The Stability and Chloride Entrapping Capacity of ZnAl-NO2 LDH in High-Alkaline/Cementitious Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material Synthesis
2.2. Materials Characterization
2.3. Stability of ZnAl-NO2 in the High pH Range
2.4. Chloride Binding Capacity
2.5. Compatibility of LDH with Cement Paste
2.6. Chloride Sensors Embedded in Mortars
2.7. Corrosion Testing
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of the ZnAl-NO2
3.2. Stability in High-Alkaline Environment
3.2.1. Release of NO2− Ions
3.2.2. XRD Analysis of LDH Exposed to Alkaline Solutions
3.3. Chloride Entrapment and the Effect of pH
3.3.1. Effect of Time on the Chloride Entrapment
3.3.2. Chloride Binding Capacity
3.4. Compatibility with Cement
3.5. Embedded Sensors and Chloride Ingress in Mortar
3.6. Corrosion of Steel Bar in Mortar with and without ZnAl-NO2
4. Conclusions
- The Zn-Al LDH presents very good chloride-capture capability in near-neutral pH. Our investigations reported a peak binding capacity of about ~45 mg of Cl per gram of LDH. However, as the pH increases, the chloride-capture capability of Zn-Al LDH is reduced.
- The LDH is stable in alkaline medium, until pH ~12.5. Partial dissolution occurs at a higher pH, with the release of the constituent anions (Zn2+, Al3+, NO2−) to the environment.
- The ZnAl-NO2 delays the hardening of cement paste and mortars. This has been attributed to the zinc ions released by the partial LDH dissolution which interfere with the cement hydration reaction.
- The partial dissolution and preferential capture of OH− at the pH values typical of cementitious material suggest the inadequacy of ZnAl-NO2 for the chloride capture inside concrete, where a pH higher than 13 is possible.
- Mortars with the LDH presented a slower penetration of Cl− ions and led to higher corrosion resistance of the embedded steel rebar, even with a small amount (0.3% of total mass of mortar). Earlier studies pointed out that LDH dissolution can possibly lead to higher amounts of AFm being generated. However, additional experiments are needed to clarify this effect for ZnAl LDH. As a future scope to this work, more work will be performed to investigate the dissolution and working mechanism of LDH in concrete and will be reported in future.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mir, Z.M.; Gomes, C.; Bastos, A.C.; Sampaio, R.; Maia, F.; Rocha, C.; Tedim, J.; Höche, D.; Ferreira, M.G.S.; Zheludkevich, M.L. The Stability and Chloride Entrapping Capacity of ZnAl-NO2 LDH in High-Alkaline/Cementitious Environment. Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2021, 2, 78-99. https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd2010005
Mir ZM, Gomes C, Bastos AC, Sampaio R, Maia F, Rocha C, Tedim J, Höche D, Ferreira MGS, Zheludkevich ML. The Stability and Chloride Entrapping Capacity of ZnAl-NO2 LDH in High-Alkaline/Cementitious Environment. Corrosion and Materials Degradation. 2021; 2(1):78-99. https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd2010005
Chicago/Turabian StyleMir, Zahid M., Celestino Gomes, Alexandre C. Bastos, Rui Sampaio, Frederico Maia, Cláudia Rocha, João Tedim, Daniel Höche, Mario G. S. Ferreira, and Mikhail L. Zheludkevich. 2021. "The Stability and Chloride Entrapping Capacity of ZnAl-NO2 LDH in High-Alkaline/Cementitious Environment" Corrosion and Materials Degradation 2, no. 1: 78-99. https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd2010005