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Article

Facile Photochemical/Thermal Assisted Hydration of Alkynes Catalysed under Aqueous Media by a Chalcogen Stabilized, Robust, Economical, and Reusable Fe3Se2(CO)9 Cluster

by
Munsaf Ali
1,2,†,
Avinash K. Srivastava
1,3,†,
Nitinkumar Satyadev Upadhyay
2,
Naveen Satrawala
1 and
Raj K. Joshi
1,*
1
Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, India
2
Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
3
Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Organics 2023, 4(2), 251-264; https://doi.org/10.3390/org4020020
Submission received: 4 March 2023 / Revised: 5 May 2023 / Accepted: 11 May 2023 / Published: 25 May 2023
(This article belongs to the Collection Advanced Research Papers in Organics)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

In this report, the catalytic potential of chalcogen-stabilized iron carbonyl clusters [Fe3E2(CO)9 (E = S, Se, Te)] for the photolytic hydration of alkynes has been explored. The iron chalcogenide clusters bring excellent transformations of terminal and internal alkynes to their respective keto products in just 25 min photolysis at −5 °C in inert free and aqueous conditions. After the completion of the reaction, the product can be extracted from organic solvent, and due to the lower solubility of the catalyst in water, it can also be isolated and further reused several times prior to any activation. The catalyst was also found to be active in thermal conditions and bring about the desired transformations with average to good catalytic efficiency. Moreover, during the thermal reaction, the catalyst decomposed and formed the nanoparticles of iron selenides, which worked as a single-source precursor for FeSe nanomaterials. The presented photolysis methodology was found to be most feasible, economical, instantly produce the desired product, and work for a wide range of internal and terminal alkynes; hence, all these features made this method superior to the other reported ones. This report also serves as the first catalytic report of chalcogen-stabilized iron carbonyl clusters for alkyne hydrations.

