Aniline and Beyond: A Multifaceted Case Study for a Bildung-Focused Chemical Education
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Macroscopic Level
2.1. Physical and Chemical Properties
2.2. Some Typical Reactions and Analytical Methods
2.3. Methods of Preparation
- (a)
- reduction of nitrobenzene with iron and aqueous hydrochloric acid, according to the method of Pierre J. A. Béchamp (1816–1908) [22] (in industrial practice, only 1/50 of the quantity of hydrochloric acid stoichiometrically required is used, since ferrous chloride—one of the products of the reaction—contributes to the reduction of nitrobenzene);
- (b)
- reaction of nitrobenzene with concentrated hydrochloric acid and tin [23];
- (c)
- hydrogenation of nitrobenzene in the gas phase by passing it with hydrogen over copper-based catalysts at 200–350 °C [24];
- (d)
- ammonolysis of phenol at 300–600 °C on a vanadium oxide catalyst supported on alumina-silica [24];
- (e)
- ammonolysis of chlorobenzene under pressure at 200 °C with concentrated ammonia solution in the presence of cuprous salts [24];
- (f)
- reaction at low temperatures (−33 °C) of bromobenzene with potassium amide [25].
2.4. Some Historical Notes
3. Symbolic Level
3.1. Formula, Basic Character, Diagrams
3.2. Reactions
3.3. Synthesis
with HCl/CH3COOH/H2SO4/HCOOH
3.4. The Mauveine
4. Sub-Microscopic Level
4.1. Diazotization Reaction
4.2. Preparation of Ammonium Salts
4.3. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitutions
5. Applied Chemistry
6. Socio-Cultural Context
7. Critical–Philosophical Approach
8. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | Values |
---|---|
Molar mass | 93.14 g/mol |
d (25 °C) | 1.022 g/cm3 |
Teb (1013 hPa) | 184.3 °C |
Tfus (1013 hPa) | −6.2 °C |
Solubility in water (25 °C) | 36 g/L |
pKa (25 °C) | 4.6 |
pKb (25 °C) | 9.3 |
Flame point | 76 °C |
Explosion limits | 1.2–11% vol. |
Autoignition temperature | 540 °C |
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Celestino, T. Aniline and Beyond: A Multifaceted Case Study for a Bildung-Focused Chemical Education. Organics 2025, 6, 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/org6020020
Celestino T. Aniline and Beyond: A Multifaceted Case Study for a Bildung-Focused Chemical Education. Organics. 2025; 6(2):20. https://doi.org/10.3390/org6020020
Chicago/Turabian StyleCelestino, Teresa. 2025. "Aniline and Beyond: A Multifaceted Case Study for a Bildung-Focused Chemical Education" Organics 6, no. 2: 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/org6020020
APA StyleCelestino, T. (2025). Aniline and Beyond: A Multifaceted Case Study for a Bildung-Focused Chemical Education. Organics, 6(2), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/org6020020