Trace the Untraceable: Online Image Search Tools for Researching Late Antique Art
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Literature Review
1.2. The Value of Examining the Use of Digital Image Libraries by Scholars of Less Prominent Disciplines
1.3. Metadata Standards in the Field of Archaeology and Art History and Their Aplicability for Less Prominent Fields of Research
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Online Repositories under Examination
2.2. Types of Conducted Searches and Search Terms Used
2.3. Issues of Definition Regarding the Search Terms Used
2.4. Alternative Search Method Based on Chronology Alone
3. Results
3.1. Online Museum Collections
3.1.1. General Observations
3.1.2. Results Based on Keyword Searches
3.1.3. Results Based on Chronological Searches
3.2. Archaeological and Art Historical Databases
3.2.1. Brief Descriptions of the Repositories under Examination
3.2.2. General Observations
3.2.3. Results Based on Keyword Searches
3.2.4. Results Based on Chronological Searches
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- British Museum, London (BM), https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/search (accessed on 10 February 2021);
- Cleveland Museum of Art (CMA), http://www.clevelandart.org/art/collection/search (accessed on 10 February 2021);
- Getty Museum, Los Angeles, http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/ (accessed on 10 February 2021);
- Harvard Art Museums, https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections (accessed on 10 February 2021);
- Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna (KHM), https://www.khm.at/objektdb/ (accessed on 10 February 2021);
- Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (MfA), https://collections.mfa.org/collections (accessed on 10 February 2021);
- Princeton University Art Museum, https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/search/collections (accessed on 10 February 2021);
- Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (SBM), http://www.smb-digital.de/eMuseumPlus (accessed on 10 February 2021);
- The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (MET), https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection (accessed on 10 February 2021);
- Victoria and Albert Museum, London (VAM), http://collections.vam.ac.uk/ (accessed on 10 February 2021).
- ACOR Photo Archive, https://acor.digitalrelab.com (accessed on 10 February 2021);
- Arachne, https://arachne.dainst.org/ (accessed on 10 February 2021);
- Bibliotheca Hertziana, http://foto.biblhertz.it/ (accessed on 10 February 2021);
- Bildindex der Kunst & Architektur, https://www.bildindex.de/ (accessed on 10 February 2021);
- Digital LIMC, https://weblimc.org/page/home (accessed on 10 February 2021);
- Europeana, https://www.europeana.eu (accessed on 10 February 2021);
- KHI Photothek, http://photothek.khi.fi.it/ (accessed on 10 February 2021);
- Manar Al-Athar, http://www.manar-al-athar.ox.ac.uk/ (accessed on 10 February 2021);
- Princeton Archaeological Archives, http://vrc.princeton.edu/archives/ (accessed on 10 February 2021);
- Ubi Erat Lupa, http://lupa.at (accessed on 10 February 2021);
- Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (WI-ID), https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/vpc/VPC_search/main_page.php (accessed on 10 February 2021).
Appendix B
Site | Image Only 1 | On View | Object Title/Name | Object Type | Culture/Artist/Maker | Date/Period | Place of Origin | Material/Technique/Medium | Other Advanced Search Options/Filters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BM | [cb] | [cb] | [dd] | - | [dd] Culture/Period/Dynasty | [dd] Production Date | [dd] Place | [dd] Material [dd] Technique | [dd] Person/Organisation [dd] Ethnic group [dd] Ware [dd] Escapement [dd] Denomination [dd] School/Style [dd] Subject |