1. Introduction

The association of water and alkynes is difficult due to their different affinities. The chemical union of these molecules produces carbonyls in the form of ketone or aldehyde, depending upon the nature of the addition (markonikov or anti-markonikov) [1,2]. The hydration reaction is the most facile methodology to create a C–O bond, and the synthesis of various carbonyls is the crucial motif of the modern pharmaceutical and chemical industries [3]. Synthesizing ketones has wide-ranging fundamental importance for various pharmaceutical and API industries. The synthesis of fexofenadine, benperidol, droperidol, azaperone, and other related drugs required alkyne hydration as one of the crucial steps of synthesis [3]. Hydration reactions are slow even in the presence of a catalyst; it could be due to the irreconcilable polarities of the reagents used in the reaction. This demands a specific property of the catalyst to induce polarity in the alkyne used in the reaction [1,2]. Hydration of alkynes using mineral acids or organic acids has been known since the discovery of alkynes. Metal-catalyzed hydrations of alkynes are well established, and mercury-based complexes [4] are widely explored, but due to the toxicity of Hg metal and limited substrate scope, it is restricted to continue with this method. Hence, alternatively, the less toxic transition metal complexes were explored; in the 1960s, Kemp et al. reported the use of Ru (III) for the hydration of acetylenes [5,6]. During the 1990s, Grotjahn et al. and Wakatsuki et al. published several reports showing the catalytic applications of Ru(II) complexes for alkyne hydrations [7,8,9,10]. Pt(IV), Au(III), Pd(II), Cu(II), and Ag(I) were also used [2,11,12,13,14,15,16,17], but these catalytic methodologies were not found to be adequately efficient for alkyne hydration.
Tanaka et al. first reported a highly efficient Au(I) catalyst for alkyne hydration in 2002; this method also needs mineral acids to perform the reaction. However, the Au(I) complexes had emerged as a promising substitute for the previous toxic and inefficient catalysts. In the later years, Au(I) complexes with NHC and phosphine ligands were also reported for their exceptional catalytic ability towards alkyne hydrations (Scheme 1) [18,19,20,21,22]. However, these methods are associated with some drawbacks due to the prerequisite of a co-catalyst as a halide scavenger and the non-reusability of the catalyst. Heavy metals and expensive catalysts are unsustainable from the perspective of green chemistry. Therefore, many efforts toward the development of an economic catalyst have been made in recent years. Ag(I), Fe(III), Fe(II), and Co(III) are presented as valid alternatives for the previous expensive catalysts [23,24,25,26,27,28]. Naka et al. reported a Co(III) porphyrin complex for alkyne hydration, and the catalyst performed a reaction under a milder acidic condition that enables the catalyst to work with acid-labile functionalities [29]. Most of the catalysts cannot be reused further, while a few of them are highly sensitive metal-ligand complexes.
To address the issue of the reusability of catalysts, several reports in the previous decade suggested the use of heterogeneous catalysts (Scheme 2) [30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38]. All the heterogeneous catalysts reported until 2016 are solid acid catalysts or require acidic conditions for catalysis. In 2016, Lin et al. used the CoIII (Porphyrin) Interpenetrating MOFs as a heterogeneous catalyst for acid-free catalysis [37]. Recently, our lab reported the FeOCN composite as a reusable heterogeneous catalyst for alkyne hydration under acid-free conditions [38]. However, in the absence of acids, these heterogeneous catalysts require a prolonged reaction time in the range of 12 h to 48 h. As an exception to all reaction methodologies in 2004, Vasudevan et al. reported a catalyst-free reaction methodology for alkyne hydration in superheated water under microwave irradiation [39]. In the year 2018, our lab reported a modified catalyst-free reaction methodology that was optimized up to the gram scale in an autoclave [40]. However, these methodologies need harsh reaction conditions (reaction temperature 150–200 °C; inert gas pressure 10–12 bar) for catalytic conversion.
To the best of our knowledge, there are only two reports that show transition metal-based photocatalysts for alkyne hydration (Scheme 3). Fu et al. and Xu et al. reported the use of Rh(III) porphyrin complex anf Cu(II) salt in mild acidic conditions for alkyne hydration under UV-visible irradiation [41,42]. Recently, work from our lab has been reported on the Rh(I) Schiff base complex for acid-free alkyne hydrations under UV irradiation [4]. These reactions use methanol as a solvent, and most of the synthesis was reported in aqueous methanol. Since the hydration reactions need water as one of the reactants, water is an appreciated green solvent. The non-toxic nature, abundance, and easy separation of organic compounds make water the most preferred solvent. Performing alkyne hydration reactions in neat water stems is a sustainable approach to methodology development. Metal carbonyls are well-implemented catalysts in the laboratory as well as in the commercial synthesis of various organic compounds [43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52]. Recently, Chikkali et al. reported an iron carbonyl-catalyzed hydroformylation reaction [53]. Alkoxy carbonylations of alkyl bromides and synthesis of γ-lactones using iron carbonyls as catalysts [54,55]. Mono-metal carbonyl complexes are sometimes considered toxic, but bi- or triatomic clusters are highly stable at ambient temperatures. Additionally, these metal carbonyls can be made stable at ambient conditions by introducing chalcogen-bridging ligands. Moreover, the use of chalcogen (especially S and Se) is well established for cluster growth reactions. As the literature suggests, metal carbonyls under UV irradiation form a catalytically active species [56]. Masuda et al. (1980) and Geoffroy et al. (1985) reported photo-induced alkyne polymerization using M(CO)6 of Cr, Mo, and W [57,58]. However, there are certain drawbacks to using M(CO)6 under photochemical conditions. These carbonyls may undergo some irreversible chemical changes during the reaction, and they are not soluble in aqueous solvents. The sensitivity of metal complexes and clusters to air and moisture remains a severe drawback when it comes to catalytic applications. However, it has been noted that the incorporation of chalcogens in metal complexes and clusters can abate this problem. Reports show that the inclusion of chalcogen in the complex increases its ability to withstand harsh conditions without losing catalytic activity. Metal chalcogenide complexes have efficiently catalyzed a variety of C–N coupling reactions, C–C coupling reactions, and some other organic transformation reactions [59,60,61,62].
In search of finding a stable catalyst that can perform reactions under aqueous and photochemical conditions. The chalcogen-stabilized metal carbonyl clusters could be a possible alternative. To the best of our knowledge, the catalytic properties of metal chalcogenide clusters are rare and have not been explored. In this script, we wish to report an iron chalcogenide carbonyl cluster for the hydration of alkyne, which works as a heterogeneous catalyst in aqueous media and produces excellent results under UV irradiation in very little time.

