From Thermal City to Well-Being Landscape: A Proposal for the UNESCO Heritage Site of Pineta Park in Montecatini Terme
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Spa Towns and Well-Being Landscapes
1.2. Evolution and Current Challenges of Spa Towns
2. Objective and Methodology
- What is the value of a landscape and territorial approach in safeguarding the tangible and intangible heritage of thermal cities?
- How can landscape design support a sustainable, compatible, and context-sensitive transformation of thermal cities?
3. The Case Study
3.1. The Great Spa Towns of Europe
3.2. The Site of Montecatini Terme, Italy
3.3. Heritage Preservation Constraints
- Protection areas within the UNESCO-listed site (core and buffer zones) (Cultural Heritage and Landscape Code, Art. 143, c.1) [83].
- Landscape assets designated under the Cultural Heritage and Landscape Code (Art. 136) and legally protected areas such as waterways (Art. 142).
- Architectural assets under formal heritage protection orders.
4. Landscape Analysis
4.1. Strengths
- Central location in the heart of the city—the park’s central position enhances accessibility for both residents and visitors, contributing to its attractiveness and ease of access.
- Strategic placement of viewpoints—carefully positioned viewpoints highlight the park’s iconic landmarks and panoramic vistas, increasing its visual appeal and stimulating visitors’ imagination.
- Diverse architectural palimpsest—the park features a variety of architectural styles and structures that narrate layers of history and culture, offering visitors a fascinating journey through time and a deeper appreciation of its cultural fabric.
- Water features and thermal springs—beyond their aesthetic beauty, these natural elements provide therapeutic benefits, creating a serene and invigorating environment that enhances the overall visitor experience, making the park an ideal destination for relaxation and well-being.
4.2. Weaknesses
- Lack of designated spaces for events—the absence of dedicated areas for cultural and musical performances limits the park’s ability to attract new visitors and may redirect such activities to alternative locations.
- Insufficient focal points—it is essential for users to have a clear sense of destination or well-defined pathways leading to points of interest.
- Lack of regular maintenance—insufficient upkeep led to the deterioration of structures and the gradual loss of natural features over time.
- Absence of an intermediate vegetation layer—this lack reduces ecosystem diversity, affecting habitat complexity and biodiversity. It also diminishes the park’s aesthetic appeal and ecological resilience.
- Extensive use of asphalt—even pedestrian-only pathways, including secondary routes, are paved with asphalt, which is visually unappealing, prone to degradation due to roots and frost, and not well-integrated from a landscape perspective.
4.3. Opportunities
- Creation of contemplative and therapeutic spaces—designated areas could offer visitors tranquil environments immersed in the park’s natural beauty, ideal for relaxation, reflection, and rejuvenation. By leveraging the park’s scenic charm to promote mental and emotional well-being, this initiative could attract wellness seekers and nature enthusiasts, reinforcing the park’s reputation as a destination for holistic health and recovery.
- Development of cultural entertainment spaces—this initiative could position the city advantageously in attracting high-quality tourism while serving as a key asset for enhancing other local offerings.
4.4. Threats
- Loss of identity—the integration of modern elements that do not respect the park’s heritage poses a significant risk. The introduction of contemporary features or structures misaligned with the park’s historical and cultural significance could compromise its authenticity and erode its sense of identity.
- Abandoned construction sites—the presence of unfinished or abandoned construction projects can negatively impact the park’s integrity and visitor experience. Such sites not only detract from the park’s aesthetic appeal but also pose safety and environmental hazards.
- Multiple ownerships—fragmented management and the absence of a unified maintenance approach present major challenges. When different parts of the park are owned or managed by separate entities, conflicting priorities, independent decision-making processes, and varying maintenance standards may arise. This lack of coordination can lead to inconsistencies in visitor experiences, uneven resource distribution, and inefficiencies in overall park management. Moreover, the absence of a cohesive governance model can exacerbate issues such as environmental degradation, habitat fragmentation, and infrastructure decay.
5. Landscape Strategy
5.1. Design Principles
- Attractiveness—ensuring that the park remains engaging and appealing year-round by incorporating functions that cater to diverse user groups.
- Variety—designing both open areas with unobstructed views and enclosed spaces suitable for group gatherings or solitude, introducing varied linear pathways to offer diverse spatial experiences.
