Prediction of Dropout in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Adjunctive Light Treatment in Patients with Non-Seasonal Depression and Evening Chronotype
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Baseline Characteristics
2.2. Treatment Characteristics
2.3. Early Treatment Adherence and Clinical Outcome Changes
2.4. Predictors for Dropout
3. Discussion
3.1. Dropout Rate
3.2. Monitoring of Adherence
3.3. Strategies to Enhance Adherence
3.4. Limitations
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Participants
4.2. Intervention
4.3. Outcomes
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Liu, Q.; He, H.; Yang, J.; Feng, X.; Zhao, F.; Lyu, J. Changes in the global burden of depression from 1990 to 2017: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease study. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2020, 126, 134–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kessler, R.C.; Bromet, E.J. The Epidemiology of Depression Across Cultures. Annu. Rev. Public Health 2013, 34, 119–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tao, L.; Jiang, R.; Zhang, K.; Qian, Z.; Chen, P.; Lv, Y.; Yao, Y. Light therapy in non-seasonal depression: An update meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020, 291, 113247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Perera, S.; Eisen, R.; Bhatt, M.; Bhatnagar, N.; de Souza, R.; Thabane, L.; Samaan, Z. Light therapy for non-seasonal depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BJPsych Open 2016, 2, 116–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lam, R.W.; Teng, M.; Jung, Y.-E.; Evans, V.C.; Gottlieb, J.F.; Chakrabarty, T.; Michalak, E.E.; Murphy, J.K.; Yatham, L.N.; Sit, D.K. Light Therapy for Patients With Bipolar Depression: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Can. J. Psychiatry 2020, 65, 290–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martiny, K. Adjunctive bright light in non-seasonal major depression. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2004, 110, 7–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lam, R.W.; Levitt, A.J.; Levitan, R.D.; Michalak, E.E.; Cheung, A.H.; Morehouse, R.; Tam, E.M. Efficacy of Bright Light Treatment, Fluoxetine, and the Combination in Patients with Nonseasonal Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2016, 73, 56–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chan, J.W.; Lam, S.; Li, S.X.; Chau, S.W.; Chan, S.; Chan, N.; Zhang, J.; Wing, Y. Adjunctive bright light treatment with gradual advance in unipolar major depressive disorder with evening chronotype—A randomized controlled trial. Psychol. Med. 2020, 52, 1448–1457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dauphinais, D.R.; Rosenthal, J.Z.; Terman, M.; DiFebo, H.M.; Tuggle, C.; Rosenthal, N.E. Controlled trial of safety and efficacy of bright light therapy vs. negative air ions in patients with bipolar depression. Psychiatry Res. 2012, 196, 57–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faulkner, S.M.; Dijk, D.-J.; Drake, R.J.; Bee, P.E. Adherence and acceptability of light therapies to improve sleep in intrinsic circadian rhythm sleep disorders and neuropsychiatric illness: A systematic review. Sleep Health 2020, 6, 690–701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Masand, P.S. Tolerability and adherence issues in antidepressant therapy. Clin. Ther. 2003, 25, 2289–2304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fewtrell, M.S.; Kennedy, K.; Singhal, A.; Martin, R.M.; Ness, A.; Hadders-Algra, M.; Lucas, A. How much loss to follow-up is acceptable in long-term randomised trials and prospective studies? Arch. Dis. Child 2008, 93, 458–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Digdon, N.L.; Howell, A.J. College Students Who Have an Eveningness Preference Report Lower Self-Control and Greater Procrastination. Chrono. Int. 2008, 25, 1029–1046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Monk, T.H.; Buysse, D.J.; Potts, J.M.; DeGrazia, J.M.; Kupfer, D.J. Morningness-Eveningness and Lifestyle Regularity. Chrono. Int. 2004, 21, 435–443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Selvi, Y.; Aydin, A.; Atli, A.; Boysan, M.; Selvi, F.; Besiroglu, L. Chronotype Differences in Suicidal Behavior and Impulsivity Among Suicide Attempters. Chrono. Int. 2011, 28, 170–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hasler, B.P.; Franzen, P.L.; de Zambotti, M.; Prouty, D.; Brown, S.A.; Tapert, S.F.; Pfefferbaum, A.; Pohl, K.M.; Sullivan, E.V.; De Bellis, M.D.; et al. Eveningness and Later Sleep Timing Are Associated with Greater Risk for Alcohol and Marijuana Use in Adolescence: Initial Findings from the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence Study. