An Assessment Model for Sustainable Cities Using Crowdsourced Data Based on General System Theory: A Design Science Methodology Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Smart City Assessment
2.2. Smart City Ecosystems
2.3. Crowdsourced Data
3. Methods
4. Results
4.1. Taxonomy of Dimensions and Indicators
4.2. Keywords for Crowdsourced Data
4.3. Expert Validation
4.4. Sustainable City Assessment Model
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Ref. | Number of Indicators | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Social | Economy | Environment | ||
1 | Smart Sustainable City Indicators [9,10] | 6 | 3 | 5 |
2 | Sustainable Development Indicators [10] | 11 | 3 | 6 |
3 | Smart City Index Master [10,16] | 0 | 3 | 3 |
4 | Lisbon ranking for smart sustainable cities [11] | 6 | 6 | 6 |
5 | Smart city performance index [12] | 3 | 4 | 4 |
6 | IESE Cities in Motion Index 2018 [13] | 13 | 8 | 11 |
7 | ITU-T Y.4903/L.1603 [14,36] | 6 | 7 | 6 |
8 | Sustainability Perspectives Indicators [15] | 11 | 5 | 13 |
9 | Dimensions of the smart city Vienna UT [17] | 0 | 6 | 4 |
10 | Characteristics Smart City [18] | 0 | 3 | 3 |
11 | Criteria set for evaluating smart cities [19] | 0 | 5 | 7 |
12 | China smart city performance [20] | 0 | 3 | 3 |
13 | Sustainable development of communities [21] | 0 | 5 | 7 |
14 | Assess effectiveness of the smart transport [22] | 0 | 0 | 2 |
15 | Smart City Dimension [23] | 0 | 4 | 7 |
16 | City Sustainability Assessment [24] | 12 | 7 | 5 |
17 | Smart Sustainable Cities [34] | 0 | 4 | 5 |
18 | Global Power City Index 2018 [37] | 0 | 5 | 3 |
19 | ITU-T Y.4901/L.1601 [6,36,38] | 6 | 7 | 6 |
20 | ITU-T Y.4902/L.1602 [6,36,39] | 6 | 7 | 6 |
No. | Position | Country | Expertise | Experience |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Associate Professor | Indonesia | Green IT, e-government, smart cities, e-learning, and IT public services | 10–15 years |
2 | Professor | Indonesia | Computer vision, information systems, human factors, and smart cities. | >20 years |
3 | Associate Professor | Indonesia | Open government data, smart cities, network security, and digital forensics investigations. | 15–20 years |
4 | Associate Professor | Indonesia | Open government data, smart cities, data mining, information systems, and technology adoption. | 15–20 years |
5 | Associate Professor | Malaysia | User experiences, human–computer interactions, sustainability, and gerontechnology. | 5–10 years |
6 | Associate Professor | Malaysia | Information systems, project management, and sustainable governance. | 10–15 years |
7 | Professor | Indonesia | Smart system platforms and ecosystems, IT architecture and governance, and smart cities. | >20 years |
8 | Professor | Malaysia | IT governance, urban development, social media, data analytics, and fintech. | >20 years |
Indicators | Themes |
---|---|
Asset equity [9,10] Housing [6,9,10,11,12,14,15,36,38,39] Social inclusion [6,11,14,36,38,39] Price of property [13] | Equity |
Health [6,9,10,11,13,14,15,36,38,39] Health Status [12] Hospitals [13] Mortality [13,15] Nutritional regime [15] Sanitation conditions [15] Drinking water [15] | Health |
Education [6,9,10,11,14,36,38,39] Educational level [15] Literacy [15] | Education |
Security [9,10,12] Population [9,10,15] Safety [6,11,12,14,36,38,39] Crime rate [13] Unemployment [13] Global Peace Index [13] Global Slavery Index [13] Government response to situations of slavery [13] Terrorism [13] Violence [15] | Security |
Culture [6,11,14,36,38,39] Female workers [13] Happiness Index [13] Gender equality [15] | Culture and Equality |
Indicators | Themes |
---|---|
Entrepreneurship and innovation [6,9,10,11,14,16,17,18,19,20,36,38,39] Ability to transform [17] Innovation Industries [12] Innovative spirit [17,21,23] Innovative output [34] Entrepreneurial enterprises [34] | Innovation |
Availability of employment finding services [19] Employment [6,11,14,19,20,36,38,39] GDP estimate [13] GDP [13] GDP per capita [13,20] Labor Force Participation [12] Talent Pool [12] Human Capital [37] | Income |