- Landmark definition—establishing strong focal points that allow clear visibility of destinations and the ability to follow well-defined routes guiding users through the landscape.
- Natural integration—maintaining a balance between natural elements, such as vegetation, and artificial structures, emphasizing the presence of nature while limiting the introduction of new built elements.
- Accessibility—designing barrier-free pathways that ensure universal accessibility and encourage seamless exploration of the park.
- Feasibility—scaling the program in proportion to the technical and financial capacity of the involved stakeholders while considering the impact of the implementation phase on the temporary usability of the park.
5.2. Operational Program
5.3. Landscape Program
6. Landscape Design
6.1. Structural Interventions
6.1.1. Nodes
6.1.2. Axes
6.2. Auxiliary Interventions
7. Discussion
8. Conclusions
- Recognizing thermal landscapes as a synthesis of cultural values. In the case of Montecatini, the role of Pineta Park as a connector within the thermal system was evident from its original design by the architect Bernardini. However, the therapeutic significance of landscapes is a common theme across many European spa towns and can play a key role in the conservation and enhancement of thermal heritage.
- Using territorial and landscape planning as a tool to prevent the fragmentation of heritage and loss of identity. While this issue is particularly urgent for Montecatini, given the imminent sale of thermal buildings, it is also relevant to other spa towns facing abandonment and degradation. Even in cases where direct interventions on architectural heritage are limited, public authorities can still act on the landscape framework, which is crucial for regulating and guiding potential private investments.
- Investing in environmental and landscape quality to support the architectural and urban conservation of spa towns. Viewing the landscape as an integrated and complex system, investments in environmental quality, green areas, parks, and ecological networks are fundamental to preserving the overall value of the historic urban heritage of spa towns.
- Using landscape design as a unifying theme to engage diverse stakeholders. In Montecatini, for instance, the involvement of Fondazione Caript represents an initial step toward expanding stakeholder participation, with potential for further collaboration in future project phases.
- Leveraging landscape design as a driver for the revitalization of declining thermal contexts. Identifying and enhancing the intrinsic qualities of spa town landscapes and strengthening synergies between cultural and natural elements can act as a catalyst for broader regeneration processes.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AVAP | Aire de mise en Valeur de l’Architecture et du Patrimoine (Architecture and Heritage Development Area) |
BIG | Bjarke Ingels Group |
ECLAS | European Council of Landscape Architecture Schools |
GI | Green Infrastructure |
HUL | Historic Urban Landscape |
NBS | Nature-Based Solution |
PIT-PPR | Piano di Indirizzo Territoriale con valenza di Piano Paesaggistico (Territorial Strategic Plan) |
PNRR | Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza (National Recovery and Resilience Plan) |
PS | Piano Strutturale (Structural Plan) |
PTC | Piano Territoriale di Coordinamento (Territorial Coordination Plan) |
RTD | Research through Design |
RU | Regolamento Urbanistico (Urban Regulation) |
UK | United Kingdom |
UNESCO | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
WHO | World Health Organization |
ZPPAUP | Zone de protection du patrimoine architectural urbain et paysager (Zone for the Protection of Urban and Landscape Architectural Heritage) |
Appendix A
Appendix B
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Lux, M.S.; Tzortzi, J.N. From Thermal City to Well-Being Landscape: A Proposal for the UNESCO Heritage Site of Pineta Park in Montecatini Terme. Heritage 2025, 8, 123. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8040123
Lux MS, Tzortzi JN. From Thermal City to Well-Being Landscape: A Proposal for the UNESCO Heritage Site of Pineta Park in Montecatini Terme. Heritage. 2025; 8(4):123. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8040123
Chicago/Turabian StyleLux, Maria Stella, and Julia Nerantzia Tzortzi. 2025. "From Thermal City to Well-Being Landscape: A Proposal for the UNESCO Heritage Site of Pineta Park in Montecatini Terme" Heritage 8, no. 4: 123. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8040123
APA StyleLux, M. S., & Tzortzi, J. N. (2025). From Thermal City to Well-Being Landscape: A Proposal for the UNESCO Heritage Site of Pineta Park in Montecatini Terme. Heritage, 8(4), 123. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8040123