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2017, 41, 1154–1165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chan, J.; Lam, S.P.; Li, S.X.; Yu, M.W.M.; Chan, N.Y.; Zhang, J.; Wing, Y.-K. Eveningness and Insomnia: Independent Risk Factors of Nonremission in Major Depressive Disorder. Sleep 2014, 37, 911–917. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rumble, M.E.; Dickson, D.; McCall, W.; Krystal, A.D.; Case, D.; Rosenquist, P.B.; Benca, R.M. The relationship of person-specific eveningness chronotype, greater seasonality, and less rhythmicity to suicidal behavior: A literature review. J. Affect. Disord. 2018, 227, 721–730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Selvi, Y.; Aydin, A.; Boysan, M.; Atli, A.; Agargun, M.Y.; Besiroglu, L.A. Associations between chronotype, sleep quality, suicidality, and depressive symptoms in patients with major depression and healthy controls. Chrono. Int. 2010, 27, 1813–1828. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Simons, A.D.; Levine, J.L.; Lustman, P.J.; Murphy, G.E. Patient attrition in a comparative outcome study of depression: A follow-up report. J. Affect. Disord. 1984, 6, 163–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pinto-Meza, A.; Fernández, A.; Bruffaerts, R.; Alonso, J.; Kovess, V.; De Graaf, R.; De Girolamo, G.; Matschinger, H.; Haro, J.M. Dropping out of mental health treatment among patients with depression and anxiety by type of provider: Results of the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders. Soc. Psychiatry 2011, 46, 273–280. [Google Scholar]
- Pradier, M.F.; Jr, T.H.M.; Hughes, M.; Perlis, R.H.; Doshi-Velez, F. Predicting treatment dropout after antidepressant initiation. Transl. Psychiatry 2020, 10, 60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kripke, D.F. Light treatment for nonseasonal depression: Speed, efficacy, and combined treatment. J. Affect. Disord. 1998, 49, 109–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Braund, T.A.; Tillman, G.; Palmer, D.M.; Gordon, E.; Rush, A.J.; Harris, A.W. Antidepressant side effects and their impact on treatment outcome in people with major depressive disorder: An iSPOT-D report. Transl Psychiatry 2021, 11, 417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Furukawa, T.A.; Kato, T.; Akechi, T.; Shimodera, S.; Okada, N.; Yanai, I.; Kinou, K. Dropouts in an Antidepressant Trial: How Do They Fare Afterwards? Psychother Psychosom 2018, 87, 380–382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Michalak, E.E.; Murray, G.; Wilkinson, C.; Dowrick, C.; Lam, R.W. A pilot study of adherence with light treatment for seasonal affective disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2007, 149, 315–320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Edlund, M.J.; Wang, P.S.; Berglund, P.A.; Katz, S.J.; Lin, E.; Kessler, R.C. Dropping Out of Mental Health Treatment: Patterns and Predictors Among Epidemiological Survey Respondents in the United States and Ontario. Am. J. Psychiatry 2002, 159, 845–851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kobayashi Frisk, M.; Hedner, J.; Grote, L.; Ekblom, Ö.; Arvidsson, D.; Bergström, G.; Zou, D. Eveningness is associated with sedentary behavior and increased 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease: The SCAPIS pilot cohort. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 8203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Teixeira, G.P.; Guimarães, K.C.; Soares, A.G.N.S.; Marqueze, E.C.; Moreno, C.R.C.; Mota, M.C.; Crispim, C.A. Role of chronotype in dietary intake, meal timing, and obesity: A systematic review. Nutr. Rev. 