Local and global connection [9,10,16,21] ICT Infrastructure [6,11,14,36,38,39] Physical infrastructure [6,11,14,36,38,39] Headquarters [13] Use of information and communication technologies [23] Global interconnectedness [34] | Infrastructure |
Productivity [6,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,21,34,36,38,39] Trade [6,11,14,36,38,39] Economic image and trademarks [17] Flexibility of labor market international embeddedness [17,21] Economic performance [15] Trading [11,15] Financial status [15] material consumption [15] Energy consumption [15] Economic Vitality and Planning [18] Online services made it easy to start a new business [19] E-commerce companies [19] Time required to start a business [13] Ease of starting a business [13] Motivation for early-stage entrepreneurial activity [13] Competitiveness [23] Socially responsible use of resources [23] Market size [37] Market Attractiveness [37] Business Environment [37] Ease of Doing Business [37] Public sector [6,14,36,38,39] | Business Opportunity |
Indicators | Themes |
---|---|
PM2.5 and PM10 [13] Pollution [13,17] Air quality [6,14,15,19,36,37,38,39] Availability and quality of apps for air pollution monitoring [18,19,21] Air pollution index [20] Volume of CO2 emissions [13,22] Pollution control [23] Quality of air and water [6,11,13,14,15,23,36,38,39] Monitoring emissions [23] Industrial wastewater [24] Industrial waste gas emissions [24] Industrial solid waste discharge [13,24] Discharge of hazardous waste [24] Natural Environment [37] Noise [6,11,14,36,38,39] | Air |
Recycling [19] Renewable energy production [19] Energy consumption [19] Energy management [18,23] Energy [6,11,12,14,36,38,39] Energy Efficiency [21] | Energy |
Attractivity of natural conditions [17] Sustainable resource management [17] Environmental protection [17] Basic sanitation quality [19] Smart building and renovation [12,21] Urban and Resource planning [21] Expenses for urban amenities [22] Green area per capita [15,20] Level of waste reuse and recycle [20] Improvements of waste discarding [23] House and facility management [23] Vehicle for city environmental [12,24] Environmental Quality/Sustainability [6,14,18,36,38,39] | Public Facilities |
Indicators | Keywords for Crowdsourced Data |
---|---|
Equity | equity, house, housing, apartment, property |
Health | health, hospital, health center, nutrition, sanitation, drinking water |
Education | education, literacy, schooling, campus, college |
Security | security, unemployment, slavery, crime, criminality, peace, violence, terrorism, terrorist, terror |
Culture and equality | culture, equality, population, female workers |
Innovation | entrepreneur, company, innovation, technology, industry, transformation |
Income | income, salary, employment, poverty rate, finances, talent, human capital |
Infrastructure | infrastructure, cooperation, connections |
Business opportunity | economic performance, consumption, market, trade, competitiveness, productivity, business |
Air | air, pollution, emissions, defilement, waste |
Energy | renewable energy, electricity, green industry, solar energy |
Public facilities | green space, parks, city parks, vehicles, public transport, environmental facilities (equipment) |
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Ependi, U.; Rochim, A.F.; Wibowo, A. An Assessment Model for Sustainable Cities Using Crowdsourced Data Based on General System Theory: A Design Science Methodology Approach. Smart Cities 2023, 6, 3032-3059. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6060136
Ependi U, Rochim AF, Wibowo A. An Assessment Model for Sustainable Cities Using Crowdsourced Data Based on General System Theory: A Design Science Methodology Approach. Smart Cities. 2023; 6(6):3032-3059. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6060136
Chicago/Turabian StyleEpendi, Usman, Adian Fatchur Rochim, and Adi Wibowo. 2023. "An Assessment Model for Sustainable Cities Using Crowdsourced Data Based on General System Theory: A Design Science Methodology Approach" Smart Cities 6, no. 6: 3032-3059. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6060136