2. Results and Discussion

The initial test reaction of phenylacetylene and Fe(CO)5 in aqueous methanol under photolysis conditions does not produce any results. Other iron carbonyl clusters, Fe2(CO)9 and Fe3(CO)12, were also used for the trail reaction under the same reaction conditions but failed to produce any chemical change in the reaction. The shifting of iron carbonyl complexes to iron chalcogenides carbonyl clusters (Fe3E2(CO)9, E = S, Se, Te) in a water–methanol solution of phenylacetylene leads to instant success, and acetophenone forms as the sole reaction product; however, the yield of the product is considerably low. To improve productivity, different ratios of methanol and water were investigated, but they failed to improve the yield of the product. It was noted that the increased ratio of methanol in a methanol–water solvent mixture considerably reduced the formation of acetophenone, while, in contrast, the increasing ratio of water in a methanol–water solvent mixture significantly enhanced the yield of acetophenone. The Fe3Se2(CO)9 cluster was fully miscible in methanol but failed to initiate the reaction. While the catalyst is immiscible in water and floats over the aqueous layer and brings the desired transformations, it may perhaps work as a heterogeneous catalyst. Iron clusters of other chalcogens (S and Te) were also used for the catalysis, but the Se-containing cluster was found to be highly active while the S and Te-based clusters showed moderate to average reactivity. The reason could be the difference in the electron donor properties of S, Se, and Te. The literature suggests that going down the group, the HOMO–LUMO band gap decreases, which supports the higher activity of selenium. The reduced catalytic activity of the Te complex can be explained by the increased atomic size, which tends to reduce the electron density on the central metal atom [59,60,61,62,63].
An optimization investigation of the catalyst amount indicates that 5 mol% of Fe3Se2(CO)9 cluster brings about the significant transformation of the desired product (Table 1, entry 13). The 2 mol% of the Fe3Se2(CO)9 cluster yields the desired product only in traces (Table 1, entries 9–10), while gradually increasing the catalyst amount significantly improves the yield (Table 1, entries 10–14) and produces the maximum yield (86%) at 5 mol% of the catalyst. However, a further increase in catalyst amount does not affect the yield of the desired product (Table 1, entry 14). The scope of the reaction was explored concerning the temperature (Table 1, entries 15–17), and it was found that the reaction is sensitive to the temperature; at 0 °C, the reaction produces an average yield of the acetophenone (45%), while lowering the reaction temperature to −5 °C outstandingly shoots up the yield to 86%. No additional increase in product yield was achieved even after reducing the reaction temperature to −10 °C. Hence, all the experiments in the present hydration reaction were conducted at −5 °C. The UV irradiation optimization was also found to be one of the important aspects of these hydration reactions; a maximum 86% yield was recorded in 25 min of UV exposure (Table 1, entries 16–19). The initial 10-minute yield was 26%, while it went up to 59% and 76% in the next two consecutive 5-minute time spans, finally reaching the maximum 86% in the total 25-minute UV exposure. No, further significant changes in the yield were obtained beyond 25 min of photolysis (Table 1, entries 20–22). Using alternate reaction methodologies has extensive benefits over classical thermal reaction methods. Apart from the thermal heating methods, the alternate methods, including microwave and photolysis, are more efficient and timesaving for classical synthesis. In the present reaction, a 125 W mid-pressure Hg vapor lamp, which irradiates 289 nm wavelengths, has been used. This enables the pursuit of reactions in a very short duration; moreover, the same reaction mixture does not yield the desired product under sunlight for a long time.
Substrate Scope. Next, the reaction was generalized towards the various alkynes at the optimized reaction conditions (Table 2). Alkynes with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing functionalities, irrespective of their position on the phenyl ring, react smoothly and form the desired keto product. The 4-tert-butyl-phenylacetylene (Table 2, entry 1b) produces the best yield (89%) of the reaction. The methyl-substituted phenylacetylenes, 4-methyl, 3-methyl, and 2-methyl phenylacetylene, also respond well to the reaction and yield 85%, 82%, and 84% of the respective keto products (Table 2, entries 1c–1e). Changing the alkyl groups, a slightly better transformation was recorded with 4-ethyl phenylacetylene (Table 2, entry 1f). The inert and difficult-to-activate molecules such as 4-methoxy and 2-methoxy substituted phenylacetylene showed efficient transformations of 87% and 84% for the desired product (Table 2, entries 1g and 1h) [64,65,66]. The halides, 4-fluoro, 4-chloro, and 4-bromophenylacetylene also reacted and showed 86, 80, and 74% transformations of the respective