Pathological Maintenance and Evolution of Breast Cancer: The Convergence of Irreversible Biological Actions of ER Alpha
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biological Irreversibility: A Concept Applied to Regulatory Functions
3. Relationship between Cell Cycle Progression and ERα Expression in Breast Cancer Cells
4. Factors Implicated in the Irreversible Character of ERα-Mediated Transcriptions
5. ERα “Activation”: Loss of Ligand Binding Capacity and Related Receptor Dimerization
6. Allosteric ERα Activation Implying Successive Coregulator Recruitments
7. Implication of Proteolytic ERα Fragments in Autocrine and Paracrine Regulations
8. Concluding Remarks and Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AF | Activation function |
AP 1 | Activation Protein 1 |
BF3 | Binding Function 3 |
CDK | Cyclin-Dependent Kinase |
ER | Estrogen Receptor |
ERE | Estrogen Response Element |
ERK | Extra Celluar Regulated Kinase |
ERα 17p | Peptide corresponding to the P295-T311 amino acid sequence of ERα |
GPR | G-Protein Coupled Receptor |
HER 2 | Human Epidermal Growth Factor 2 |
Hsp | Heat Shock Protein |
Ki-67 | Protein identified with an antibody raised against a Hodgkin’ lymphoma protein |
LxxLL | binding motif of coregulators L refers to Leucine, x to any other amino acid |
PRNC | Proline-rich Nuclear Receptor Regulatory Protein |
PR | Progesterone Receptor |
pRb | Retinoblastoma Protein |
SERM | Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator |
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Leclercq, G. Pathological Maintenance and Evolution of Breast Cancer: The Convergence of Irreversible Biological Actions of ER Alpha. Endocrines 2021, 2, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/endocrines2010001
Leclercq G. Pathological Maintenance and Evolution of Breast Cancer: The Convergence of Irreversible Biological Actions of ER Alpha. Endocrines. 2021; 2(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/endocrines2010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeclercq, Guy. 2021. "Pathological Maintenance and Evolution of Breast Cancer: The Convergence of Irreversible Biological Actions of ER Alpha" Endocrines 2, no. 1: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/endocrines2010001