Polypharmacy and Depressive Symptoms in U.S.-Born Mexican American Older Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Setting
2.2. Ethics
2.3. Sample and Sampling
2.4. Dependent Variable (Outcome)
2.5. Independent Variable (Predictor)
2.6. Covariates (Confounders)
2.7. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Univariate Analysis
3.2. Bivariate Analysis
3.3. Multivariable Model
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n | % | |
Gender | ||
Women | 369 | 55.2 |
Men | 300 | 44.8 |
Employment | ||
No | 583 | 87.3 |
Yes | 85 | 12.7 |
Retirement | ||
No | 99 | 14.8 |
Yes | 568 | 85.2 |
Insurance | ||
No | 6 | 0.9 |
Yes | 682 | 99.1 |
Smoking (Current) | ||
No | 616 | 89.4 |
Yes | 73 | 10.6 |
Polypharmacy | ||
No | 531 | 76.8 |
Yes | 160 | 23.2 |
Mean | SD | |
Age (Years) | 72.10 | 5.60 |
Education (Years) | 2.70 | 1.53 |
Household Income | 9.10 | 5.03 |
Spanish Language (1–4) | 2.06 | 0.91 |
Acculturation | 44.87 | 10.03 |
Latino Identity | 2.89 | 0.52 |
Self-Rated Health [SRH] (1–5) | 3.13 | 1.09 |
Activities of Daily Living [ADL] (n) | 0.76 | 2.73 |
Chronic Medical Conditions [CMC] (n) | 1.84 | 1.61 |
Depressive Symptom | 8.33 | 9.62 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Gender (Men) | 1.00 | −0.10 ** | 0.34 ** | 0.14 ** | 0.07 | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.07 | 0.06 | −0.11 ** | −0.06 | −0.05 | 0.03 | 0.14 ** | −0.06 | −0.17 ** |
2 Age (Years) | 1.00 | −0.27 ** | −0.26 ** | −0.18 ** | 0.15 ** | 0.04 | 0.12 ** | −0.09 * | −0.10 ** | 0.08 * | 0.12** | 0.06 | −0.09 * | 0.03 | 0.10 * | |
3 Household Income | 1.00 | 0.50 ** | 0.19 ** | −0.15 ** | −0.01 | −0.24 ** | 0.33 ** | −0.04 | −0.32 ** | −0.18 ** | −0.09 * | −0.02 | −0.09 * | −0.33 ** | ||
4 Education (Years) | 1.00 | 0.19 ** | −0.11 ** | −0.01 | −0.41 ** | 0.52 ** | −0.02 | −0.33 ** | −0.14 ** | −0.13 ** | −0.04 | −0.10 * | −0.29 ** | |||
5 Employed | 1.00 | −0.73 ** | −0.11 ** | −0.07 | 0.12 ** | −0.05 | −0.14 ** | −0.05 | −0.09 * | −0.04 | −0.11 ** | −0.13 ** | ||||
6 Retired | 1.00 | 0.05 | 0.04 | −0.05 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.10 ** | |||||
7 Health insurance | 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | −0.02 | 0.06 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.02 | 0.06 | ||||||
8 Spanish Language (1–4) | 1.00 | −0.75 ** | 0.05 | 0.16 ** | 0.19 ** | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.11 ** | |||||||
9 Acculturation | 1.00 | −0.15 ** | −0.20 ** | −0.20 ** | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.05 | −0.22 ** | ||||||||
10 Latino Identity | 1.00 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | |||||||||
11 SRH (1–5) | 1.00 | 0.25 ** | 0.32 ** | 0.02 | 0.30 ** | 0.37 ** | ||||||||||
12 ADL | 1.00 | 0.22 ** | 0.05 | 0.20 ** | 0.21 ** | |||||||||||
