Sleep Habits in Pairs of Japanese High School Students and Their Mothers in Summer and Autumn
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Actigraphy
2.2. Bedroom Environment
2.3. Questionnaires
2.4. Sex-Specific Differences in Sleep among the High School Students
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Participants and Procedure
4.2. Measures
4.2.1. Actigraphy
4.2.2. Bedroom Environmental Measurements
4.2.3. Questionnaires
4.3. Statistical Analyses
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Summer | Autumn | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weekdays | Weekends | Sunday Night | Weekdays | Weekends | Sunday Night | |||||||
Mothers | Students | Mothers | Students | Mothers | Students | Mothers | Students | Mothers | Students | Mothers | Students | |
Bed time (a) | 23:33 ± 0:14 | 24:30 ± 0:14 | 23:52 ± 0:13 | 24:43 ± 0:22 | 23:30 ± 0:15 | 24:55 ± 0:17 | 23:37 ± 0:13 | 24:04 ± 0:14 | 23:35 ± 0:16 | 23:55 ± 0:21 | 23:48 ± 0:16 | 23:51 ± 0:31 |
Wake time (bcdg) | 5:35 ± 0:12 | 6:50 ± 0:15 | 6:31 ± 0:15 # | 7:44 ± 0:25 # | 6:00 ± 0:15 # | 7:15 ± 0:19 | 5:30 ± 0:12 | 6:11 ± 0:10 † | 6:22 ± 0:17 # | 7:31 ± 0:22 #$ | 5:53 ± 0:14 | 6:27 ± 0:19 |
Duration (min) TIB (df) | 363 ± 12 | 381 ± 16 | 400 ± 14 # | 421 ± 16 | 391 ± 19 | 381 ± 21 | 354 ± 8 | 364 ± 14 | 407 ± 9 #$ | 457 ± 27 # | 366 ± 13 | 397 ± 29 |
SL | 6.8 ± 1.2 | 9.5 ± 1.1 | 6.4 ± 1.4 | 6.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 1.4 | 6.0 ± 1.2 | 8.6 ± 0.9 | 7.5 ± 1.0 | 8.3 ± 1.1 | 6.6 ± 1.5 | 8.9 ± 2.4 | 9.6 ± 1.8 |
TWT (b) | 18 ± 3 | 33 ± 7 | 22 ± 4 | 31 ± 5 | 18 ± 4 | 32 ± 5 | 16 ± 2 | 25 ± 4 | 19 ± 2 | 29 ± 6 | 19 ± 3 | 35 ± 5 |
TST (ef) | 344 ± 11 | 347 ± 15 | 378 ± 11 # | 390 ± 15 | 372 ± 20 | 349 ± 16 | 338 ± 8 | 339 ± 12 | 388 ± 9 #$ | 428 ± 26 # | 346 ± 12 | 363 ± 27 |
NWE | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.3 |
SEI (a) (%) | 95 ± 1 | 92 ± 2 | 95 ± 1 | 93 ± 1 | 95 ± 1 | 93 ± 1 | 95 ± 0 | 93 ± 1 | 95 ± 1 | 94 ± 1 | 95 ± 1 | 91 ± 1 |
Day TST (c) (min) | 28 ± 17 | - | 47 ± 39 | - | - | - | 33 ± 25 | - | 50 ± 56 | - | - | - |
SJL (min) | Mothers | Students | Mothers | Students | ||||||||
37 ± 10 | 32 ± 15 | 26 ± 5 | 37 ± 14 |
Bed Time | Waking Time | TIB | TWT | TST | SEI | SL | NWE | SJL | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Summer | Weekdays | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.27 | 0.59 * | 0.20 | 0.58* | 0.10 | 0.42 | 0.17 |
Weekends | 0.00 | −0.26 | −0.10 | −0.24 | 0.00 | −0.23 | −0.21 | 0.06 | ||
Beginning of the week | 0.20 | 0.77 ** | 0.52 * | 0.08 | 0.29 | 0.14 | 0.37 | 0.06 | ||
Autumn | Weekdays | 0.25 | 0.42 | 0.26 | −0.03 | 0.15 | −0.12 | −0.17 | 0.07 | −0.32 |
Weekends | 0.17 | −0.25 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.28 | −0.10 | 0.03 | 0.13 | ||
Beginning of the week | −0.04 | 0.54 * | 0.20 | −0.36 | 0.15 | −0.42 | −0.12 | −0.43 |
Summer | Autumn | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mothers | Students | Mothers | Students | |
Temperature (°C) (a) | 27 ± 1 | 27 ± 2 | 22 ± 3 | 22 ± 3 |
Relative humidity (RH%) (a) | 63 ± 5 | 65 ± 5 | 59 ± 5 | 60 ± 6 |
The number of nights a light intensity of 200 lx or higher was recorded (c) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 1.2 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 1.4 |
