Original Varnish Recipes in Post-Byzantine Painting Manuals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Painitng Manuals in Consideration
2.2. FTIR-ATR Analysis of Selected Post-Byzantine Icons’ Varnishes
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Dionysios of Fourna Varnish Recipes
3.2. Ioannis Zografos Varnish Recipes
3.3. ATR-FTIR Analyses of Post-Byzantine Greek Icons’ Varnishes
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Icon | Date | Provenance | Notes | Varnish Components (FTIR-ATR) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Transfiguration | 17th c. | Unidentified | Two varnish layers preserved: a first/early and a second/latter intervention (samples 1 & 2) | Oil, resin (sample 1) |
Oil, resin, protein (sample 2) | ||||
St Nikanoras | Late 18th c. | Northern Greece (?) | Two successive varnish layers; sample collected from the second (latter) one | Resin, minor oil |
Triptych | Early 19th c. | Northern Greece (?) | Old “restoration” varnish | Resin, minor oil, protein |
St Anna | Mid-19th c. | Unidentified | Authentic varnish/unrestored item | Resin, protein |
Jesus Christ | Mid-19th c. | Evia Island (central Greece) | Authentic varnish/unrestored item | Resin (+minor oil?) |
St John the Forerunner | Mid-19th c. | Evia Island | Authentic varnish/unrestored item | Protein (+minor oil?) |
Painted offering box | Late 19th c. | Evia Island | Authentic varnish/unrestored item | Resin, oil |
Annunciation | 1884 AD | Tinos Island (Cyclades) | Authentic varnish/unrestored item | Protein, resin |
St Nikolaos | Late 19th c. | Northern Greece | Authentic varnish/unrestored item | Resin (+protein?) |
Authorship | Date | Number of Recipes/Varnish Type | ||||
Fat | Lean | Intermediate | Tinted | |||
Dionysios of Fourna | ca. 1730 AD | 2 | 2 | - | 1 | |
Ioannis Zografos | 1824 AD | 9 | 11 | 11 | 3 | |
Employed Materials | ||||||
Author | Solvent(s) | Oil(s) | Resin(s) | Oleoresin(s) | Pigment(s)/Dye(s) | Other |
Dionysios of Fourna (~1730 AD) | turpentine spirit wine spirit | linseed oil (raw/thickened) | rosin mastic sandarac | aloe | ||
Ioannis Zografos (1824 AD) | turpentine spirit wine spirit | linseed oil (raw/thickened) linseed oil (+siccatives) | rosin mastic sandarac copal shellac amber incense | Venice turpentine turpentine | aloe ground glass “gotagoma” (gomma gutte) litharge lead oxide (?) umber | onion leaves bread camphoralum |
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Mastrotheodoros, G.P.; Beltsios, K.G. Original Varnish Recipes in Post-Byzantine Painting Manuals. Heritage 2021, 4, 3572-3582. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040197
Mastrotheodoros GP, Beltsios KG. Original Varnish Recipes in Post-Byzantine Painting Manuals. Heritage. 2021; 4(4):3572-3582. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040197
Chicago/Turabian StyleMastrotheodoros, Georgios P., and Konstantinos G. Beltsios. 2021. "Original Varnish Recipes in Post-Byzantine Painting Manuals" Heritage 4, no. 4: 3572-3582. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040197