keto products (Table 2, entries 1i–1k). Here, the reaction was found to be more efficient for a strong withdrawing group; moreover, the position of the group also influences the rate of transformation, as a slightly reduced yield was observed with 2-chlorophenylacetylene (Table 2, entry 1l). The meta-substituted 3-aminophenylacetylene (1m) produces an 86% yield of the desired ketone. Ethynyl ferrocene also shows excellent transformation and an 85% yield was recorded (Table 2, entry 1n). The present method was also extended for the hydrations of internal alkynes: a symmetrical diphenylacetylene (Table 2, entry 1o), as well as two unsymmetrical internal acetylenes, (4-chloro)-diphenylacetylene and 4-methyl diphenylacetylene (Table 2, entries 1p and 1q) were investigated. The reactions work equally well at similar reaction parameters and produce excellent yields of their corresponding ketones. The symmetric internal alkyne produces 80% yield of its corresponding ketone, while substituted asymmetric internal alkynes, the 4-chloro and 4-methyl, produce 78% and 82% yield of their corresponding ketones, respectively.
Catalyst reusability. Since the catalyst is immiscible in water, it can be easily separated and reused for the next catalytic cycle. Moreover, the catalyst did not require any prior activations and was directly used for the next cycle. In a typical experiment, the water-insoluble iron-chalcogenide carbonyl cluster was recovered at the end of the reaction by filtration and directly used for a new catalytic run. The catalyst showed good recyclability and did not deactivate much up to six catalytic cycles; moreover, up to 50% product transformations were noted in the 8th catalytic cycle. We have used the same catalyst for up to 9 catalytic cycles, and 31% product formation was obtained in the 9th catalytic run. This reusability test indicates the highly robust and active catalytic nature of the clusters (Figure 1).
Catalytic investigations under thermal conditions. To check the robustness and activity of the catalyst, it was also examined under thermal conditions. An initial reaction of phenylacetylene in water and the catalytic presence of Fe3Se2(CO)9 at reflux temperature show inappreciable yields. Some recent reports of alkyne hydrations from our research group [4,38,40] indicate that a mixture of water and methanol solvent improves catalytic activity. So, using the directions based on the earlier optimizations, we moved onto the use of a water–methanol mixture solvent. The second trial of phenylacetylene in aqueous methanol (2:1) at 100 °C in the presence of a Fe3Se2(CO)9 catalyst shows considerable transformation (Scheme 4).
Other iron carbonyl compounds, Fe(CO)5, Fe2(CO)9, and Fe3(CO)12, were not found suitable for this reaction, while Fe3S2(CO)9 and Fe3Te2(CO)9 show very low catalytic activity in comparison to the Se analogue. It was observed that during the thermal reaction, the catalyst decomposed and produced some solid insoluble material, which was identified as FeSe nanoparticles. The increased solubility of the cluster in aqueous methanol may be the reason for the catalyst’s decomposition during thermal heating. This may also reduce the catalytic efficiency of the catalyst, and a slightly reduced transformation was noted compared to the photochemical method. The substrate scope of the thermal method was also investigated and depicted in Table 3. To probe the role of nanoparticles in catalysis, a mercury drop test was conducted, which confirmed nanoparticles are not responsible for the catalysis. The formed nanoparticles were collected and characterized through various techniques to further study their bonding and surface properties.
Characterization of FeSe Nanoparticles. The powder XRD pattern of the collected nanoparticles shows the formation of tetragonal FeSe structures [54]. The powder XRD pattern is similar to JCPDS card no. 850735 [67,68,69,70]. The surface morphologies of the FeSe nanoparticles were investigated through FESEM images. The recorded images of FESEM show large clusters of nanoparticles (Figure 2a–d). Particle sizes were observed in the range of 9 nm to 85 nm. Additional insights into the morphology were collected through TEM images. Figure 2e,f illustrates that these particles are not spherical. HRTEM images reveal the interplaner distance is approximately 1.96 Å. Elemental mapping from TEM-EDX shows evenly distributed Se in Fe. SAED pattern details confirm the formation of FeSe nanoparticles (Supplementary Materials, Figure S4). The bonding properties of FeSe nanoparticles were characterized through XPS. The deconvolution of the binding energies of Fe (2p) and Se (3d) spectra shows the characteristic peaks, which confirm the presence of Fe and Se (Figure 3). The individual spectrum of binding energies in the region of Fe shows two FeSe bonding related characteristic peaks at 710.78 eV in Fe (2p1/2) and 725.00 eV in Fe (2p3/2) regions [71]. The corresponding peaks in the Se 3d regions similarly show two characteristic peaks of binding energies at 54.84 in Se 3d5/2 and 56.03 in Se 3d3/2, relevant to the FeSe bonds [72].