13 CMC (n) | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.45 ** | 0.22 ** | ||||||||||||
14 Smoking (Current) | 1.00 | −0.07 | 0.04 | |||||||||||||
15 Polypharmacy | 1.00 | 0.21 ** | ||||||||||||||
16 Depressive Symptoms | 1.00 |
B | SE | Beta | 95%CI for B | P | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | ||||||
Gender (Men) | −1.90 | 0.80 | −0.12 | −3.47 | −0.33 | 0.018 |
Age (Years) | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.06 | −0.06 | 0.26 | 0.211 |
Intercept | 0.49 | 5.72 | −10.75 | 11.74 | 0.931 | |
Model 2 | ||||||
Gender (Men) | −0.59 | 0.79 | −0.04 | −2.15 | 0.97 | 0.458 |
Age (Years) | −0.03 | 0.08 | −0.02 | −0.18 | 0.13 | 0.715 |
Household Income | −1.27 | 0.30 | 0.25 | −1.85 | −0.68 | 0.000 |
Education (Years) | −0.26 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.44 | 0.09 | 0.004 |
Employed | −0.23 | 1.80 | −0.01 | 3.78 | 3.31 | 0.898 |
Retired | −0.78 | 1.71 | −0.04 | −4.14 | 2.59 | 0.651 |
Health insurance | 3.86 | 4.28 | 0.04 | −4.55 | 12.28 | 0.368 |
Intercept | 12.41 | 7.38 | −2.09 | 26.92 | 0.093 | |
Model 3 | ||||||
Gender (Men) | −0.69 | 0.80 | −0.04 | −2.27 | 0.88 | 0.387 |
Age (Years) | −0.02 | 0.08 | −0.01 | −0.17 | 0.14 | 0.834 |
Household Income | −1.23 | 0.30 | −0.24 | −1.83 | −0.64 | 0.000 |
Education (Years) | −0.23 | 0.10 | −0.14 | −0.42 | −0.03 | 0.021 |
Employed | 0.03 | 1.82 | 0.00 | −3.56 | 3.61 | 0.988 |
Retired | −0.61 | 1.72 | −0.03 | −3.99 | 2.77 | 0.722 |
Health insurance | 4.05 | 4.29 | 0.05 | −4.39 | 12.48 | 0.346 |
Spanish Language (1–4) | −0.49 | 0.59 | −0.06 | −1.66 | 0.67 | 0.407 |
Acculturation | −0.08 | 0.07 | −0.10 | −0.21 | 0.05 | 0.201 |
Latino Identity | −0.14 | 0.74 | −0.01 | −1.59 | 1.30 | 0.845 |
Intercept | 16.08 | 8.62 | −0.86 | 33.02 | 0.063 | |
Model 4 | ||||||
Gender (Men) | −1.41 | 0.78 | −0.09 | −2.94 | 0.11 | 0.070 |
Age (Years) | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.01 | −0.14 | 0.16 | 0.904 |
Household Income | −0.91 | 0.29 | −0.18 | −1.49 | −0.33 | 0.002 |
Education (Years) | −0.12 | 0.10 | −0.08 | −0.31 | 0.06 | 0.196 |
Employed | 0.11 | 1.75 | 0.00 | −3.33 | 3.54 | 0.952 |
Retired | −1.03 | 1.65 | −0.05 | −4.27 | 2.22 | 0.534 |
Health insurance | 4.41 | 4.14 | 0.05 | −3.73 | 12.55 | 0.288 |
Spanish Language (1–4) | −0.65 | 0.57 | −0.07 | −1.77 | 0.47 | 0.256 |
Acculturation | −0.10 | 0.06 | −0.11 | −0.22 | 0.03 | 0.131 |
Latino Identity | 0.03 | 0.71 | 0.00 | −1.37 | 1.42 | 0.970 |
SRH (1–5) | 1.56 | 0.39 | 0.22 | 0.79 | 2.34 | 0.000 |
ADL | 0.73 | 0.36 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 1.44 | 0.043 |
CMC (n) | 0.67 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 1.19 | 0.012 |
Intercept | 7.13 | 8.43 | −9.44 | 23.70 | 0.398 | |
Model 5 | ||||||