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Suppes, T.; Mintz, J.; McElroy, S.L.; Altshuler, L.L.; Kupka, R.W.; Frye, M.A.; Post, R.M. Mixed hypomania in 908 patients with bipolar disorder evaluated prospectively in the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Treatment Network: A sex-specific phenomenon. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2005, 62, 1089–1096. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sit, D.K.; McGowan, J.; Wiltrout, C.; Diler, R.S.; Dills, J.; Luther, J.; Yang, A.; Ciolino, J.D.; Seltman, H.; Wisniewski, S.R.; et al. Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. Am. J. Psychiatry 2018, 175, 131–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Figueiro, M.G.; Hamner, R.; Bierman, A.; Rea, M.S. Comparisons of three practical field devices used to measure personal light exposures and activity levels. Light. Res. Technol. 2013, 45, 421–434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pampallona, S.; Bollini, P.; Tibaldi, G.; Kupelnick, B.; Munizza, C. Patient adherence in the treatment of depression. Br. J. Psychiatry 2002, 180, 104–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ozdemir, P.G.; Boysan, M.; Smolensky, M.H.; Selvi, Y.; Aydin, A.; Yilmaz, E. Comparison of Venlafaxine Alone Versus Venlafaxine Plus Bright Light Therapy Combination for Severe Major Depressive Disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2015, 76, e645–e654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benedetti, F.; Colombo, C.; Pontiggia, A.; Bernasconi, A.; Florita, M.; Smeraldi, E. Morning light treatment hastens the antidepressant effect of citalopram: A placebo-controlled trial. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2003, 64, 648–653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trinh, A.; Jain, P.; Sabahath, S.; Wang, D.; Megna, J.L.; Leontieva, L. Feasibility of Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Depressive Symptoms on an Acute Psychiatric Floor. Cureus 2021, 13, e13945. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tong, P.; Bu, P.; Yang, Y.; Dong, L.; Sun, T.; Shi, Y. Group cognitive behavioural therapy can reduce stigma and improve treatment compliance in major depressive disorder patients. Early Interv. Psychiatry 2020, 14, 172–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gradisar, M.; Dohnt, H.; Gardner, G.; Paine, S.; Starkey, K.; Menne, A.; Slater, A.; Wright, H.; Hudson, J.; Weaver, E.; et al. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Plus Bright Light Therapy for Adolescent Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder. Sleep 2011, 34, 1671–1680. [Google Scholar]
- Danielsson, K.; Jansson-Fröjmark, M.; Broman, J.-E.; Markström, A. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as an Adjunct Treatment to Light Therapy for Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder in Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Feasibility Study. Behav. Sleep Med. 2016, 14, 212–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kaplan, K.A.; Mashash, M.; Williams, R.; Batchelder, H.; Starr-Glass, L.; Zeitzer, J.M. Effect of Light Flashes vs Sham Therapy During Sleep With Adjunct Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Sleep Quality among Adolescents: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw. Open 2019, 2, e1911944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Miller, W.R.; Rose, G.S. Toward a theory of motivational interviewing. Am. Psychol. 2009, 64, 527–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keeley, R.D.; Brody, D.S.; Engel, M.; Burke, B.L.; Nordstrom, K.; Moralez, E.; Dickinson, L.M.; Emsermann, C. Motivational interviewing improves depression outcome in primary care: A cluster randomized trial. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2016, 84, 993–1007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Satre, D.D.; Leibowitz, A.; Sterling, S.A.; Lu, Y.; Travis, A.; Weisner, C. A randomized clinical trial of Motivational Interviewing to reduce alcohol and drug use among patients with depression. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2016, 84, 571–579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Satre, D.D.; Delucchi, K.; Lichtmacher, J.; Sterling, S.A.; Weisner, C. Motivational interviewing to reduce hazardous drinking and drug use among depression patients. J. Subst. Abus. Treat. 