CMA | - | [cb] | [ft] | [dd] | [ft] Culture [ft] Artist | [ft] After Before | - | [ft] Medium | [dd] Location [dd] Collection [dd] Department [ft] Credit line [ft] Accession number [ft] Catalogue raisonné [ft] Provenance [ft] Citation [ft] Exhibition history [dd] Rights [cb] Highlights [cb] Open Access [cb] With videos [cb] In 3-D |
Getty | [cb] | [cb] | [ft] | - | [ft] Maker/Artist [ft] Culture/Country | - | - | [ft] Medium/ Materials | [ft] Object Number [ft] Provenance Name [ft] Collecting Area [cb] Open Content Program |
Harvard | - | [cb] | - | [dd] | [dd] Culture | [dd] Century [dd] Period | [dd] Place | [dd] Technique/Medium | [dd] Classification [dd] Gallery |
KHM | [cb] | [cb] | [dd] | - | - | [dd] Period | - | - | [dd] Person |
MfA 2 | [cb] | [cb] | [ft] | - | [ft] Artist/Maker [ft] Culture | [ft] Date Range | - | [ft] Medium/ Technique | [ft] Accession Number [ft] Credit Line [ft] Provenance [ft] Description [dd] Collection(s) [dd] Classification(s) [dd] Location(s) [cb] Has Audio/Video [cb] Collection Objects Only [cb] Deaccessioned Objects Only |
Princeton | [cb] | - | - | [dd] | [dd] Artist [dd] Culture | [dd] Date [dd] Period | - | - | - |
SMB | - | - | [ft] | - | - | [ft] Date [ft] Year from ... to | - | [ft] Material | [ft] Full Text Search [ft] Collection [ft] Name/Person [ft] Object/Term [ft] Geographical Reference |
MET | [cb] | [cb] | [ft] | [dd] 3 | [ft] Artist/Culture | [dd] Date/Era | [dd] Geographic Location | - | [ft] All Fields [ft] Description [ft] Gallery [ft] Accession Number [dd] Department [cb] Highlights [cb] Open Access |
VAM | [rb] | - | [ft] | - | [ft] Artist/Maker | [ft] Earliest year (YYYY) [ft] Latest year (YYYY) | [ft] Place of origin | [ft] Material/ techniques | [ft] Museum object number [ft] Current location [rb] All Records [rb] Best quality records including image and detailed description |
Site | Culture/Artist/Maker | Chronological Filters | Geographical Filters | Type/Material/Technique/Medium | Other Advanced Search Options/Filters | Filter Use |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACOR Photo Archive | - | - | [dd] Place name [dd] Country [dd] Arabic place name | - | [dd] Theme [dd] Keywords [dd] Collection name | simultaneously |
Arachne | - | [dd/index] Dating, Epoch (1554 options) | [dd/index] Place (5149 options) [dd/index] Location Type (20 options) [dd/index] City (5060 options) [dd/index] Subregion (190 options) [dd/index] Country (105 options) [dd/index] Region (153 options) | - | [dd] Category [dd] Contains Images (2 options) [dd/index] Literature (19420 options) | simultaneously |
Bibliotheca Hertziana | [ft] artist [obj] [dd] school/style (anonymous) [img] [dd] photographer/photo archive | [obj] [dd] date [img] [dd] acquisition date | [ft] City [obj] [dd] city | [obj] [dd] technique/material [img] [dd] color/technique | [dd] Object categories (7 further options): building/collection; title; classification; person/portrait; role; bibliography; inventory n.; [dd] Image categories (1 further option): file/photo/neg. n.; [tag cloud] Person, Portrait, Private Collection [tag cloud] Photo Archive, Photographer | filters can be used simultaneously, but the user can choose only one of the ‘Object categories’ [obj] and ‘Image categories’ [img] while the two ‘tag cloud’ options immediately redirect to an index |
Bildindex der Kunst & Architektur | [obj] [ft + tag cloud] Arist | [obj] [ft] Date | [obj] [ft + tag cloud] Location | [obj] [ft + tag cloud] Technique [obj] [tag cloud] Type/ Genre | Image filters: [ft + tag cloud] Photographer [ft + tag cloud] Topic [ft + tag cloud] Technique [date] Date [ft + tag cloud] Image provider [ft + tag cloud] Collection | user has to choose between searching for images [img] or for objects [obj]; filters can be used simultaneously |