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Photochemical Condition

In a 100-mL borosilicate immersion well of the UV reactor, 80 mL of water is used as solvent, and alkyne (1 mmol) and an Fe catalyst (5 mol%) were added. The reaction mixture is first cooled down to −5 °C, then exposed to the Hg vapor UV lamp, 125 W, 289 nm, for 25 min with continuous stirring. After completion of the reaction, the catalyst was separated through filtration, and the product was extracted through solvent extraction with ethyl acetate. The extracted solvent is dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated at reduced pressure, and purified by flash column chromatography with hexanes/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the corresponding product.

3.2. Thermal Condition

In a 100-mL round-bottom flask, a water and methanol mixture is used as a solvent, and alkyne (1 mmol) and an Fe catalyst (5 mol%) were added and heated at 100 °C with continuous stirring for 12 h. After completion of the reaction, the methanol was removed by a rotatory evaporator, and the product was extracted through solvent extraction with ethyl acetate. The extracted solvent is dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated at reduced pressure, and purified by flash column chromatography with hexanes/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the corresponding product.

4. Conclusions

We have shown a time-efficient photochemically assisted Fe3Se2(CO)9-catalyzed one-pot hydration method for both terminal and internal acetylenes. one pot hydration of terminal and internal acetylenes. The easy-to-prepare, economically viable, reusable, and highly robust nature of the chalcogen-stabilized Fe3Se2(CO)9 catalyst is superior to the existing precious metal catalysts. The present reaction fairly works with all functionally substituted aryl alkynes, irrespective of the nature of the functional group or substituted group and the position of the group on the benzene ring. Moreover, we are the first to report the iron chalcogenide carbonyl cluster as a heterogeneous catalyst for alkyne hydrogenations in fully aqueous media. This catalytic methodology is equally active for the internal alkynes, and the excellent yields show the compatibility with a wide range of functionalities. The presented catalyst brings about the transformation in just 25 min, and it can be reused several times without any prior activations; moreover, it can be easily separated through filtration. Moreover, the catalyst was further tested for catalytic activity under thermal conditions. The catalyst shows average to good catalytic activity, moreover, it also works as a single-source precursor for the in situ formation of FeSe nanoparticles.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/org4020020/s1. Figure S1: Photochemical reactor (Capacity 100 mL); Figure S2: Reaction setup for photochemical reactor; Figure S3: FTIR of Fe3Se2(CO)9 catalyst; Figure S4a–d: FESEM images of FeSe nanoparticles; Figure S5a–f: TEM images of FeSe nanoparticles; Figure S6: Elemental mapping of FeSe nanoparticles; Figure S7: SAED pattern FeSe nanoparticles; Table S1: Comparison Table. 1H NMR spectrum, 13C NMR spectrum, For known compounds (1a–1q). References [73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84] are cited in the Supplementary Materials.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, and data curation, M.A.; writing—original draft preparation, A.K.S.; writing—review and editing, M.A. and N.S.U.; resources, N.S.; supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition, R.K.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

CSIR (01(2996)/19/EMR-II), New Delhi, INDIA.