Gender (Men) | −1.48 | 0.79 | −0.09 | −3.03 | 0.08 | 0.062 |
Age (Years) | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.01 | −0.14 | 0.17 | 0.856 |
Household Income | −0.89 | 0.30 | −0.17 | −1.48 | −0.31 | 0.003 |
Education (Years) | −0.12 | 0.10 | −0.08 | −0.31 | 0.07 | 0.212 |
Employed | 0.10 | 1.75 | 0.00 | −3.33 | 3.54 | 0.952 |
Retired | −1.05 | 1.65 | −0.05 | −4.30 | 2.20 | 0.525 |
Health insurance | 4.37 | 4.15 | 0.05 | −3.78 | 12.52 | 0.293 |
Spanish Language (1–4) | −0.66 | 0.57 | −0.08 | −1.78 | 0.46 | 0.247 |
Acculturation | −0.10 | 0.06 | −0.11 | −0.22 | 0.03 | 0.126 |
Latino Identity | 0.04 | 0.71 | 0.00 | −1.36 | 1.44 | 0.955 |
SRH (1–5) | 1.57 | 0.39 | 0.22 | 0.80 | 2.35 | 0.000 |
ADL | 0.73 | 0.36 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 1.44 | 0.044 |
CMC (n) | 0.66 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 1.19 | 0.014 |
Smoking (Current) | 0.54 | 1.16 | 0.02 | −1.75 | 2.83 | 0.643 |
Intercept | 6.79 | 8.47 | −9.86 | 23.45 | 0.423 | |
Model 6 | ||||||
Gender (Men) | −1.43 | 0.79 | −0.09 | −2.97 | 0.12 | 0.070 |
Age (Years) | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.00 | −0.15 | 0.16 | 0.938 |
Household Income | −0.94 | 0.29 | −0.18 | −1.52 | −0.36 | 0.002 |
Education (Years) | −0.13 | 0.10 | −0.08 | −0.32 | 0.06 | 0.186 |
Employed | 0.20 | 1.74 | 0.01 | −3.22 | 3.61 | 0.909 |
Retired | −1.03 | 1.64 | −0.05 | −4.26 | 2.20 | 0.530 |
Health insurance | 5.60 | 4.15 | 0.06 | −2.56 | 13.76 | 0.178 |
Spanish Language (1–4) | −0.60 | 0.57 | −0.07 | −1.71 | 0.52 | 0.294 |
Acculturation | −0.09 | 0.06 | −0.10 | −0.22 | 0.03 | 0.146 |
Latino Identity | 0.01 | 0.71 | 0.00 | −1.37 | 1.40 | 0.983 |
SRH (1–5) | 1.40 | 0.40 | 0.19 | 0.62 | 2.19 | 0.000 |
ADL | 0.67 | 0.36 | 0.09 | −0.04 | 1.38 | 0.064 |
CMC (n) | 0.42 | 0.28 | 0.08 | −0.14 | 0.98 | 0.139 |
Smoking (Current) | 0.70 | 1.16 | 0.03 | −1.57 | 2.98 | 0.543 |
Polypharmacy | 2.54 | 1.06 | 0.12 | 0.45 | 4.62 | 0.017 |
Intercept | 6.40 | 8.42 | −10.15 | 22.95 | 0.447 |
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Assari, S.; Wisseh, C.; Saqib, M.; Helmi, H.; Bazargan, M. Polypharmacy and Depressive Symptoms in U.S.-Born Mexican American Older Adults. Psych 2019, 1, 491-503. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych1010038
Assari S, Wisseh C, Saqib M, Helmi H, Bazargan M. Polypharmacy and Depressive Symptoms in U.S.-Born Mexican American Older Adults. Psych. 2019; 1(1):491-503. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych1010038
Chicago/Turabian StyleAssari, Shervin, Cheryl Wisseh, Mohammed Saqib, Hamid Helmi, and Mohsen Bazargan. 2019. "Polypharmacy and Depressive Symptoms in U.S.-Born Mexican American Older Adults" Psych 1, no. 1: 491-503. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych1010038