Digital LIMC | [ft] Artist | - | [ft] Place of discovery [ft] Museum name [ft] Museum city | [ft] Technique | [ft] ID [ft] Category [ft] Description [ft] Mythological figure [ft] Object [ft] Inventory Number [ft] LIMC article [ft] LIMC article number [ft] ThesCRA chapter name [ft] ThesCRA article name | one at a time |
Europeana | - | - | [cb] Providing country (45 options) [cb] Institution (50 options) | [cb] Type of Media (5 options) | [rb] Collection (13 options) [cb] Can I use this? (3 options) [cb] Language (37 options) [cb] Aggregator (50 options) [cb] Color (50 options) [cb] Image orientation (2 options) [cb] Image size (2 options) [cb] File format (33 options) [cb] Item quality (1 option) | simultaneously |
KHI Photothek | [ft] Artist/Manufacturer [ft] Photographer | - | [ft] Location [ft] Location represented | [ft] Object type [ft] Material/Technique | [ft] Title [ft] Full Index [ft] Document number [ft] Subject [ft] Person depicted [ft] Copyright holder [ft] Negative Number [ft] Acquisition type [ft] Owner Scan | user has to choose between searching for images [img] or for objects [obj]; filters can be used one at a time |
Manar Al-Athar | [ft] Credit | [dd] By date | [cb] Country (18 options) | [rb] Resources of all types | [rb] Photo [rb] Collections [ft] Title [ft] Caption [ft] Resource ID(s) [ft] Original filename [ft] Keywords [ft] Extracted text | simultaneously |
Princeton Archaeological Archives | - | - | - | [dd] Search by Type | [ft] Search for Keywords [ft] Narrow by Specific Fields (89 options in combination with Boolean operators) [ft] Search by a range of ID#s [dd] Search by Collection [ft] Search by Tags [dd] Featured/Non-Featured | simultaneously |
Ubi Erat Lupa | - | [dd] Date (Phase) [ft] Date from (year) to (year) | [dd] Place of discovery [dd] Ancient place of discovery, Province [dd] Current location | [ft] Inscription text, Type | [ft] Title, Object, Iconography [ft] Number [ft] Museum, Inventory number [ft] Image rights [ft] Literature [ft] Full text search (except place of discovery, current location, museum, ancient place of discovery) | simultaneously |
WI-ID | [dd] Artist | [dd] Limit by [century] (earliest)–(latest) [dd] Auction date | [dd] Location | - | [ft] Search by subject keyword(s) [dd] Manuscript number [dd] Author/book [dd] Special collection + [ft] Number | simultaneously |
Site | Custom Date Range | Epoch/Period |
---|---|---|
British Museum, London | yes | yes |
Cleveland Museum of Art | yes | no |
Getty Museum, Los Angeles | no | no |
Harvard Art Museums | no | yes |
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna | yes | yes |
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston | yes | no |
Princeton University Art Museum | yes | yes |
Staatliche Museen zu Berlin | yes | no |
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York | no | yes |
Victoria and Albert Museum, London | yes | no |
Site | Browse by Time Period 1 | Browse by Search Term 2 | Number of Results | Total Number of Listed Items 3 | Share |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
British Museum, London | - | Roman | 317,456 | 4,500,000 | 7.05% |
Roman | - | 248,533 | 5.52% | ||
- | Renaissance | 5682 | 0.13% | ||
Cleveland Museum of Art | - | Roman | 1258 | 63,754 | 1.97% |
- | Renaissance | 472 | 0.74% | ||
Getty Museum, Los Angeles | - | Roman | 13,064 | 157,493 | 8.29% |
- | Renaissance | 1263 | 0.80% | ||
Harvard Art Museums, Cambridge, MA | - | Roman | 10,262 | 235,878 | 4.35% |
Roman periods 2 | - | 8042 | 3.41% | ||
- | Renaissance | 50 | 0.02% | ||
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna (KHM) 3 | - | Roman | 1937 | 23,963 | 8.08% |
- | römisch* | 791 | 23,963 | 3.30% | |
- | Renaissance | 117 | 23,963 | 0.49% | |
