Next Article in Journal
Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles via Pulicaria undulata and an Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activities
Next Article in Special Issue
Efficient Metal-Free Oxidative C–H Amination for Accessing Dibenzoxazepinones via μ-Oxo Hypervalent Iodine Catalysis
Previous Article in Journal / Special Issue
Direct Aniline Formation with Benzene and Hydroxylamine
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Chemistry
Volume 5
Issue 4
10.3390/chemistry5040140
chemistry-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Communication

Isoselenazole Synthesis by Rh-Catalyzed Direct Annulation of Benzimidates with Sodium Selenite

by
Qing-Feng Xu-Xu
1,
Yuji Nishii
2,* and
Masahiro Miura
1,*
1
Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transitionary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
2
Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Chemistry 2023, 5(4), 2068-2074; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry5040140
Submission received: 25 August 2023 / Revised: 20 September 2023 / Accepted: 21 September 2023 / Published: 23 September 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Organic Synthesis—a Special Issue in Honor of Professor Masahiro Miura)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Organoselenium compounds have attracted significant research interest because of their potent therapeutic activities and indispensable applications in the organic chemistry field. The selenation reactions conventionally rely on the use of sensitive Se reagents; thus, new synthetic methods with improved efficiency and operational simplicity have recently been of particular interest. In this manuscript, we report a Rh-catalyzed direct selenium annulation using tractable sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) as the limiting reagent. The selenite species was converted to highly electrophilic SeO(OBz)2 in situ upon treatment with Bz2O, thereby undergoing C–H/N–H double nucleophilic selenation. A series of benzimidates successfully underwent selenation under mild reaction conditions to afford isoselenazole derivatives.

1. Introduction

Recent decades have witnessed considerable progress in selenium chemistry for the diverse functions of catalysis, electronic materials, biologically active compounds, selenoproteins, etc. [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. It is notable that Ebselen derivatives have recently been extensively studied for their fascinating effect on COVID-19 protease inhibition [12,13]. The unique and flexible redox characteristic of Se species over other chalcogens would be a key factor in such a wide spectrum of applications. Unlike the relevant sulfur chemistry, selenation has not been established sufficiently to meet the growing demand in synthetic chemistry field, which may be attributed to the relatively limited availability of selenium reagents.
Selenation reactions can be classified into two categories based on the amount of bond formation onto the Se atom: single selenation and double selenation (Scheme 1a). For single selenation, selenium compounds with one leaving group (R–Se–X type reagents) are generally adopted. Diselenides are the first choice in this transformation because of their availability, stability, and robustness [14,15,16,17,18]. Other highly activated reagents, such as selenohalides, selenocyanides, and selenophthalimides, and selenol derivatives are also synthetically valuable, but have been less commonly utilized [19,20,21,22,23,24,25]. Meanwhile, double selenation requires nucleophilic M–Se–M (M = metal), electrophilic X–Se–X, or ambiphilic (specifically KSeCN) reagents to facilitate twofold bond formation in an annulation or three-component reaction [26,27,28,29,30,31,32]. In particular, electrophilic double selenation has relied entirely on the use of sensitive (oxy)halides or odorous and toxic SeO2 [33,34]. One rare example utilized H2SeO3 for diarylation with anisole solvent [35].
To address this issue, herein, we use an inorganic selenite salt Na2SeO3 as a novel X–Se–X-type reagent in combination with acid anhydride. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports on the usage of stable, odorless, and readily available selenite salt in selenation. This strategy stems from our previous reports on Rh-catalyzed direct selenation, where a highly electrophilic SeO(OAc)2 formed in situ upon treating Se powder with AgOAc (Scheme 1b) [36,37]. We would like to highlight this as a new activation mode in selenium chemistry; however, low Se atom economy due to the disproportionation process, as well as the use of excess Ag salt, are obvious disadvantages. In this work, we demonstrate a Rh-catalyzed annulative C–H/N–H double selenation of benzimidates adopting Na2SeO3 to afford isoselenazole derivatives (Scheme 1c) [38,39,40].

