Socioeconomic and Environmental Impact Assessment of Different Power-Sourced Drip Irrigation Systems in Punjab, Pakistan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
Sampling of Drip Irrigation System (DIS) Sites
- Data collection.
- Data analysis.
2.3. Economic Data
2.3.1. Crop Input and Output Data
2.3.2. Environmental Data
CO2 Emission
Social Adoption Data
2.4. Data Analysis
2.4.1. Economic Analysis
2.4.2. Benefit–Cost Analysis (BCA)
2.4.3. Present Value (PV)
2.4.4. Net Present Value (NPV)
2.4.5. Payback Period (PBP)
2.4.6. Life Cycle Cost (LCC)
2.4.7. Capital Cost
2.4.8. Maintenance Cost
2.4.9. Fuel Charges
2.4.10. Replacement Cost
2.4.11. Salvage Value
2.4.12. SPSS Model
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.5.1. One Way ANOVA
2.5.2. Post Hoc Test
2.5.3. Environmental Analysis
2.5.4. Social Analysis
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Economic Viability of Different Power Sources for Drip Irrigation System
3.2. Benefit–Cost Analysis of Different Power Sources for Drip Irrigation System
3.2.1. One-Way ANOVA
3.2.2. Cashflow Diagrams for All Power Sources Used for DIS
3.3. Payback Period of Different Power Sources for DIS
3.4. Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Different Power Sources for Drip Irrigation System
Production Cost for DIS
3.5. Environmental Impact of Different Power Sources for DIS
CO2 Emission Form Each Source for 1 kg Production of Maize
3.6. Social Adoption of Different Power Sources for Drip Irrigation System
3.6.1. Head of Family Education
3.6.2. Total Land under Control
3.6.3. Occupation of DIS Owner
3.6.4. Education of Farm Operators
4. Conclusions
5. Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site Code | Electricity Power | Diesel Power | Solar Power |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.64 | 1.55 | 1.73 |
2 | 1.78 | 1.59 | 1.86 |
3 | 1.76 | 1.41 | 1.65 |
4 | 1.58 | 1.60 | 1.57 |
5 | 1.55 | 1.39 | 1.60 |
6 | 1.47 | 1.48 | 1.48 |
7 | 1.64 | 1.49 | 1.41 |
8 | 1.77 | 1.29 | 1.39 |
9 | 1.54 | 1.35 | 1.42 |
10 | 1.79 | 1.45 | 1.35 |
11 | 1.57 | 1.21 | 1.45 |
12 | 1.56 | 1.39 | 1.42 |
13 | 1.66 | 1.46 | 1.56 |
14 | 1.70 | 1.54 | 1.31 |
15 | 1.80 | 1.45 | 1.55 |
Mean | 1.65 | 1.44 | 1.52 |
St. Dev | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.15 |
Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Between Groups | 0.343 | 2 | 0.172 | 11.215 | 0.000 |
Within Groups | 0.642 | 42 | 0.015 | ||
Total | 0.986 | 44 |
(I) Factor | (J) Factor | Mean Difference (I-J) | Std. Error | Sig. | 95% Confidence Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||||
Solar | electricity | −0.13733 * | 0.04516 | 0.011 | −0.2470 | −0.0276 |
diesel | 0.07333 | 0.04516 | 0.247 | −0.0364 | 0.1830 | |
Electricity | Solar | 0.13733 * | 0.04516 | 0.011 | 0.0276 | 0.2470 |
diesel | 0.21067 * | 0.04516 | 0.000 | 0.1010 | 0.3204 | |
Diesel | Solar | −0.07333 | 0.04516 | 0.247 | −0.1830 | 0.0364 |
electricity | −0.21067 * | 0.04516 | 0.000 | −0.3204 | −0.1010 |
Solar | Electricity | Diesel | |
---|---|---|---|
Average | 5.2 | 2 | 2.53333 |
St. Deviation | 1.373213 | 0.534522 | 0.99043 |
Types of DIS by Power Source | |||
---|---|---|---|
Solar | Diesel | Electricity | |
LCC for drip irrigation system for 15 years | 12,994.67 * | 9414.629 * | 13,628.47 * |
System cost for 1 year | 866.31 * | 627.64 * | 908.56 * |
Mean production cost for DIS Production cost | 1118.15 * | 1296.28 * | 1467.64 * |
Total cost | 1984.46 * | 1923.92 * | 2376.21 * |
Mean crop benefits for DIS | 3130 * | 3027.61 * | 2965.14 * |
Maize production (kg/ha) | 11,476.67 * | 11,101.23 * | 10,872.1 * |
Production cost ($/kg maize) | 0.1729 * | 0.173 * | 0.21 * |
Mean cost of production for maize crop by using DIS ($/kg) | 0.1853 * |
Social Adoption Indicator | Percentage % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Solar | Electricity | Diesel | ||
Family members | 1–4 members | 20.00 | 13.33 | 6.67 |
5–8 members | 46.67 | 53.33 | 60.00 | |
8–12 members | 33.33 | 33.33 | 33.33 | |
Total landholding | 5–3 ha | 40.00 | 60.00 | 60.00 |
31–55 ha | 26.67 | 20.00 | 40.00 | |
56–80 ha | 33.33 | 20.00 | 0.00 | |
Education of head of family | Metric | 0.00 | 0.00 | 20.00 |
Intermediate | 0.00 | 0.00 | 13.33 | |
Graduate | 6.67 | 53.33 | 53.33 | |
Postgraduate | 93.33 | 46.67 | 13.33 | |
Education of farm operator | Illiterate | 20 | 40.00 | 66.67 |
Middle | 30 | 26.67 | 26.67 | |
Metric | 50 | 26.67 | 6.67 | |
Occupation of HEIS owner | Farming | 26.67 | 26.67 | 53.33 |
Employee | 53.33 | 20.00 | 33.33 | |
Business | 20.00 | 53.33 | 13.33 | |
Crop sown | Maize–potato | 40.00 | 66.67 | 60.00 |
Maize–potato–maize | 60.00 | 33.33 | 40.00 | |
Area under DIS | 1–3 ha | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
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Ul Hussan, I.; Nadeem, M.; Yamin, M.; Ali, S.; Omar, M.M.; Ahmad, S.; Zulfiqar, M.; Mahmood, T. Socioeconomic and Environmental Impact Assessment of Different Power-Sourced Drip Irrigation Systems in Punjab, Pakistan. AgriEngineering 2023, 5, 236-256. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering5010016
Ul Hussan I, Nadeem M, Yamin M, Ali S, Omar MM, Ahmad S, Zulfiqar M, Mahmood T. Socioeconomic and Environmental Impact Assessment of Different Power-Sourced Drip Irrigation Systems in Punjab, Pakistan. AgriEngineering. 2023; 5(1):236-256. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering5010016
Chicago/Turabian StyleUl Hussan, Iftkhar, Muhammad Nadeem, Muhammad Yamin, Sikandar Ali, Muhammad Mubashar Omar, Shaheer Ahmad, Mamoona Zulfiqar, and Tallat Mahmood. 2023. "Socioeconomic and Environmental Impact Assessment of Different Power-Sourced Drip Irrigation Systems in Punjab, Pakistan" AgriEngineering 5, no. 1: 236-256. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering5010016
APA StyleUl Hussan, I., Nadeem, M., Yamin, M., Ali, S., Omar, M. M., Ahmad, S., Zulfiqar, M., & Mahmood, T. (2023). Socioeconomic and Environmental Impact Assessment of Different Power-Sourced Drip Irrigation Systems in Punjab, Pakistan. AgriEngineering, 5(1), 236-256. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering5010016