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston | - | Roman | 9955 | 439,557 | 2.26% |
- | Renaissance | 489 | 0.11% | ||
Princeton University Art Museum | - | Roman | 2319 | 55,692 | 4.16% |
Roman Imperial | - | 244 | 0.44% | ||
- | Renaissance | 76 | 0.14% | ||
Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (SMB) | - | Roman | 699 | 261,679 | 0.27% |
- | römisch* | 22,020 | 8.41% | ||
- | Renaissance | 657 | 0.25% | ||
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (MET) | - | Roman | 31,426 | 406,000 | 7.74% |
- | Renaissance | 4241 | 1.04% | ||
Victoria and Albert Museum, London | - | Roman | 9603 | 1,230,805 | 0.78% |
- | Renaissance | 19,839 | 1.61% |
Site | Focus | Custom Date Range | Epoch/Period |
---|---|---|---|
ACOR Photo Archive | Cultural Heritage, Jordan | no | no |
Arachne | Archaeology | no | yes |
Bibliotheca Hertziana | Art History, Italy | no 1 | no |
Bildindex | Art History, predominantly Europe | yes | no |
Digital LIMC | Art History, iconography, classical mythology | no | no |
Europeana | Cultural Heritage | no | no |
KHI Photothek | Art History, Italy | no | no |
Manar Al-Athar | Archaeology/Art History, Eastern Mediterranean | no 2 | no |
Princeton Archaeological Archives | Archaeology | no 2 | no |
Ubi Erat Lupa | Archaeology, Roman Empire | yes | yes |
WI-ID | Art History, iconography | yes | no |
Site | Browse by Time Period 1 | Browse by Search Term | Number of Results | Total Number of Listed Items | Share |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACOR Photo Archive (images) | Roman | 4831 | 31,830 | 15.18% | |
Renaissance | 20 | 0.06% | |||
Arachne (objects) | Roman | 18,644 | 4,520,856 | 0.41% | |
römisch* | 129,430 | 2.86% | |||
Renaissance | 595 | 0.01% | |||
Römisch | 1 | 0.00% | |||
Renaissance | 4 | 0.00% | |||
Bibliotheca Hertziana (images) | Roman | 692 | 395,099 | 0.18% | |
römisch* | 18,428 | 4.66% | |||
Renaissance | 310 | 0.08% | |||
Bildindex (objects) | Roman | 10,462 | 1,833,998 | 0.57% | |
römisch | 118,630 | 6.47% | |||
Renaissance | 547 | 0.03% | |||
Digital LIMC (objects) | Roman | 11 | unknown | unknown | |
Renaissance | 3 | ||||
Europeana (images) | Roman | 140,807 | 52,046,985 | 0.27% | |
Römisch* | 53,306 | 0.10% | |||
Renaissance | 13,872 | 0.03% | |||
KHI Photothek (objects) | Roman | 545 | 28,851 | 1.89% | |
römisch* | 659 | 2.28% | |||
Renaissance | 27 | 0.09% | |||
Manar al-Athar (images) | Roman | 1284 | 87,528 | 1.47% | |
Renaissance | 58 | 0.07% | |||
Princeton Archaeological Archives (images) | Roman | 425 | 10,366 | 4.10% | |
Renaissance | 4 | 0.04% | |||
Ubi Erat Lupa 2 (images) | Roman | 1533 | 31,906 | 4.80% | |
römisch* | 0 | 0.00% | |||
Renaissance | 0 | 0.00% | |||
WI-ID (images) | Roman | 11,501 | 105,880 | 10.86% | |
Renaissance | 5020 | 4.74% |
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Site | Browse by Time Period 1 | Browse by Search Term 2 | Number of Results | Total Number of Listed Items 3 | Share |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
British Museum, London | 250–750 CE 4 | - | - | 4,500,000 | - |
- | late antique | 1316 | 0.03% | ||
Late Antique | - | 19,810 | 0.44% | ||
- | byzantine | 15,909 | 0.35% | ||
Byzantine | - | 4179 | 0.09% | ||
- | early christian | 4455 | 0.10% | ||
250–750 CE | byzantine | 9407 | 0.21% | ||
Cleveland Museum of Art | 250–750 CE | - | 1254 | 63,754 | 1.97% |
- | late antique | 1 | 0.00% | ||
- | byzantine | 275 | 0.43% | ||
- | early christian | 32 | 0.05% | ||
250–750 CE | byzantine | 105 | 0.16% | ||
Getty Museum, Los Angeles 5 | - | late antique | 83 | 15,7493 | 0.05% |
- | byzantine | 564 | 0.36% | ||
- | early christian | 80 | 0.05% | ||
Harvard Art Museums, Cambridge, MA 5 | - | late antique | 3 | 235,878 | 0.00% |
Late Antique period | - | 8 | 0.00% | ||
- | byzantine | 3319 | 1.41% | ||