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. General Information

All manipulations were performed under N2, using standard Schlenk techniques unless otherwise noted. PhCF3 was purchased as a dehydrated solvent and stored with molecular sieves 4A. [Cp*RhCl2]2 and [Cp*Rh(MeCN)3][SbF6]2 were prepared according to the procedure outlined in the literature [41]. Imidate derivatives 1 were prepared according to the procedure in the literature [42,43]. N-acyl imidate 3 was also prepared according to the procedure in the literature [44]. Rh-1b was prepared according to the procedure in the literature [45,46]. All other reagents were purchased from suppliers and were used without further purification. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (Bruker, Billerica, United States) were measured at 400 MHz (1H NMR), at 100 MHz (13C NMR), and at 376 MHz (19F NMR) in 5 mm NMR tubes. 1H NMR chemical shifts were reported in ppm relative to the resonance of TMS (δ 0.00) or the residual solvent signals at δ 7.26 for CDCl3 and at δ 7.16 for C6D6. 13C NMR chemical shifts were reported in ppm relative to the residual solvent signals at δ 77.16 for CDCl3 and at δ 128.10 for C6D6. Preparative gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was conducted with two in-line YMC-GPC T2000 preparative columns.

2.2. General Procedure for Rh-Catalyzed Annulation of Benzimidates with Sodium Selenite

To a screw-top glass tube, 1 (0.15 mmol), Na2SeO3 (17.3 mg, 0.1 mmol), benzoic anhydride (67.9 mg, 0.3 mmol), and [Cp*Rh(MeCN)3][SbF6]2 (3.3 mg, 4.0 mol%) were added. The tube was flushed with N2. PhCF3 (0.5 mL) and AcOH (11 μL, 0.2 mmol) were added via syringe. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 min, then heated at 100 °C for 14 h using an oil bath. After cooling to room temperature, the resulting mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite eluting with EtOAc. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo, and the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography or preparative TLC, if indicated by GPC.

2.3. Rh-Catalyzed Annulation of 1a with Sodium Selenite (5.0 mmol Scale)

To a screw-cap glass tube, [Cp*Rh(MeCN)3][SbF6]2 (166 mg, 4.0 mol%), sodium selenite (865 mg, 5.0 mmol), and benzoic anhydride (3.39 g, 15.0 mmol) were added. The tube was flushed with N2. PhCF3 (25 mL), 1a (1.22 g, 7.5 mmol), and AcOH (0.57 mL, 10.0 mmol) were added via syringe. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 min, then heated at 100 °C for 14 h using an oil bath. After cooling to room temperature, the resulting mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite eluting with EtOAc. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo, and the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/EtOAc = 10/1) and GPC (CHCl3) to produce 2a as white solid (1.00 g, 83% yield).

3. Results

The optimization of the reaction conditions began by seeking a suitable activator for Na2SeO3 to achieve selenium annulation with a benzimidate 1a in the presence of a cationic Cp*Rh(III) catalyst, [Cp*Rh(MeCN)3][SbF6]2 (Cp* = cyclopentadienyl) (Table 1). No desired product was observed when acetyl chloride was used in combination with Na2SeO3 (entry 1). On the other hand, relatively mild activating reagents such as benzoyl fluoride (entry 2) and acid anhydrides (entries 3–5) provided the target isoselenazole 2a in moderate yields of 28~38%. The main side reactions were acylation of the imine nitrogen atom and imidate hydrolysis to the corresponding ester. These were considerably suppressed by the addition of acetic acid (entry 6). Further improvement of the yield was achieved with 1.5 equiv of 1a affording 2a in 82% isolated yield (entry 7). After screening the solvent, dioxane and MeCN were found to lead to similar results (entries 8–9, see Table S1 and S2 for more information). Other metal catalysts, such as [Cp*IrCl2]2, Cp*Co(CO)I2, and [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2, exhibited poor productivity (entries 10–12). The conditions in entry 7 were chosen as the standard and were used for the following study.
The scope of the substrate was investigated with respect to benzimidates (Scheme 2). The reaction of 1a was successfully conducted at a 1.0 mmol (80% yield) and 5.0 mmol (83% yield) scale under the standard conditions. Substrates with a series of O-alkyl substituents were tolerated well (2b–2g, 69~83% yields). For the para-substituted benzimidates, functional groups involving alkyl (1a), alkoxy (1h), halogen (1i–1l), aryl (1m), and ester (1n) were all able to provide the corresponding products in high yields (2h–2n, 66~84% yields). It is notable that the meta-substituted substrates were converted with high regioselectivity, and 2o–2r were obtained as the sole regioisomers (63~79% yields). Unfortunately, the substituent at the ortho-position seemed to impair the C–H activation (2s, 26% yield), whereas modified conditions with increased Na2SeO3, Bz2O, and AcOH slightly improved the yield to 39%. The thiophene (1t) and naphthalene (1u) analogs were also applicable.
In order to confirm the intermediacy of electrophilic Se(IV) species within the catalysis, a stoichiometric reaction was conducted (Schem 3a). The expected Se(IV) reagent SeO(OBz)2 was prepared from SeOCl2 upon treatment with AgOBz. After the removal of precipitated AgCl by filtration, the filtrate was subsequently reacted with a metallacycle complex Rh-1b in a heated PhCF3 solution. As expected, the annulation product 2b was obtained at a 44% yield, whereas the reductant for Se(IV) to Se(II) was not identified here. Additionally, an N-acyl imidate 3, which may have been formed by the acylation of 1a with acid anhydride, did not participate in the selenation under standard conditions (Scheme 3b). These results support the role of Bz2O activating Na2SeO3 to generate electrophilic Se(IV) species in order to ensure the annulation process.
Based on the control experiments and previous literature [36,37], we would like to propose a reaction mechanism, as shown in Scheme 3c. A catalytically active species, which is assumed to be Cp*Rh(OAc)(SbF6), undergoes chelation-assisted C–H activation with imidate 1 to produce intermediate A (path a). The electrophilic SeO(OBz)2 is generated in situ from Na2SeO3 and Bz2O, thereby coordinating to the Rh species (A→B). Formal double nucleophilic substitution at the Se atom takes place (B→C), and the primary Se(IV) product is dissociated and reduced to give the desired isoselenazole 2. As an alternative reaction pathway, SeO(OBz)2 might first react with imidate 1 to generate N-seleninyl imidate (path b). The subsequent C–H activation and intramolecular nucleophilic selenation would form the same intermediate (D→C). The coupling product would be liberated, and the active Rh complex would be recovered to close the catalytic cycle.