The duration that an illumination of 200 lx or higher was recorded during TIB (min) (b) | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 7.7 ± 15.8 | 1.6 ± 4.0 | 14.8 ± 30.6 |
Summer | Autumn | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mothers | Students | Mothers | Students | |
Sleep maintenance (a) | 57 ± 6 | 60 ± 5 | 58 ± 7 | 62 ± 3 |
Parasomnia (c) | 62 ± 1 | 57 ± 5 | 62 ± 2 | 57 ± 5 |
Respiration (b) | 49 ± 10 | 58 ± 7 | 51 ± 11 | 58 ± 8 |
Waking up (a) | 59 ± 4 | 55 ± 8 | 59 ± 5 | 54 ± 7 |
Sleep initiation | 65 ± 5 | 63 ± 6 | 66 ± 5 | 64 ± 6 |
Summer | Autumn | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weekdays | Weekends | Weekdays | Weekends | |||||||
(min) | Mothers | Students | Mothers | Students | Mothers | Students | Mothers | Students | ||
Time spent Watching TV (bf) | 103 ± 97 | 56 ± 36 | 141 ± 107 # | 115 ± 63 # | 96 ± 97 | 53 ± 35 | 159 ± 110 #† | 98 ± 55 # | ||
Studying (a) | - | 68 ± 41 | - | 137 ± 109 | - | 72 ± 45 | - | 120 ± 87 | ||
Using electronic devices (cde) | 102 ± 126 | 126 ± 68 | 92 ± 51 † | 208 ± 114 # | 128 ± 144 | 114 ± 57 | 105 ± 67 † | 191 ± 84 # | ||
Summer | Autumn | |||||||||
(%/n) | Mothers | Students | Mothers | Students | ||||||
Frequency of using electronic devices within 30 min before bedtime | Almost everyday | 68/13 | 58/11 | 74/14 | 74/14 | |||||
Several times/week | 16/3 | 11/2 | 5/1 | 16/3 | ||||||
Rarely | 11/2 | 16/3 | 11/2 | 5/1 | ||||||
Never | 5/1 | 16/3 | 11/2 | 5/1 |
(%/n) | Summer | Autumn | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mothers | Students | Mothers | Students | ||
Frequency of perceiving sleep loss | Almost everyday | 21/4 | 37/7 | 32/6 | 32/6 |
Several times/week | 37/7 | 26/5 | 16/3 | 11/2 | |
Rarely | 37/7 | 26/5 | 48/9 | 37/7 | |
Never | 5/1 | 11/2 | 5/1 | 21/4 | |
Frequency of dozing off and/or taking a nap | Frequently | 5/1 | 16/3 | 26/5 | 5/1 |
Sometimes | 48/9 | 26/5 | 32/6 | 32/6 | |
Occasionally | 32/6 | 37/7 | 21/4 | 37/7 | |
Never | 16/3 | 21/4 | 21/4 | 26/5 | |
Frequency of napping after returning home | Almost every day | - | 5/1 | - | 21/4 |
Several times/week | - | 21/4 | - | 5/1 | |
Rarely | - | 31/6 | - | 16/3 | |
Never | - | 42/8 | - | 58/11 |
High School Students | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mothers (n = 19) | Female (n = 10) | Male (n = 9) | |
Age (years) | 48.2 ± 2.8 | 16.1 ± 0.6 | 15.9 ± 0.8 |
Height (cm) | 158 ± 4.4 | 155 ± 4.2 | 171 ± 3.2 |
Weight (kg) | 52 ± 6.1 | 48 ± 5.9 | 57 ± 6.4 |
BMI | 21 ± 2.3 | 20 ± 1.9 | 20 ± 2.3 |
Belonging to athletic/cultural club | - | 5/5 | 7/1 |
Working/not working | 17/2 | - | - |
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Mizuno, K.; Okamoto-Mizuno, K.; Maeda, A. Sleep Habits in Pairs of Japanese High School Students and Their Mothers in Summer and Autumn. Clocks & Sleep 2022, 4, 520-534. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep4040041
Mizuno K, Okamoto-Mizuno K, Maeda A. Sleep Habits in Pairs of Japanese High School Students and Their Mothers in Summer and Autumn. Clocks & Sleep. 2022; 4(4):520-534. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep4040041
Chicago/Turabian StyleMizuno, Koh, Kazue Okamoto-Mizuno, and Akiko Maeda. 2022. "Sleep Habits in Pairs of Japanese High School Students and Their Mothers in Summer and Autumn" Clocks & Sleep 4, no. 4: 520-534. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep4040041