Byzantine period | - | 912 | 0.39% | ||
- | early christian | 5 | 0.00% | ||
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna (KHM) | 250–750 CE | - | 2974 | 23,963 | 12.41% |
- | late antique | 3 | 0.01% | ||
- | spätantik* | 43 | 0.18% | ||
Spätantik | - | 27 | 0.11% | ||
Spätantike Zeit | - | 4 | 0.02% | ||
- | byzantine | 18 | 0.08% | ||
- | byzantinisch* | 39 | 0.16% | ||
Byzantinisch-provinziell | - | 2 | 0.01% | ||
- | early christian | 3 | 0.01% | ||
- | frühchristlich* | 6 | 0.03% | ||
Christliche Zeit | - | 3 | 0.01% | ||
250–750 CE | byzantinisch* | 8 | 0.03% | ||
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston | 250–750 CE | - | 2357 | 439,557 | 0.54% |
- | late antique | 19 | 0.00% | ||
- | byzantine | 1515 | 0.34% | ||
- | early christian | 33 | 0.01% | ||
250–750 CE | byzantine | 440 | 0.10% | ||
Princeton University Art Museum | 250–750 CE | - | 1617 | 55,692 | 2.90% |
- | late antique | 323 | 0.58% | ||
Late Antique | - | 275 | 0.49% | ||
- | byzantine | 6120 | 10.99% | ||
Byzantine | - | 88 | 0.16% | ||
- | early christian | 58 | 0.10% | ||
250–750 CE | byzantine | 840 | 1.51% | ||
Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (SMB) | 250–750 CE | - | 17,760 | 261,679 | 6.79% |
- | late antique | 0 | 0.00% | ||
- | spätantik* | 14 | 0.01% | ||
- | byzantine | 278 | 0.11% | ||
- | byzantinisch* | 2530 | 0.97% | ||
- | early christian | 2 | 0.00% | ||
- | frühchristlich* | 141 | 0.05% | ||
250–750 CE | byzantinisch* | 934 | 0.36% | ||
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (MET) 5 | A.D. 1–500 6 | - | 6209 | 406,000 | 1.53% |
- | late antique | 310 | 0.08% | ||
- | byzantine | 3153 | 0.78% | ||
- | early christian | 269 | 0.07% | ||
A.D. 1–500 6 | byzantine | 448 | 0.11% | ||
Victoria and Albert Museum, London | 250–750 CE | - | 4582 | 1,230,805 | 0.37% |
- | late antique | 529 | 0.04% | ||
- | byzantine | 1067 | 0.09% | ||
- | early christian | 280 | 0.02% | ||
250–750 CE | byzantine | 210 | 0.02% |
Site 1 | Browse by Custom Date Range | Number of Results | Total Number of Listed Items | Share |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cleveland Museum of Art | 250–750 CE | 1254 | 63,754 | 1.97% |
27 BCE–249 CE | 202 | 0.32% | ||
1400–1600 CE | 7169 | 11.24% | ||
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna (KHM) | 250–750 CE | 2974 | 23,963 | 12.41% |
27 BCE–249 CE | 5541 | 23.12% | ||
1400–1600 CE | 4062 | 16.95% | ||
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston | 250–750 CE | 2357 | 439,557 | 0.54% |
27 BCE–249 CE | 9935 | 2.26% | ||
1400–1600 CE | 8474 | 1.93% | ||
Princeton University Art Museum | 250–750 CE | 1617 | 55,692 | 2.90% |
27 BCE–249 CE | 1183 | 2.12% | ||
1400–1600 CE | 2146 | 3.85% | ||
Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (SMB) | 250–750 CE | 17,760 | 261,679 | 6.79% |
27 BCE–249 CE | 21,123 | 8.07% | ||
1400–1600 CE | 13,528 | 5.17% | ||
Victoria and Albert Museum, London | 250–750 CE | 1725 | 1,239,668 | 0.14% |
27 BCE–249 CE | 24,825 | 2.00% | ||
1400–1600 CE | 55,845 | 4.50% | ||
Sum all museums | 250–750 CE | 27,687 | - | - |
27 BCE–249 CE | 62,819 | |||
1400–1600 CE | 91,224 |
Site | Browse by Time Period 1 | Browse by Search Term 2 | Number of Results | Total Number of Listed Items 3 | Share |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACOR Photo Archive (images) | - | late antique | 978 | 30,789 | 3.21% |
byzantine | 3895 | 12.65% | |||
early christian | 203 | 0.66% | |||
Arachne (objects) | spätantik | - | 1362 | 3,933,071 | 0.03% |
- | spätantik* | 18,662 | 0.47% | ||
byzantinisch | - | 280 | 0.01% | ||
- | byzantinisch* | 7816 | 0.20% | ||
frühchristlich | - | 270 | 0.01% | ||
- | frühchristlich* | 1526 | 0.04% | ||
Bibliotheca Hertziana 4 (images) | - | late antique | 0 | 391,390 | 0.00% |
spätantik* | 44 | 0.01% | |||