4. Conclusions

We have achieved the Rh-catalyzed direct annulative selenation of benzimidates by adopting Na2SeO3 as a versatile and user-friendly selenium source. This protocol requires neither an excess amount of Se reagent nor stoichiometric silver salt. The reaction conditions are considerably mild, and a series of functional groups were shown to be tolerated. The established activation mode would be valuable for designing new reaction systems in selenium chemistry, and some examples are currently in development in our research group.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/chemistry5040140/s1, Table S1: Optimization study 1; Table S2: Optimization study 2; Product Identification Data; Copy of NMR Spectra.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Q.-F.X.-X. and Y.N.; investigation, Q.-F.X.-X.; writing—original draft preparation, Q.-F.X.-X.; writing—review and editing, Y.N. and M.M.; supervision, M.M.; funding acquisition, Y.N. and M.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grants JP 19K15586 and 21K14627 to Y.N., JP 17H06092 to M.M.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in the Supplementary Material.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Beletskaya, I.P.; Ananikov, V.P. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C–S, C–Se, and C–Te Bond Formations via Cross-Coupling and Atom-Economic Addition Reactions. Achievements and Challenges. Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 16110–16293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Nogueira, C.W.; Zeni, G.; Rocha, J.B.T. Organoselenium and Organotellurium Compounds: Toxicology and Pharmacology. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 6255–6285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Shao, L.; Li, Y.; Lu, J.; Jiang, X. Recent progress in selenium-catalyzed organic reactions. Org. Chem. Front. 2019, 6, 2999–3041. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Singh, F.H.; Wirth, T. Selenium reagents as catalysts. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2019, 9, 1073–1091. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Manjare, S.T.; Kim, Y.; Churchill, D.G. Selenium- and Tellurium-Containing Fluorescent Molecular Probes for the Detection of Biologically Important Analytes. Acc. Chem. Res. 2014, 47, 2985–2998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Brutchey, R.L. Diorganyl Dichalcogenides as Useful Synthons for Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals. Acc. Chem. Res. 2015, 48, 2918–2926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Li, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, Z.; Pan, X.; Zhang, Z.; Zhu, J.; Zhu, X. Organoselenium chemistry-based polymer synthesis. Org. Chem. Front. 2020, 7, 2815–2841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Mugesh, G.; du Mont, W.-W.; Sies, H. Chemistry of Biologically Important Synthetic Organoselenium Compounds. Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 2125–2180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Hou, W.; Dong, H.; Zhang, X.; Wang, Y.; Su, L.; Xu, H. Selenium as an emerging versatile player in heterocycles and natural products modification. Drug Discov. Today 2022, 27, 2268–2277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Hou, W.; Xu, H. Incorporating Selenium into Heterocycles and Natural Products From Chemical Properties to Pharmacological Activities. J. Med. Chem. 2022, 65, 4436–4456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Sands, K.N.; Rengifo, E.M.; George, G.N.; Pickering, I.J.; Gelfand, B.S.; Back, T.G. The Unexpected Role of SeVI Species in Epoxidations with Benzeneseleninic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 4283–4287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Jin, Z.; Du, X.; Xu, Y.; Deng, Y.; Liu, M.; Zhao, Y.; Zhang, B.; Li, X.; Zhang, L.; Peng, C.; et al. Structure of Mpro from SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of its inhibitors. Nature 2020, 582, 289–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Sargsyan, K.; Lin, C.