2013, 44, 323–329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Harvey, A.G.; Soehner, A.M.; Kaplan, K.A.; Hein, K.; Lee, J.; Kanady, J.; Li, D.; Rabe-Hesketh, S.; Ketter, T.A.; Neylan, T.C.; et al. Treating insomnia improves mood state, sleep, and functioning in bipolar disorder: A pilot randomized controlled trial. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2015, 83, 564–577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan, J.W.; Chan, N.Y.; Li, S.X.; Lam, S.P.; Chau SW, H.; Liu, Y.; Wing, Y.K. Change in circadian preference predicts sustained treatment outcomes in patients with unipolar depression and evening preference. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 2021, 18, 523–531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sheehan, D.V.; Lecrubier, Y.; Sheehan, K.H.; Amorim, P.; Janavs, J.; Weiller, E.; Hergueta, T.; Balker, R.; Dunbar, G.C. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J. Clin. Psychiatry 1998, 59 (Suppl. S20), 22–33. [Google Scholar]
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed.; American Psychiatric Association: Arlington, VA, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Williams, J.B.; Terman, M. Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale with Atypical Depression Supplement (SIGH-ADS); New York State Psychiatric Insititute: New York, NY, USA, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Horne, J.A.; Ostberg, O. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int. J. Chronobiol. 1976, 4, 97–110. [Google Scholar]
- Maier, W.; Buller, R.; Philipp, M.; Heuser, I. The Hamilton Anxiety Scale: Reliability, validity and sensitivity to change in anxiety and depressive disorders. J. Affect. Disord. 1988, 14, 61–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zigmond, A.S.; Snaith, R.P. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1983, 67, 361–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bastien, C.H.; Vallieres, A.; Morin, C.M. Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med. 2001, 2, 297–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beck, A.T.; Steer, R.A.; Ranieri, W.F. Scale for Suicide Ideation: Psychometric properties of a self-report version. J. Clin. Psychol. 1988, 44, 499–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chalder, T.; Berelowitz, G.; Pawlikowska, T.; Watts, L.; Wessely, S.; Wright, D.; Wallace, E.P. Development of a fatigue scale. J. Psychosom. Res. 1993, 37, 147–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hays, R.D.; Sherbourne, C.D.; Mazel, R.M. The rand 36-item health survey 1.0. Health Econ. 1993, 2, 217–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leung, C.M.; Wing, Y.K.; Kwong, P.K.; Shum, A.L. Validation of the Chinese-Cantonese version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and comparison with the Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1999, 100, 456–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, D.S. Insomnia Severity Index: Psychometric properties with Chinese community-dwelling older people. J. Adv. Nurs. 2010, 66, 2350–2359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.Y.; Phillips, M.R.; Tong, Y.S.; Li, K.J.; Zhang, Y.L.; Zhang, Y.P.; Yajua, N. Reliability and Validity of the Chinese version of Beck Suicide Ideation Scale (BSI-CV) in adult community residents. Chin. Ment. Health J. 2010, 24, 250–255. [Google Scholar]
- Wong, W.S.; Fielding, R. Construct validity of the Chinese version of the Chalder Fatigue Scale in a Chinese community sample. Psychosomatics 2010, 68, 89–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lam, C.L.; Gandek, B.; Ren, X.S.; Chan, M. Tests of Scaling Assumptions and Construct Validity of the Chinese (HK) Version of the SF-36 Health Survey. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 1998, 51, 1139–1147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Completers N = 74 | Dropout N = 19 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
Age | 46.6 ± 11.6 | 45.8 ± 12.3 | 0.79 |
Gender, Female, N (%) | 58 (78) | 16 (84) | 0.57 |
Education, N (%) | 0.64 | ||
