The Relationship between Sense of Coherence, Stress, Body Image Satisfaction and Eating Behavior in Japanese and Austrian Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Sense of Coherence (SOC) Scale
2.2.2. Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ)
2.2.3. Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS)
2.2.4. Stress
2.2.5. Ideal and Real Body Image Difference (Body Image Satisfaction (BIS))
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. The Effects of Country and Gender
3.2. Relationship among Variables
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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BMI | <18.5 | 18.5≥–<25 | 25≥–<30 | 30≥–<35 35≥–<40 | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
World Health Organization | Underweight | Normal Weight | Pre-Obesity | Obesity Class I Obesity Class II | |||
Japan Society for the Study of Obesity | Obesity Class 1 | Obesity Class 2 Obesity Class 3 | |||||
Austrian | Men | N | 2 | 130 | 23 | 6 | 161 |
% | 1.2 | 80.7 | 14.3 | 3.7 | 100.0 | ||
Women | N | 22 | 179 | 9 | 0 | 210 | |
% | 10.5 | 85.2 | 4.3 | 0.0 | 100.0 | ||
Japanese | Men | N | 27 | 186 | 12 | 1 | 226 |
% | 11.9 | 82.3 | 5.3 | 0.4 | 100.0 | ||
Women | N | 34 | 131 | 7 | 0 | 172 | |
% | 19.8 | 76.2 | 4.1 | 0.0 | 100.0 |
Country | Gender | M | SD | Country | Gender | Country * Gender | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | p | F | p | F | p | ||||||
Eating Behavior | Restrained eating (RE) | Austria | Men | 1.99 | 0.47 | 14.41 | J>A *** | 36.52 | W>M *** | 0.17 | n.s. |
Women | 2.46 | 0.57 | |||||||||
Japan | Men | 2.38 | 0.79 | ||||||||
Women | 2.79 | 0.80 | |||||||||
Emotional eating (EME) | Austria | Men | 2.22 | 0.46 | 1.51 | n.s. | 59.42 | W>M *** | 0.05 | n.s. | |
Women | 2.60 | 0.47 | |||||||||
Japan | Men | 2.24 | 0.85 | ||||||||
Women | 2.66 | 0.92 | |||||||||
External eating (EXE) | Austria | Men | 2.03 | 0.51 | 410.76 | J>A *** | 135.04 | W>M *** | 0.07 | n.s. | |
Women | 2.54 | 0.52 | |||||||||
Japan | Men | 3.12 | 0.66 | ||||||||
Women | 3.61 | 0.64 | |||||||||
Degree of Stress | Austria | Men | 48.94 | 27.4 | 0.53 | n.s. | 5.96 | W>M * | 15.81 | JM>AM *** AW>JW *** AW>AM *** | |
Women | 58.79 | 22.8 | |||||||||
Japan | Men | 50.49 | 25.1 | ||||||||
Women | 48.37 | 23.8 | |||||||||
Ideal and Real Body Image Difference (BIS) | Austria | Men | −0.30 | 3.05 | 13.72 | A>J *** | 129.28 | M>W *** | 17.51 | AW>JW *** AM>AW *** JM>JW *** | |
Women | −2.08 | 2.56 | |||||||||
Japan | Men | 0.24 | 4.88 | ||||||||
Women | −4.05 | 3.78 | |||||||||
Sense of Coherence (SOC) | Austria | Men | 4.75 | 0.75 | 212.68 | A>J *** | 0.00 | n.s. | 0.38 | n.s. | |
Women | 4.71 | 0.64 | |||||||||
Japan | Men | 3.77 | 0.69 | ||||||||
Women | 3.80 | 0.68 | |||||||||
Social Support | Significant others | Austria | Men | 6.16 | 1.30 | 128.67 | A>J *** | 30.89 | W>M *** | 1.20 | n.s. |
Women | 6.57 | 1.16 | |||||||||
Japan | Men | 4.65 | 1.38 | ||||||||
Women | 5.28 | 1.31 | |||||||||
Family | Austria | Men | 6.09 | 1.29 | 77.05 | A>J *** | 4.18 | W>M * | 0.87 | n.s. | |
Women | 6.21 | 1.33 | |||||||||
Japan | Men | 4.97 | 1.34 | ||||||||
Women | 5.25 | 1.29 | |||||||||
Friends | Austria | Men | 5.99 | 1.37 | 135.29 | A>J *** | 23.71 | W>M *** | 0.86 | n.s. | |
Women | 6.39 | 1.14 | |||||||||
Japan | Men | 4.68 | 1.31 | ||||||||
Women | 5.21 | 1.29 |
Eating Behavior | Stress | BIS | SOC | Social Support | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RE | EME | EXE | Significant | Family | Friends | |||||||||||||||
(a) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Austrian | Eating Behavior | |||||||||||||||||||
RE | - | 0.749 | *** | 0.763 | *** | 0.128 | −0.209 | ** | −0.194 | * | 0.028 | 0.012 | 0.043 | |||||||
EME | 0.797 | *** | - | 0.747 | *** | 0.143 | −0.05 | −0.231 | ** | −0.070 | −0.006 | −0.008 | ||||||||
EXE | 0.774 | *** | 0.746 | *** | - | 0.127 | −0.217 | ** | −0.224 | ** | −0.055 | −0.025 | −0.084 | |||||||
Stress | −0.041 | 0.047 | 0.03 | - | −0.178 | * | −0.055 | 0.115 | 0.07 | 0.059 | ||||||||||
