral displacement method can be suitably revitalized for a didactic experimental approach to fundamental concepts of supramolecular chemistry and to the study of complex equilibria in general. In particular, the case of the β-cyclodextrin/phenolphthalein/adamantane ternary system has been taken into account as a viable and impressive example due to the remarkable color changes that can be observed when performing the experiments. A new method for data regression analysis is proposed, with a smart trick able to overcome the mathematical difficulties arising whenever multiple equilibria must be considered. Hence, some aspects of the reliability of fitting procedures are discussed.
Keywords: upper-division undergraduate; organic chemistry; problem solving; equilibrium; noncovalent interactions; UV-Vis spectroscopy upper-division undergraduate; organic chemistry; problem solving; equilibrium; noncovalent interactions; UV-Vis spectroscopy
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MDPI and ACS Style

Russo, M.; Di Vincenzo, A.; Floriano, M.A.; Lo Meo, P. Revisiting the Spectral Displacement Method for Estimation of the Binding Constants in Systems Involving Multiple Equilibria. Sustain. Chem. 2025, 6, 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem6040049

AMA Style

Russo M, Di Vincenzo A, Floriano MA, Lo Meo P. Revisiting the Spectral Displacement Method for Estimation of the Binding Constants in Systems Involving Multiple Equilibria. Sustainable Chemistry. 2025; 6(4):49. https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem6040049

Chicago/Turabian Style

Russo, Marco, Antonella Di Vincenzo, Michele Antonio Floriano, and Paolo Lo Meo. 2025. "Revisiting the Spectral Displacement Method for Estimation of the Binding Constants in Systems Involving Multiple Equilibria" Sustainable Chemistry 6, no. 4: 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem6040049

APA Style

Russo, M., Di Vincenzo, A., Floriano, M. A., & Lo Meo, P. (2025). Revisiting the Spectral Displacement Method for Estimation of the Binding Constants in Systems Involving Multiple Equilibria. Sustainable Chemistry, 6(4), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem6040049

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