Primary | 8 (11) | 3 (16) | |
Secondary | 43 (58) | 12 (63) | |
Tertiary | 23 (31) | 4 (21) | |
Employment, N (%) | 0.14 | ||
Unemployed | 25 (34) | 4 (21) | |
Housewife | 19 (26) | 9 (47) | |
Part-time | 10 (13) | 4 (21) | |
Full-time | 20 (27) | 2 (11) | |
Living status, N (%) | 0.54 | ||
Alone | 12 (16) | 2 (10) | |
With others | 62 (84) | 17 (90) | |
Monthly income in HKD ^, N (%) | 0.62 | ||
<10,000 | 28 (38) | 5 (26) | |
10,001–20,000 | 21 (28) | 7 (37) | |
>20,001 | 25 (34) | 7 (37) | |
Season of enrollment, N (%) | 0.48 | ||
Spring/Summer | 34 (46) | 7 (37) | |
Autumn/Winter | 40 (54) | 12 (63) | |
Expectation score | 60.3 ± 20.3 | 65.0 ± 15.7 | 0.35 |
Sleep diary parameters | |||
Bedtime | 01:16 ± 01:45 | 01:42 ± 01:58 | 0.37 |
Time to fall sleep | 01:51 ± 01:39 | 02:27 ± 01:52 | 0.18 |
Wake time | 09:23 ± 02:14 | 10:11 ± 02:40 | 0.20 |
Rise time | 10:13 ± 01:54 | 11:12 ± 02:27 | 0.066 |
WASO | 00:32 ± 00:37 | 00:35 ± 00:44 | 0.76 |
Sleep midpoint | 05:37 ± 01:48 | 06:19 ± 02:11 | 0.16 |
Time in bed | 8:56 ± 1:36 | 9:26 ± 1:52 | 0.26 |
Clinical characteristics | |||
Duration of illness, yr | 12.9 ± 10.1 | 17.0 ± 13.9 | 0.19 |
17-HDS | 19.0 ± 7.0 | 20.3 ± 5.9 | 0.48 |
Atypical score | 5.7 ± 3.5 | 5.9 ± 3.4 | 0.82 |
HAMA | 21.4 ± 11.0 | 23.1 ± 9.8 | 0.53 |
HADS | 21.2 ± 5.7 | 23.2 ± 8.1 | 0.34 |
ISI | 17.6 ± 5.6 | 16.3 ± 7.5 | 0.44 |
SF 36 | 285.9 ± 107.1 | 287.6 ± 88.2 | 0.95 |
BSSI | 11.8 ± 6.4 | 10.7 ± 5.9 | 0.50 |
CFS | 20.6 ± 6.5 | 18.9 ± 8.3 | 0.35 |
YMRS | 0.85 ± 1.6 | 0.68 ± 1.1 | 0.66 |
MEQ | 33.6 ± 5.4 | 32.6 ± 7.2 | 0.56 |
Extreme evening, N (%) | 23 (31) | 8 (42) | 0.36 |
Completers N = 74 | Dropout N = 19 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Treatment, N (%) | |||
Dim red light | 34 (46) | 12 (63) | 0.41 |
Bright light therapy | 40 (54) | 7 (37) | |
Prescription Pattern | |||
Antidepressants, N (%) | 58 (78) | 14 (74) | 0.76 # |
Antipsychotics, N (%) | 16 (22) | 7 (37) | 0.17 |
Benzodiazepine, N (%) | 32 (43) | 8 (42) | 0.93 |
Hypnotics, N (%) | 21 (28) | 4 (21) | 0.52 |
Mood stabilizers, N (%) | 6 (8) | 2 (10) | 0.66 # |
Completers N = 74 | Dropout N = 17 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Week 1 treatment | |||
Prescribed LT start time, HH:MM ± SD | 10:25 ± 02:20 | 11:16 ± 02:25 | 0.21 |
LT start time recorded by sleep diary, HH:MM ± SD | 10:27 ± 02:11 | 11:32 ± 02:27 | 0.11 |
a Duration of LT, min ± SD | 174 ± 54 | 110 ± 82 | 0.001 |
b LT duration < 80%, N (%) | 28 (38) | 13 (77) | 0.004 |
TEAE, N (%) | 25 (34) | 7 (41) | 0.57 |
Changes in mean scores from baseline * | |||
17-HDS | −2.9 ± 6.1 | −3.3 ± 6.9 | 0.82 |
Atypical score | −1.0 ± 3.2 | −0.9 ± 3.7 | 0.92 |
HAMA | −2.4 ± 8.3 | −3.1 ± 11.4 | 0.77 |
HADS | −0.7 ± 4.3 | −1.1 ± 3.4 | 0.69 |
ISI | -0.3 ± 3.5 | −0.9 ± 2.6 | 0.54 |
BSSI | −0.9 ± 4.8 | −2.6 ± 6.8 | 0.23 |
CFS | −2.1 ± 5.7 | −1.5 ± 6.1 | 0.71 |
YMRS | −0.2 ± 1.8 | 0.8 ± 2.1 | 0.046 |
MEQ | 2.4 ± 5.4 | 2.8 ± 4.3 | 0.74 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Variables | p-Value | Odds Ratio | CI | p-Value | Odds Ratio | CI |
LT duration < 80% | 0.017 | 4.68 | 1.32–16.66 | 0.015 | 5.85 | 1.41–24.41 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Chan, J.W.Y.; Li, S.X.; Chau, S.W.H.; Chan, N.Y.; Zhang, J.; Wing, Y.K. Prediction of Dropout in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Adjunctive Light Treatment in Patients with Non-Seasonal Depression and Evening Chronotype. Clocks & Sleep 2022, 4, 346-357. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep4030029
Chan JWY, Li SX, Chau SWH, Chan NY, Zhang J, Wing YK. Prediction of Dropout in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Adjunctive Light Treatment in Patients with Non-Seasonal Depression and Evening Chronotype. Clocks & Sleep. 2022; 4(3):346-357. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep4030029
Chicago/Turabian StyleChan, Joey W.Y., Shirley Xin Li, Steven Wai Ho Chau, Ngan Yin Chan, Jihui Zhang, and Yun Kwok Wing. 2022. "Prediction of Dropout in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Adjunctive Light Treatment in Patients with Non-Seasonal Depression and Evening Chronotype" Clocks & Sleep 4, no. 3: 346-357. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep4030029