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10.3390/reactions3020021
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Article

Valorization of Microcrystalline Cellulose Using Heterogeneous Protonated Zeolite Catalyst: An Experimental and Kinetics Approach

by
Samuel Kassaye
1,
Dinesh Gupta
1,
Kamal Kishore Pant
1 and
Sapna Jain
2,*
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
2
Department of Physical and Forensic Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Reactions 2022, 3(2), 283-299; https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions3020021
Submission received: 24 March 2022 / Revised: 4 May 2022 / Accepted: 19 May 2022 / Published: 30 May 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Conversion of Carbonaceous Materials to Fuels and Chemicals)
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Abstract

This study aimed to valorize microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) using protonated zeolite catalysts such as (H-ZSM-5) and Cr/H-ZSM-5 (5%) in ionic liquid. The catalytic effect in synergy with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride ([BMIM] Cl) ionic liquid was studied in detail. The total reducing sugar (TRS) was determined using the 3, 5-dinitrisalcylic acid (DNS) array method. The catalysts were characterized using techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD), and BET-surface area analyzer. H-ZSM-5 effectively depolymerized cellulose with a maximum yield of 70% total reducing sugar (34% glucose, 8% fructose, and 4.5% 5-HMF). Cr/H-ZSM-5 catalyst dehydrated fructose to 5-HMF with a yield of 53%. The use of ionic liquid significantly reduced the activation energy of formation and decomposition. The activation energy determined in cellulose hydrolysis was 85.83 KJ mol−1 for a reaction time of 180 min while the decomposition energy was found to be 42.5 kJ mol−1.
Keywords: microcrystalline cellulose; ionic liquid; hydrolysis; kinetic modeling microcrystalline cellulose; ionic liquid; hydrolysis; kinetic modeling

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kassaye, S.; Gupta, D.; Pant, K.K.; Jain, S. Valorization of Microcrystalline Cellulose Using Heterogeneous Protonated Zeolite Catalyst: An Experimental and Kinetics Approach. Reactions 2022, 3, 283-299. https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions3020021

AMA Style

Kassaye S, Gupta D, Pant KK, Jain S. Valorization of Microcrystalline Cellulose Using Heterogeneous Protonated Zeolite Catalyst: An Experimental and Kinetics Approach. Reactions. 2022; 3(2):283-299. https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions3020021

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kassaye, Samuel, Dinesh Gupta, Kamal Kishore Pant, and Sapna Jain. 2022. "Valorization of Microcrystalline Cellulose Using Heterogeneous Protonated Zeolite Catalyst: An Experimental and Kinetics Approach" Reactions 3, no. 2: 283-299. https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions3020021

APA Style

Kassaye, S., Gupta, D., Pant, K. K., & Jain, S. (2022). Valorization of Microcrystalline Cellulose Using Heterogeneous Protonated Zeolite Catalyst: An Experimental and Kinetics Approach. Reactions, 3(2), 283-299. https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions3020021

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