-C.; Chen, T.; Grauffel, C.; Chen, Y.-P.; Yang, W.-Z.; Yuan, H.S.; Lim, C. Multi-targeting of functional cysteines in multiple conserved SARS-CoV-2 domains by clinically safe Zn-ejectors. Chem. Sci. 2020, 11, 9904–9909. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Ma, W.; Kaplaneris, N.; Fang, X.; Gu, L.; Mei, R.; Ackermann, L. Chelation-assisted transition metal-catalysed C–H chalcogenylations. Org. Chem. Front. 2020, 7, 1022–1060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Sonawane, A.D.; Sonawane, R.A.; Ninomiya, M.; Koketsu, M. Diorganyl diselenides: A powerful tool for the construction of selenium containing scaffolds. Dalton Trans. 2021, 50, 12764–12790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Gandeepan, P.; Koeller, J.; Ackermann, L. Expedient C–H Chalcogenation of Indolines and Indoles by Positional-Selective Copper Catalysis. ACS Catal. 2017, 7, 1030–1034. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Vásquez-Céspedes, S.; Ferry, A.; Candish, L.; Glorius, F. Heterogeneously Catalyzed Direct C–H Thiolation of Heteroarenes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 5772–5776. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Sinha, S.; Panja, S.; Grover, J.; Hazra, P.S.; Pandit, S.; Bairagi, Y.; Zhang, X.; Maiti, D. Dual Ligand Enabled Nondirected C−H Chalcogenation of Arenes and Heteroarenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 12032–12042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Mukherjee, N.; Kundu, D.; Ranu, B.C. Copper-Silver Dual Catalyzed Decyanative C–Se Cross-Coupling. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2017, 359, 329–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Tiecco, M.; Carlone, A.; Sternativo, S.; Marini, F.; Bartoli, G.; Melchiorre, P. Organocatalytic Asymmetric α-Selenenylation of Aldehydes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 6882–6885. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Xu, H.; Wang, Y.; Dong, H.; Zhang, Y.; Gu, Y.; Zhang, S.; Meng, Y.; Li, J.; Shi, X.J.; Ji, Q.; et al. Selenylation Chemistry Suitable for On-Plate Parallel and On-DNA Library Synthesis Enabling High-Throughput Medicinal Chemistry. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202206516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Xu, H.; Gu, Y.; Zhang, S.; Xiong, H.; Ma, F.; Lu, F.; Ji, Q.; Liu, L.; Ma, P.; Hou, W.; et al. A Chemistry for Incorporation of Selenium into DNA-Encoded Libraries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 13273–13280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Abdo, M.; Knapp, S. Biomimetic Seleninates and Selenonates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 9234–9235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Krief, A.; Dumont, W.; Delmotte, C. Reaction of Organic Selenocyanates with Hydroxides: The One-Pot Synthesis of Dialkyl Diselenides from Alkyl Bromides. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 1669–1672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Wu, G.; Yao, Y.; Zhang, W. An MeSeSO3Na reagent for oxidative aminoselenomethylation of maleimides. Org. Chem. Front. 2021, 8, 6259–6264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Wu, G.; Min, L.; Li, H.; Gao, W.; Ding, J.; Huang, X.; Liu, M.; Wu, H. Metal-free synthesis of alkynyl alkyl selenides via three-component coupling of terminal alkynes, Se, and epoxides. Green Chem. 2018, 20, 1560–1563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Shin, N.H.; Lim, Y.J.; Kim, C.; Kim, Y.E.; Jeong, Y.R.; Cho, H.; Park, M.-S.; Lee, S.H. An Efficient Method for Selective Syntheses of Sodium Selenide and Dialkyl Selenides. Molecules 2022, 27, 5224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Ma, Y.-T.; Liu, M.-C.; Zhou, Y.-B.; Wu, H.-Y. Synthesis of Organoselenium Compounds with Elemental Selenium. