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10.3390/org6030038
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Mechanochemical Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization and Molecular Structure of Piperidine–Phenytoin Salt

by
María Isabel Amil-Miranda
1,
Armando Pineda-Contreras
2,
Francisco Javier Martínez-Martínez
2,
Marcos Flores-Álamo
3,
Hector García-Ortega
3,* and
Juan Saulo González-González
1,*
1
Instituto de Farmacobiología, Universidad de la Cañada, Carretera Teotitlán-San Antonio Nanahuatipán km 1.7 s/n, Teotitlán de Flores Magón, Oaxaca 68540, Mexico
2
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, km 9 Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán, Coquimatlán, Colima 28400, Mexico
3
Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Organics 2025, 6(3), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/org6030038
Submission received: 12 July 2025 / Revised: 19 August 2025 / Accepted: 20 August 2025 / Published: 22 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds)
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Abstract

Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant drug that suffers from low aqueous solubility. The formation of phenytoin salts is a strategy employed to address this issue. A phenytoin–piperidine salt (PPD–PNT) was synthesized by solvent-assisted grinding and characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The IR and NMR spectra obtained differed from those of the starting compounds, showing shifts in the N-H and C=O group signals, as well as the appearance of NH+ signals, indicating proton transfer and salt formation. Powder X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of a new solid phase corresponding to the salt. Single crystal X-ray diffraction showed the molecular structure of the PPD–PNT salt.
Keywords: phenytoin; crystal structure; pharmaceutical salt; mechanochemistry; IR spectroscopy; NMR phenytoin; crystal structure; pharmaceutical salt; mechanochemistry; IR spectroscopy; NMR
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MDPI and ACS Style

Amil-Miranda, M.I.; Pineda-Contreras, A.; Martínez-Martínez, F.J.; Flores-Álamo, M.; García-Ortega, H.; González-González, J.S. Mechanochemical Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization and Molecular Structure of Piperidine–Phenytoin Salt. Organics 2025, 6, 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/org6030038

AMA Style

Amil-Miranda MI, Pineda-Contreras A, Martínez-Martínez FJ, Flores-Álamo M, García-Ortega H, González-González JS. Mechanochemical Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization and Molecular Structure of Piperidine–Phenytoin Salt. Organics. 2025; 6(3):38. https://doi.org/10.3390/org6030038

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amil-Miranda, María Isabel, Armando Pineda-Contreras, Francisco Javier Martínez-Martínez, Marcos Flores-Álamo, Hector García-Ortega, and Juan Saulo González-González. 2025. "Mechanochemical Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization and Molecular Structure of Piperidine–Phenytoin Salt" Organics 6, no. 3: 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/org6030038

APA Style

Amil-Miranda, M. I., Pineda-Contreras, A., Martínez-Martínez, F. J., Flores-Álamo, M., García-Ortega, H., & González-González, J. S. (2025). Mechanochemical Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization and Molecular Structure of Piperidine–Phenytoin Salt. Organics, 6(3), 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/org6030038

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