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Article

Inside the Scriptorium: Non-Invasive In Situ Identification of Dyes in Illuminated Manuscripts by Microspectrofluorimetry and Multivariate Analysis: The Crescenzago Choir Books (End 15th Century) as a Case Study

by
Margherita Longoni
1,
Noemi Hopes
1,
Federico Rossi
1,
Miriam Rita Tessera
2,
Marco Petoletti
3 and
Silvia Bruni
1,*
1
Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
2
Archivio Capitolare della Basilica di Sant’Ambrogio, 20123 Milano, Italy
3
Dipartimento di Studi Medioevali, Umanistici e Rinascimentali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milano, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Heritage 2023, 6(2), 2006-2019; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6020108
Submission received: 30 December 2022 / Revised: 9 February 2023 / Accepted: 13 February 2023 / Published: 15 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photon-Based Techniques for the Examination of Cultural Heritage Artifacts)
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Abstract

In the present work, a method is proposed that combines spectrofluorimetry with multivariate analysis (cluster and principal components) to non-invasively investigate natural dyes used, mainly in the form of lakes, in illuminations. First, a consistent number of mock-up samples of red and purple lakes (from brazilwood, madder, kermes, cochineal, lac dye, folium and orcein) were prepared following the recipes reported in ancient treatises, then the experimental conditions for their non-invasive investigation were optimized by benchtop instrumentation and transferred to a portable microprobe suitable for in situ analyses. For all the coloring materials examined, it was thus possible to obtain a satisfactory grouping of samples containing the same dye. The analytical protocol was finally extended to the characterization of dyes in the Crescenzago choir books, illuminated manuscripts dating back to the end of the 15th century.
Keywords: spectrofluorimetry; illuminated manuscripts; lakes; natural dyes; non-invasive identification; multivariate analysis spectrofluorimetry; illuminated manuscripts; lakes; natural dyes; non-invasive identification; multivariate analysis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Longoni, M.; Hopes, N.; Rossi, F.; Tessera, M.R.; Petoletti, M.; Bruni, S. Inside the Scriptorium: Non-Invasive In Situ Identification of Dyes in Illuminated Manuscripts by Microspectrofluorimetry and Multivariate Analysis: The Crescenzago Choir Books (End 15th Century) as a Case Study. Heritage 2023, 6, 2006-2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6020108

AMA Style

Longoni M, Hopes N, Rossi F, Tessera MR, Petoletti M, Bruni S. Inside the Scriptorium: Non-Invasive In Situ Identification of Dyes in Illuminated Manuscripts by Microspectrofluorimetry and Multivariate Analysis: The Crescenzago Choir Books (End 15th Century) as a Case Study. Heritage. 2023; 6(2):2006-2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6020108

Chicago/Turabian Style

Longoni, Margherita, Noemi Hopes, Federico Rossi, Miriam Rita Tessera, Marco Petoletti, and Silvia Bruni. 2023. "Inside the Scriptorium: Non-Invasive In Situ Identification of Dyes in Illuminated Manuscripts by Microspectrofluorimetry and Multivariate Analysis: The Crescenzago Choir Books (End 15th Century) as a Case Study" Heritage 6, no. 2: 2006-2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6020108

APA Style

Longoni, M., Hopes, N., Rossi, F., Tessera, M. R., Petoletti, M., & Bruni, S. (2023). Inside the Scriptorium: Non-Invasive In Situ Identification of Dyes in Illuminated Manuscripts by Microspectrofluorimetry and Multivariate Analysis: The Crescenzago Choir Books (End 15th Century) as a Case Study. Heritage, 6(2), 2006-2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6020108

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