tardo antico | 0 | 0.00% | |||
antique tardive | 0 | 0.00% | |||
byzantine | 2 | 0.00% | |||
byzantinisch* | 688 | 0.18% | |||
bizantin* | 53 | 0.01% | |||
early christian | 4 | 0.00% | |||
frühchristlich* | 175 | 0.04% | |||
paleocristian* | 8 | 0.00% | |||
Bildindex (objects) | 250–750 CE | - | 6829 | 1,825,568 | 0.37% |
- | spätantik | 218 | 0.01% | ||
- | byzantinisch | 1738 | 0.10% | ||
250–750 CE | byzantinisch | 165 | 0.01% | ||
- | frühchristlich | 159 | 0.01% | ||
Digital LIMC (objects) | - | late antique | 8 | unknown | unknown |
byzantine | 1 | ||||
early christian | 3 | ||||
Europeana 5 (images) | - | late antique | 1742 | 52,025,992 | 0.00% |
- | spätantik* | 861 | 0.00% | ||
- | byzantine | 88,151 | 0.17% | ||
- | byzantinisch* | 80,299 | 0.15% | ||
Byzantine Art 6 | - | 75,895 | 0.15% | ||
early christian | 1734 | 0.00% | |||
frühchristlich* | 379 | 0.00% | |||
KHI Photothek (objects) 7 | - | spätantik | 2 | 68,646 | 0.00% |
byzantinisch | 101 | 0.15% | |||
frühchristlich | 2 | 0.00% | |||
Manar al-Athar (images) | - | late antique | 44 | 77,955 | 0.06% |
byzantine | 174 | 0.22% | |||
early christian | 0 | 0.00% | |||
Princeton Archaeological Archives (images) | - | late antique | 0 | 10,366 | 0.00% |
byzantine | 87 | 0.84% | |||
early christian | 57 | 0.55% | |||
Ubi Erat Lupa 8 (images) | spätantik | - | 314 | 31,903 | 0.98% |
- | spätantik* | 502 | 1.57% | ||
byzantinisch | - | - | - | ||
- | byzantinisch* | 3 | 0.01% | ||
frühchristlich | - | 526 | 1.65% | ||
- | frühchristlich* | 564 | 1.77% | ||
250–750 CE | - | 1401 | 4.39% | ||
WI-ID (images) | 3rd–8th century | - | 1130 | 105,880 | 1.07% |
- | late antique | 472 | 0.45% | ||
- | byzantine | 413 | 0.39% | ||
3rd–8th century | byzantine | 10 | 0.01% | ||
- | early christian | 28 | 0.03% |
Site | Focus | Browse by Custom Date Range | Number of Results | Total Number of Listed Items | Share |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bildindex (objects) | Art History | 250–750 CE | 6931 | 1,833,228 | 0.38% |
1400–1600 CE | 225,746 | 12.31% | |||
Ubi Erat Lupa (images) | Archaeology | 250–750 CE | 1401 | 31,903 | 4.39% |
27 BCE–249 CE | 10,073 | 31.57% | |||
WI-ID (images) | Art History | 3rd–8th century | 1130 | 105,880 | 1.07% |
15th–16th century | 48,984 | 46.26% |
No. | Proposed improvement |
---|---|
1 | Addition of a customizable (numerical) date filter. |
2 | Optimization of existing metadata to account for different search strategies. |
3 | Translation of metadata entries on multilingual repositories. |
4 | Addition of sufficient metadata entries regarding materials, subject matter and further relevant details to improve informational searches. |
5 | Collaboration with scholars from different, especially less prominent, fields of art history and archaeology, to improve ontologies and metadata practices. |
6 | Inclusion of recently excavated and published material, perhaps by allowing scholars to make submissions to an online repository. |
7 | More transparency in respect of implemented metadata standards and ontologies. |
8 | Better collaboration between different repository providers to agree on major standardized search filters. |
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Decheva, P. Trace the Untraceable: Online Image Search Tools for Researching Late Antique Art. Heritage 2021, 4, 4076-4104. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040225
Decheva P. Trace the Untraceable: Online Image Search Tools for Researching Late Antique Art. Heritage. 2021; 4(4):4076-4104. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040225
Chicago/Turabian StyleDecheva, Prolet. 2021. "Trace the Untraceable: Online Image Search Tools for Researching Late Antique Art" Heritage 4, no. 4: 4076-4104. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040225