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2021, 363, 5386–5406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Guan, Y.; Townsend, S.D. Metal-Free Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Organoselenides and Selenoglycosides. Org. Lett. 2017, 19, 5252–5255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Wu, B.; Yoshikai, N. Conversion of 2-Iodobiaryls into 2,2″-Diiodobiarylsvia Oxidation-Iodination Sequences: A Versatile Route to Ladder-Type Heterofluorenes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 8736–8739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Wang, Y.; Zhang, W.-X.; Wang, Z.; Xi, Z. Procedure-Controlled Selective Synthesis of 5-Acyl-2-iminothiazolinesand their Selenium and Tellurium Derivatives by Convergent Tandem Annulation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 8122–8126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Wu, G.; Zhou, X.; Wang, C. Copper-catalyzed decarboxylative Se insertion coupling of indoles and propiolic acids. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2022, 33, 4531–4535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. He, G.; Kang, L.; Delgado, W.T.; Shynkaruk, O.; Ferguson, M.J.; McDonald, R.; Rivard, E. The Marriage of Metallacycle Transfer Chemistry with Suzuki−Miyaura Cross-Coupling to Give Main Group Element-Containing Conjugated Polymers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 5360–5363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Talukdar, R. A Study on the Reactions of SeO2 with Pyrroles and N-Substituted Indoles in Non-Anhydrous Ethanol under Non-Inert Atmosphere. Asian J. Org. Chem. 2019, 8, 88–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Boyd, G.V.; Doughty, M.; Kenyon, J. The action of selenious acid on alkyl ethers of phenols. J. Chem. Soc. 1949, 2196–2197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Xu-Xu, Q.-F.; Nishii, Y.; Uetake, Y.; Sakurai, H.; Miura, M. Synthesis of Benzoisoselenazolones via Rh(III)-Catalyzed Direct Annulative Selenation Using Elemental Selenium. Chem. Eur. J. 2021, 27, 17952–17959. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Moon, S.; Nishii, Y.; Miura, M. Synthesis of Isothiazoles and Isoselenazoles through Rhodium-Catalyzed Oxidative Annulation with Elemental Sulfur and Selenium. Org. Lett. 2021, 23, 49–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Satoh, T.; Miura, M. Oxidative Coupling of Aromatic Substrates with Alkynes and Alkenes under Rhodium Catalysis. Chem. Eur. J. 2010, 16, 11212–11222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Sambiagio, C.; Schönbauer, D.; Blieck, R.; Dao-Huy, T.; Pototschnig, G.; Schaaf, P.; Wiesinger, T.; Zia, M.F.; Wencel-Delord, J.; Besset, T.; et al. A comprehensive overview of directing groups applied in metal-catalysed C–H functionalisation chemistry. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47, 6603–6743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Wang, C.; Chen, F.; Qian, P.; Cheng, J. Recent advances in the Rh-catalyzed cascade arene C–H bond activation/annulation toward diverse heterocyclic compounds. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2021, 19, 1705–1721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  41. Barday, M.; Janot, C.; Halcovitch, N.R.; Muir, J.; Aïssa, C. Cross-Coupling of α-Carbonyl Sulfoxonium Ylides with C−H Bonds. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 13117–13121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Wang, H.; Li, L.; Yu, S.; Li, Y.; Li, X. Rh(III)-Catalyzed C–C/C–N Coupling of Imidates with α-Diazo Imidamide: Synthesis of Isoquinoline-Fused Indoles. Org. Lett. 2016, 18, 2914–2917. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Han, X.; Gao, F.; Li, C.; Fang, D.; Xie, X.