Nanostructure-Based Electrochemical Immunosensors as Diagnostic Tools
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Role of Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Immunosensors
2.1. Metallic Nanoparticles
2.2. Carbon-Based Nanomaterials (NMs)
3. Nano-Immunosensors for Tumor Biomarkers Detection
3.1. Mucin Associated Antigens as Tumor Markers: Metallic Nanoparticles/Carbon Nanostructured Based-Electrochemical Immunosensors
3.2. Oncofetal Proteins as Tumor Markers: Carbon-Based Nanostructures, Nanodots and Nanocages in Electrochemical Immunosensors
4. Nano-Immunosensors for Virus Detection
4.1. HBV (Hepatitis B Virus)
4.2. CoVs (Human Coronaviruses)
4.3. H1N1 (Influenza A)
4.4. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Target Antigen | Electrode Configuration | Label | Detection | LOD | Linear Range | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CA125 | Ab/rGO/Thi/AuNPs/GC | Label-free | DPV | 0.01 U/mL | 0.1–200 U/mL | [20] |
Ab/AuNPs-PB-PtNP-PANI/GC | Label-free | SWV | 4.4 mU/mL | 0.01–5000 U/mL | [24] | |
ITO-AuNRs-Ab | AuNPs-Ab-Ca2+ | DPV | 3.4 U/mL | 20–100 U/mL | [100] | |
Ab-3DrGO-MWCNTs- PAMAM/AuNPs-GC | Ab-Suc-CS@MNPs-TB | SWV | 6 μU/mL | 0.0005–75 U/mL | [101] | |
CA19-9 | Ab-AuNPs/ AuNPs@PThi/GC | Label-free | DPV | 0.26 U/mL | 6.5–520 U/mL | [103] |
CA15-3 | CuS-rGO/Ab | Label-free | DPV | 0.3 U/mL | 1.0–150 U/mL | [51] |
Ab/TH-NPG-GN/GC | HRP@liposomes/Ab2 | DPV | 5 μU/mL | 2 × 10−5–40 U/mL | [106] | |
CA242 | rGO-Au-Pd-Ab/GC | Label-free | DPV | 0.00154 mU/mL | 0.001–10,000 U/mL | [108] |
Ab/Chit-Pb2+-/ SA-Pb2+-GO/GC | Label-free | SWV | 0.067 mU/mL | 0.005–500 U/mL | [110] | |
CEA | Ab-biotin-streptavidin-PtNPs@rGO@PS NSs/GC | Label-free | DPV | 0.01 ng/mL | 0.05–70 ng/mL | [25] |
Ab/AuNPs/NB-ERGO | Label-free | DPV | 0.00045 ng/mL | 0.001–40 ng/mL | [53] | |
Ab/AgPt NRs-rGO | Label-free | EIS | 1.43 fg/mL | 5 fg/mL–50 ng/mL | [56] | |
Ab/rGO-AuNPs/GC | SWCNTs@GQDs/Ab2 | EIS, CV | 5.3 pg/mL | 50–650 pg/mL | [63] | |
Ab/AuNPs-MWCNTs-Chits/ GC | Label-free | DPV | 0.01 ng/mL | 0.3–20 ng/mL | [70] | |
EG/CNDTs@PPI/Ab | Label-free | DPV | 0.00145 ng/mL | 0.005–300 ng/mL | [113] | |
Ab/NH2-GS/GC | PdPt nanocages/ MWCNTs-NH2-Ab2 | CA | 0.2 pg/mL | 0.001–20 ng/mL | [114] | |
AFP | ADA-Ab/CD-GS | PdNi/N-GNRs-Ab2 | CV | 0.03 pg/mL | 0.0001–16 ng/mL | [35] |
PDA-N-MWCNTs/GC | NH2-GS-Au@Pt | EIS | 0.05 pg/mL | 0.1–10 ng/mL | [116] | |
Ab/AuNPs/PDA/GaN nanowires | Label-free | DPV | 0.003 ng/mL | 0.01–100 ng/mL | [117] | |
PSA | Ab/PdNP@PANI-C60/GC | HRP-Ab2 | DPV | 1.95 × 10−5 ng/mL | 1.6 × 10−4–38 ng/mL | [23] |
Ab/HQ@CuNPs-reduced- fullerene-C60/GC | HRP-Ab2 | DPV | 0.002 ng/mL | 0.005–20 ng/mL | [27] | |
Ab/AuNPS/rGO/Au | Label-free | DPV | 3 pg/mL | 6 pg/mL–30 ng/mL | [52] | |
HBV | HBsAb-MNPs | Ab2AuNPs/hemin/ G-Quadruplex/MB | SWV | 0.19 pg/mL | 0.3–1000 pg/mL | [42] |
HRP-Ab–AuNPs/DTSP/NPG | HRP | DPV | 2.3 pg/mL | 0.01–0.1ng/mL | [123] | |
HBsAb-MNPs | HBsAb-AuNPs/Cu | ASW | 87 pg/mL | 0.1–1500 ng/mL | [124] | |
GO/Fe3O4/ PB@AuNPs/SPE | Label-free | CV | 0.16 pg/mL | 0.5–200 ng/mL | [125] | |
CoV | Au/MNPs | Label-free | SWV | 0.1 pg/mL | 0.001–100 ng/mL | [126] |
Ab-PBASE/GN | Label free | FET | 2.42 × 102 cp/mL | - | [120] | |
antimIgG-Ab-MNPs | antirIgG-Ab2-AP | DPV | 19 ng/mL (S) 8 ng/mL (N) | - | [121] | |
H1N1 | Ab/RGO/Au | Label-free | CA | 0.5 pfu/mL | 1–104 pfu/mL | [54] |
HIV | MNPs-Ab | AuNPs/Ac-HRP-Ab2 | DPV | 0.5 pg/mL | 0.001–10.00 ng/mL | [122] |
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Zumpano, R.; Polli, F.; D’Agostino, C.; Antiochia, R.; Favero, G.; Mazzei, F. Nanostructure-Based Electrochemical Immunosensors as Diagnostic Tools. Electrochem 2021, 2, 10-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2010002
Zumpano R, Polli F, D’Agostino C, Antiochia R, Favero G, Mazzei F. Nanostructure-Based Electrochemical Immunosensors as Diagnostic Tools. Electrochem. 2021; 2(1):10-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleZumpano, Rosaceleste, Francesca Polli, Cristine D’Agostino, Riccarda Antiochia, Gabriele Favero, and Franco Mazzei. 2021. "Nanostructure-Based Electrochemical Immunosensors as Diagnostic Tools" Electrochem 2, no. 1: 10-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2010002