Data Availability Statement

Copies of spectral data for known compounds (1a–1q) and FTIR of Fe3Se2(CO)9 catalyst are available in the Supplementary Materials.

Acknowledgments

Raj K. Joshi thanks the CSIR (01(2996)/19/EMR-II) for their financial assistance. The authors also acknowledge the MRC and MNIT for providing characterization facilities.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Organics 04 00020 sch001
Scheme 1. Showing the use of Au-based catalysts from the first report in 2002 to the most recent report in 2018.
Scheme 1. Showing the use of Au-based catalysts from the first report in 2002 to the most recent report in 2018.
Organics 04 00020 sch001
Organics 04 00020 sch002
Scheme 2. Heterogeneous reusable catalysts were reported for alkyne hydration in the previous decade.
Scheme 2. Heterogeneous reusable catalysts were reported for alkyne hydration in the previous decade.
Organics 04 00020 sch002
Organics 04 00020 sch003
Scheme 3. Photocatalysts were reported for alkyne hydrations.
Scheme 3. Photocatalysts were reported for alkyne hydrations.
Organics 04 00020 sch003
Organics 04 00020 g001
Figure 1. Showing the percentage yield of the product obtained during catalyst reutilizations. Reaction Condition: Isolated yields: Phenylacetylene (1 equiv.) 204 mg, catalyst (5 mol%) 48 mg, water (80 mL), 25 min., −5 °C.
Figure 1. Showing the percentage yield of the product obtained during catalyst reutilizations. Reaction Condition: Isolated yields: Phenylacetylene (1 equiv.) 204 mg, catalyst (5 mol%) 48 mg, water (80 mL), 25 min., −5 °C.
Organics 04 00020 g001
Organics 04 00020 sch004
Scheme 4. Hydration of phenylacetylene using iron selenide carbonyl clusters under thermal conditions.
Scheme 4. Hydration of phenylacetylene using iron selenide carbonyl clusters under thermal conditions.
Organics 04 00020 sch004
Organics 04 00020 g002
Figure 2. FESEM images (a–d), TEM images (e,f), HRTEM images (g,h), and TEM–EDX (i,j). (See Supplementary Materials).
Figure 2. FESEM images (a–d), TEM images (e,f), HRTEM images (g,h), and TEM–EDX (i,j). (See Supplementary Materials).
Organics 04 00020 g002
Organics 04 00020 g003
Figure 3. (a) XPS spectrum of Fe (2p) and (b) XPS spectrum of Se (3d).
Figure 3. (a) XPS spectrum of Fe (2p) and (b) XPS spectrum of Se (3d).
Organics 04 00020 g003
Table 1. Reaction optimization.
Table 1. Reaction optimization.
Organics 04 00020 i001
EntryCatalystCat. Amt.
(mol%)		Temp.
(°C)		Time
(min.)		Yield a
(%)
 1.--−525-
 2.Fe(CO)55−525-
 3.Se5−525-
 4.Fe2(CO)95−525-
 5.Fe3(CO)125−525-
 6.Fe3Se2(CO)95−52586
 7.Fe3S2(CO)95−52529
 8.Fe3Te2(CO)95−52513
 9.Fe3Se2(CO)91−525-
 10.Fe3Se2(CO)92−52515
 11.Fe3Se2(CO)93−52565
 12.Fe3Se2(CO)94−52576
 13.Fe3Se2(CO)95−52586
 14.Fe3Se2(CO)96−52586
 15.Fe3Se2(CO)95002545
 16.Fe3Se2(CO)95−52586
 17.Fe3Se2(CO)95−102586
 18.Fe3Se2(CO)95−51026
 19.Fe3Se2(CO)95−51559
 20.Fe3Se2(CO)95−52076
 21.Fe3Se2(CO)95−52586
 22.Fe3Se2(CO)95−53087
a Isolated yields. Reaction Conditions: Phenylacetylene (1 equiv.) 204 mg, catalyst (5 mol%) 48 mg, water (80 mL), 25 min., −5 °C.
Table 2. Substrate scope.
Table 2. Substrate scope.
EntryReactantProductYield a (%)
1aOrganics 04 00020 i002Organics 04 00020 i00386
1bOrganics 04 00020 i004Organics 04 00020 i00589
1cOrganics 04 00020 i006Organics 04 00020 i00784
1dOrganics 04 00020 i008Organics 04 00020 i00982
1eOrganics 04 00020 i010Organics 04 00020 i01185
1fOrganics 04 00020 i012Organics 04 00020 i01386
1gOrganics 04 00020 i014Organics 04 00020 i01587
1hOrganics 04 00020 i016Organics 04 00020 i01784
1iOrganics 04 00020 i018Organics 04 00020 i01986
1jOrganics 04 00020 i020Organics 04 00020 i02180
1kOrganics 04 00020 i022Organics 04 00020 i02374
1lOrganics 04 00020 i024Organics 04 00020 i02575
1mOrganics 04 00020 i026Organics 04 00020 i02786
1nOrganics 04 00020 i028Organics 04 00020 i02985
1oOrganics 04 00020 i030Organics 04 00020 i03180
1pOrganics 04 00020 i032Organics 04 00020 i03378
1qOrganics 04 00020 i034Organics 04 00020 i03582
a Isolated Yields, Reaction Conditions: Alkyne (1 equiv.), catalyst (5 mol%), 48 mg, water (80 mL), 25 min., −5 °C.
Table 3. Substrate scope.
Table 3. Substrate scope.
EntryReactantProductYield a (%)
2aOrganics 04 00020 i036Organics 04 00020 i03771
2bOrganics 04 00020 i038Organics 04 00020 i03970
2cOrganics 04 00020 i040Organics 04 00020 i04173
2dOrganics 04 00020 i042Organics 04 00020 i04365
2eOrganics 04 00020 i044Organics 04 00020 i04568
a Isolated yields. Reaction Conditions: Alkyne (1 equiv.), catalyst (5 mol%), 48 mg, aqueous methanol (2:1), 100 °C, 12 h.
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Ali, M.; Srivastava, A.K.; Upadhyay, N.S.; Satrawala, N.; Joshi, R.K. Facile Photochemical/Thermal Assisted Hydration of Alkynes Catalysed under Aqueous Media by a Chalcogen Stabilized, Robust, Economical, and Reusable Fe3Se2(CO)9 Cluster. Organics 2023, 4, 251-264. https://doi.org/10.3390/org4020020