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, H. Synthesis of Highly Fused Pyrano[2,3-b]pyridines via Rh(III)-Catalyzed C–H Activation and Intramolecular Cascade Annulation under Room Temperature. J. Org. Chem. 2020, 85, 6281–6294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Baugh, S.D.P.; Jackson, M.R.; Rashad, A.A.; Reitz, A.B.; Lam, P.Y.S.; Jorns, M.S. Synthesis and evaluation of potent novel inhibitors of human sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2021, 54, 128443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Wang, Q.; Li, X. Synthesis of 1H-Indazoles from Imidates and Nitrosobenzenes via Synergistic Rhodium/Copper Catalysis. Org. Lett. 2016, 18, 2102–2105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Kong, W.-J.; Finger, L.H.; Messinis, A.M.; Kuniyil, R.; Oliveira, J.C.A.; Ackermann, L. Flow Rhodaelectro-Catalyzed Alkyne Annulations by Versatile C–H Activation: Mechanistic Support for Rhodium(III/IV). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 17198–17206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Chemistry 05 00140 sch001
Scheme 1. Synthetic approaches to organoselenium compounds.
Scheme 1. Synthetic approaches to organoselenium compounds.
Chemistry 05 00140 sch001
Chemistry 05 00140 sch002
Scheme 2. Scope of the substrates. Reaction conditions: 1 (0.15 mmol), Na2SeO3 (0.1 mmol), [Cp*Rh(MeCN)3][SbF6]2 (0.004 mmol), Bz2O (0.3 mmol), and AcOH (0.2 mmol) in PhCF3 (0.5 mL) at 100 °C for 14 h under N2. Isolated yields are shown. [a] With 1s (0.1 mmol), Na2SeO3 (0.2 mmol), Bz2O (0.4 mmol), and AcOH (0.5 mmol).
Scheme 2. Scope of the substrates. Reaction conditions: 1 (0.15 mmol), Na2SeO3 (0.1 mmol), [Cp*Rh(MeCN)3][SbF6]2 (0.004 mmol), Bz2O (0.3 mmol), and AcOH (0.2 mmol) in PhCF3 (0.5 mL) at 100 °C for 14 h under N2. Isolated yields are shown. [a] With 1s (0.1 mmol), Na2SeO3 (0.2 mmol), Bz2O (0.4 mmol), and AcOH (0.5 mmol).
Chemistry 05 00140 sch002
Chemistry 05 00140 sch003
Scheme 3. Control experiments and proposed reaction mechanism.
Scheme 3. Control experiments and proposed reaction mechanism.
Chemistry 05 00140 sch003
Table 1. Optimization of the reaction conditions [a].
Table 1. Optimization of the reaction conditions [a].
Chemistry 05 00140 i001
EntryCatalystActivatorSolventYield [b]
1 [Cp*Rh(MeCN)3][SbF6]2AcClPhCF3n.d.
2 [Cp*Rh(MeCN)3][SbF6]2PhCOFPhCF338%
3 [Cp*Rh(MeCN)3][SbF6]2Ac2OPhCF336%
4 [Cp*Rh(MeCN)3][SbF6]2Piv2OPhCF328%
5 [Cp*Rh(MeCN)3][SbF6]2Bz2OPhCF358% (54%)
6 [c] [Cp*Rh(MeCN)3][SbF6]2Bz2OPhCF362%
7 [c,d] [Cp*Rh(MeCN)3][SbF6]2Bz2OPhCF384% (82%)
8 [c,d] [Cp*Rh(MeCN)3][SbF6]2Bz2Odioxane84% (80%)
9 [c,d] [Cp*Rh(MeCN)3][SbF6]2Bz2OMeCN80%
10 [c,d,e] [Cp*IrCl2]2Bz2OPhCF327%
11 [c,d,e]Cp*Co(CO)I2Bz2OPhCF3n.d.
12 [c,d,e][Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2Bz2OPhCF36%
[a] Reaction conditions: 1a (0.1 mmol), Na2SeO3 (0.1 mmol), catalyst (4.0 mol% metal), and activator (0.2 mmol) in solvent (0.5 mL) were stirred at rt for 15 min and then heated at 100 °C for 14 h under N2. [b] NMR yield. Isolated yield in paratheses. [c] With AcOH (0.2 mmol). [d] 1a (0.15 mmol), Bz2O (0.3 mmol). [e] With AgSbF6 (15 mol%). n.d. = not detected.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Xu-Xu, Q.-F.; Nishii, Y.; Miura, M. Isoselenazole Synthesis by Rh-Catalyzed Direct Annulation of Benzimidates with Sodium Selenite. Chemistry 2023, 5, 2068-2074. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry5040140

AMA Style

Xu-Xu Q-F, Nishii Y, Miura M. Isoselenazole Synthesis by Rh-Catalyzed Direct Annulation of Benzimidates with Sodium Selenite. Chemistry. 2023; 5(4):2068-2074. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry5040140

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xu-Xu, Qing-Feng, Yuji Nishii, and Masahiro Miura. 2023. "Isoselenazole Synthesis by Rh-Catalyzed Direct Annulation of Benzimidates with Sodium Selenite" Chemistry 5, no. 4: 2068-2074. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry5040140

APA Style

Xu-Xu, Q. -F., Nishii, Y., & Miura, M. (2023). Isoselenazole Synthesis by Rh-Catalyzed Direct Annulation of Benzimidates with Sodium Selenite. Chemistry, 5(4), 2068-2074. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry5040140

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop