New Insight on Medieval Painting in Sicily: The Virgin Hodegetria Panel in Monreale Cathedral (Palermo, Italy)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Previous Studies
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. X-ray Radiography (XRR)
2.2. Digital Microscopy (OM)
2.3. Imaging Techniques
2.4. Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (ED-XRF)
2.5. Sampling
2.6. Polarised Light Microscopy (PLM)
2.7. Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (ESEM/EDX)
2.8. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
2.9. Micro Raman Spectroscopy (µ-Raman)
3. Results
3.1. Supports and Ground Preparation
3.2. Preliminary Drawing
3.3. Decoration and Gilding
3.4. Painting Materials
3.5. Previous Restoration
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Code | Sampling Area | Sample Description | Investigation |
---|---|---|---|
MOM-A | Maphorion of the Virgin | Red hue | PLM, ESEM-EDX, ATR-FTIR, µ-Raman |
MOM-B | Table frame, front | Gilding | PLM, ESEM-EDX, ATR-FTIR |
MOM-C | Background | Gilding | PLM, ESEM-EDX |
MOM-D | Background near the angel, left side | Blue-red repainting | ESEM-EDX |
MOM-E | Virgin’s sleeve | Blue hue | µ-Raman |
MOM-F | Background near, right side | Blue repainting | µ-Raman |
MOM-G | Right shoulder of the Virgin | Black underdrawing | µ-Raman |
MOM-H | Back of the panel | Wood support | PLM |
Layer | Maximum Thickness (µm) | Typology | EDX, Detected Elements | Stratigraphic Identification (PLM, ESEM-EDX) | ATR-FTIR Identifications |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 20 | repainting | C, Si, Al, Fe, K, Ca, Cu, P, Na, Ba, S | Fe-based pigments, Cu-based pigment, barite, organic matter | Proteins, silicates |
3 | 20 | S, Hg, Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca | Mercury-based red, red ochre, calcium carbonate, bone black | ||
C | Film-forming substance | ||||
2 | 20 | original paint layer | Al, Fe, Ca, Si, K, Na, Mg | Red ochre, haematite, calcium carbonate, quartz | Calcium carbonate, silicates, proteins, esters of carboxylic acids, lead carbonate |
1 | 55 | Pb, C, Ca, P, Si, Al, K, Mg, Na | Minium, calcium carbonate, carbon black | ||
underdrawing | |||||
0 | 1250 | ground layer | S, Ca, Si, Mg, Na, Al, K, Fe, P | Calcium sulphate, silicates, calcite, dolomite, microfossil, carbon black | Calcium sulphate dihydrate, proteins |
canvas | Linen fibres | Cellulose, proteins | |||
−1 | 1900 | ground layer | S, Ca, Fe, Si, Al, K, Na, Mg, P | Calcium sulphate, silicates, carbon black | Calcium sulphate dihydrate, proteins |
canvas | Linen fibres | Cellulose, calcium oxalates, proteins |
Layers | Maximum Thickness (µm) | Typology | EDX, Detected Elements | Stratigraphic Identification (PLM, SEM/ESEM-EDX) | ATR-FTIR Identification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 10 | gilding | Au | Gold leaf | |
4 | 60 | bole | Pb, Si, Ca, Al, Mg, Fe, K, Na, Cl | Lead white, calcium carbonate, red ochre | Lead white, kaolinite, proteins, esters of carboxylic acids |
3 | 23 | underlayer | Ca, S | Calcium sulphate | Calcium sulphate dihydrate, lipidic compound, esters of carboxylic acids |
2 | 20–80 | paint | Sn, Al, Ca, Si, Fe, Mg, K, P | Red lake, tin mordant residues, red ochre | Anthraquinone compounds—red lake, calcium carbonate, calcium oxalates |
1 | 10 | gilding | C, Ag | Silver leaf, film-forming substance | Silicates, proteins, calcium carbonate, calcium oxalates |
0 | 1250 | ground layer | Ca, S, Si, Al, K, Fe, Mg, Cl, P, Na, Ti | Calcium sulphate, silicates, carbon black, linen fibres | Anhydrite, calcium sulphate dihydrate, proteins |
canvas | Linen fibres | Cellulose, calcium oxalates | |||
−1 | 1600 | ground layer | Ca, S, Si, Al, K, Fe, Mg, Cl, P, Na, Ti | Calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate, kaolinite, silicates, microfossil | Anhydrite, proteins |
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Amadori, M.L.; Mengacci, V.; Sebastianelli, M.; Pignataro, B.; Agnello, S.; Triolo, P.; Pellerito, C. New Insight on Medieval Painting in Sicily: The Virgin Hodegetria Panel in Monreale Cathedral (Palermo, Italy). Heritage 2023, 6, 4692-4709. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6060249
Amadori ML, Mengacci V, Sebastianelli M, Pignataro B, Agnello S, Triolo P, Pellerito C. New Insight on Medieval Painting in Sicily: The Virgin Hodegetria Panel in Monreale Cathedral (Palermo, Italy). Heritage. 2023; 6(6):4692-4709. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6060249
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmadori, Maria Letizia, Valeria Mengacci, Mauro Sebastianelli, Bruno Pignataro, Simonpietro Agnello, Paolo Triolo, and Claudia Pellerito. 2023. "New Insight on Medieval Painting in Sicily: The Virgin Hodegetria Panel in Monreale Cathedral (Palermo, Italy)" Heritage 6, no. 6: 4692-4709. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6060249