AMA Style

Ali M, Srivastava AK, Upadhyay NS, Satrawala N, Joshi RK. Facile Photochemical/Thermal Assisted Hydration of Alkynes Catalysed under Aqueous Media by a Chalcogen Stabilized, Robust, Economical, and Reusable Fe3Se2(CO)9 Cluster. Organics. 2023; 4(2):251-264. https://doi.org/10.3390/org4020020

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ali, Munsaf, Avinash K. Srivastava, Nitinkumar Satyadev Upadhyay, Naveen Satrawala, and Raj K. Joshi. 2023. "Facile Photochemical/Thermal Assisted Hydration of Alkynes Catalysed under Aqueous Media by a Chalcogen Stabilized, Robust, Economical, and Reusable Fe3Se2(CO)9 Cluster" Organics 4, no. 2: 251-264. https://doi.org/10.3390/org4020020

APA Style

Ali, M., Srivastava, A. K., Upadhyay, N. S., Satrawala, N., & Joshi, R. K. (2023). Facile Photochemical/Thermal Assisted Hydration of Alkynes Catalysed under Aqueous Media by a Chalcogen Stabilized, Robust, Economical, and Reusable Fe3Se2(CO)9 Cluster. Organics, 4(2), 251-264. https://doi.org/10.3390/org4020020

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