BIS | −0.362 | *** | −0.302 | *** | −0.261 | *** | −0.035 | − | −0.037 | −0.102 | −0.142 | −0.042 | ||||||||
SOC | −0.297 | *** | −0.305 | *** | −0.264 | *** | −0.078 | 0.185 | ** | − | 0.28 | *** | 0.264 | ** | 0.255 | ** | ||||
Social Support | ||||||||||||||||||||
Significant | 0.007 | 0.018 | −0.006 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.123 | - | 0.651 | *** | 0.772 | *** | |||||||||
Family | −0.092 | −0.057 | −0.099 | −0.038 | 0.112 | 0.219 | ** | 0.713 | *** | − | 0.717 | *** | ||||||||
Friends | −0.057 | −0.012 | −0.068 | 0.005 | 0.039 | 0.141 | * | 0.856 | *** | 0.703 | *** | − | ||||||||
(b) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese | Eating Behavior | |||||||||||||||||||
RE | - | 0.362 | *** | 0.09 | 0.042 | −0.346 | *** | −0.027 | −0.045 | −0.032 | −0.078 | |||||||||
EME | 0.119 | − | 0.381 | *** | 0.221 | ** | −0.084 | −0.220 | ** | −0.067 | −0.035 | −0.055 | ||||||||
EXE | 0.032 | 0.556 | *** | - | 0.043 | −0.117 | −0.068 | 0.143 | * | 0.179 | ** | 0.149 | * | |||||||
Stress | 0.095 | 0.206 | ** | 0.004 | - | −0.086 | −0.282 | *** | −0.091 | −0.074 | −0.081 | |||||||||
BIS | −0.160 | * | −0.214 | ** | −0.086 | −0.091 | − | −0.032 | 0.036 | 0.097 | 0.026 | |||||||||
SOC | −0.027 | −0.172 | * | −0.139 | −0.382 | *** | 0.114 | − | 0.332 | *** | 0.247 | *** | 0.382 | *** | ||||||
Social Support | ||||||||||||||||||||
Significant | 0.078 | −0.050 | 0.183 | * | −0.201 | ** | 0.097 | 0.183 | * | − | 0.701 | *** | 0.817 | *** | ||||||
Family | 0.046 | −0.087 | 0.073 | −0.188 | * | 0.129 | 0.156 | * | 0.662 | *** | − | 0.643 | *** | |||||||
Friends | 0.015 | −0.019 | 0.204 | ** | −0.202 | ** | 0.14 | 0.233 | ** | 0.822 | *** | 0.623 | *** | − |
Restrained Eating | Emotional Eating | External Eating | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austrian | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | ||||||||
SOC | −0.215 | ** | −0.239 | *** | −0.227 | ** | −0.262 | *** | −0.222 | ** | −0.214 | ** | ||
Social Support | Significant others | −0.005 | 0.191 | −0.153 | 0.079 | 0.008 | 0.198 | |||||||
Family | −0.054 | −0.043 | 0.052 | −0.007 | 0.055 | −0.059 | ||||||||
Friends | 0.127 | −0.145 | 0.121 | −0.028 | −0.086 | −0.157 | ||||||||
Stress | 0.076 | −0.074 | 0.131 | 0.017 | 0.079 | 0.002 | ||||||||
BIS | −0.206 | * | −0.311 | *** | −0.039 | −0.251 | *** | −0.206 | ** | −0.208 | ** | |||
R2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.13 | ||||||||
Japanese | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | ||||||||
SOC | −0.014 | 0.022 | −0.187 | * | −0.105 | −0.150 | * | −0.198 | * | |||||
Social Support | Significant others | 0.037 | 0.19 | −0.061 | −0.066 | −0.006 | 0.078 | |||||||
Family | 0.067 | 0.035 | 0.035 | −0.075 | 0.164 | † | −0.100 | |||||||
Friends | −0.136 | −0.124 | 0.059 | 0.165 | 0.111 | 0.255 | † | |||||||
Stress | 0.005 | −0.109 | 0.163 | * | 0.155 | 0.009 | −0.032 | |||||||
BIS | −0.350 | *** | −0.158 | * | −0.079 | −0.195 | * | −0.140 | * | −0.097 | ||||
R2 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.1 | 0.07 | 0.1 |
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Kato, Y.; Greimel, E.; Hu, C.; Müller-Gartner, M.; Salchinger, B.; Freidl, W.; Saito, S.; Roth, R. The Relationship between Sense of Coherence, Stress, Body Image Satisfaction and Eating Behavior in Japanese and Austrian Students. Psych 2019, 1, 504-514. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych1010039
Kato Y, Greimel E, Hu C, Müller-Gartner M, Salchinger B, Freidl W, Saito S, Roth R. The Relationship between Sense of Coherence, Stress, Body Image Satisfaction and Eating Behavior in Japanese and Austrian Students. Psych. 2019; 1(1):504-514. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych1010039
Chicago/Turabian StyleKato, Yoshiko, Elfriede Greimel, Chenghong Hu, Maria Müller-Gartner, Beate Salchinger, Wolfgang Freidl, Seiichi Saito, and Roswith Roth. 2019. "The Relationship between Sense of Coherence, Stress, Body Image Satisfaction and Eating Behavior in Japanese and Austrian Students" Psych 1, no. 1: 504-514. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych1010039