Traditional and Modern Plasters for Built Heritage: Suitability and Contribution for Passive Relative Humidity Regulation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Fresh State Characterization
- A commercially available earthen plastering mortar (E) composed of clayish earth, mixed-grade sand of 0–2 mm, and barley straw fibers cut to less than 30 mm [20] mechanically mixed in the laboratory with addition of 20% by mass of water, as recommended by the producer (Embarro).
- Three pastes (not containing sand) designed as finishing restoration products [21] for old Portuguese interior finishings based on powder hydrated lime CL90-S (CL) and calcium sulphate hemihydrate–gypsum (G): CL70_G20, CL50_G50, and G. The CL70_G20 was formulated using 70% hydrated lime, 20% gypsum, and 10% calcitic aggregate (<45 µm), with an addition of 0.1% of a water-retaining methylcellulose-based agent and 0.02% of a set retarder to assess the required workability. The same retarder in the same proportions was added to CL50_G50 (50% hydrated lime and 50% gypsum), designed to mould on-site elements for gypsum plaster decoration. G was produced for restoration of precast elements with 100% of calcium sulphate hemi-hydrate. All the percentages are by mass.
- One plastering mortar made of hydrated lime (CL) and one made of natural hydraulic lime 3.5 (NHL), both mixed with siliceous sand from the Tagus River (0–4 mm) with a volumetric ratio of 1:3, corresponding to 1:13 and 1:6.7 by mass, respectively [22].
2.2. Hardened State General Test Methods
2.3. Preparation of the Specimens
2.4. Relative-Humidity-Dependent Properties Test Methods
2.4.1. Water Vapour Permeability
2.4.2. Adsorption/Desorption
2.4.3. Sorption Isotherms
2.4.4. Moisture Buffering Value
3. Results
3.1. Plasters General Characteristics
3.2. Water Vapour Permeability
3.3. Adsorption/Desorption
3.4. Sorption Isotherms
3.5. Moisture Buffering Value
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The three finishing pastes, designed for restoration of historic plaster finishings, showed an open porosity and dry bulk density compatible with requirements for restoration plasters, a mechanical strength above the limit, and a good water vapour permeability for that type of application. The high compressive and flexural strength decreased with the addition of air lime, together with an increase in hygroscopicity. Hence, for moisture passive regulation, the combinations of gypsum and air lime were more suitable than the pure gypsum paste. The latter indeed presented a very low moisture capacity: in static condition, the maximum value of moisture adsorbed was the lowest between all the tested coatings; after 12 h of adsorption, it was probably saturated, and no additional moisture was adsorbed, which was reflected in a moderate moisture buffering value. The CL_Gs, instead, presented a good moisture buffering, and also were very suitable for passive regulation.
- The earth plaster E fulfilled the requirements for mechanical compatibility, together with some of the requirements for physical compatibility with water vapour. There was no doubt that this plaster was the most suitable for moisture passive regulation: it showed high hygroscopicity in dynamic and static conditions. Adsorption capacity exceeded the 24 h test, and it was classified as good for moisture buffering.
- The NHL plaster, in terms of compatibility, complied with the same requirements as the earth plaster. Concerning the RH-dependent properties, when tested for adsorption/desorption in static and dynamic conditions, its behaviour was moderately good. Moreover, it showed a moisture buffering value similar to the cement plasters.
- The CL plaster met the mechanical requirement for compatibility, and its water vapour permeability was considered adequate for application as a restoration plaster. Its adsorption and desorption were the lowest when tested dynamically, and were still very low when tested in steady states. Furthermore, its moisture buffering value was the lowest, classified as limited.
- The cement plasters were the least suitable for application in historical buildings, as expected. They did not comply with any of the requirements, especially the C_0.9, which was considered the least-compatible choice for substitution in old buildings. They showed the lowest water vapour permeability and slow adsorption and desorption, but their moisture content at high RH was quite significant when tested in a steady state. Their moderate classification for moisture buffering made these plasters a possible choice for application in modern building where their passive regulation can be improved.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pastes and Mortars | Ref. | Month-Year of Production | Binder | Aggregate | b/a Ratio | w/b Ratio | Flow (mm) | BD (kg/dm3) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G | [21] | 04-2012 | G (100%) | – | – | 0.7 | 190 ± 5 | nf | |
CL50_G50 | [21] | 03-2012 | G (50%) | CL (50%) | – | – | 0.8 | 165 ± 5 | nf |
CL70_G20 | [21] | 03-2012 | G (20%) | CL (70%) | CA (10%) | – | 1.0 | 165 ± 5 | nf |
E | – | 02-2020 | IE | SS02 | nf | 0.2 ’ | 171 ± 10 | 1.95 | |
CL | [22] | 03-2016 | CL 90-S | TR04 | 1:3 | 2.8 | 151 ± 5 | nf | |
NHL * | – | 03-2016 | NHL 3.5 | TR04 | 1:3 | 1.4 | 150 ± 5 | nf | |
C_0.9 | [23] | 10-2018 | CEM II/B-L 32.5N | SS02 | 1:4 | 0.9 | 140 ± 3 | 2.00 | |
C_1.3 | [24] | 07-2017 | CEM II/B-L 32.5N | SS02 | 1:4 | 1.3 | 161 ± 1 | 1.97 |
Pastes and Mortars | Specimens | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
S1 (mm) | S2 (mm) | d (mm) | Mass (g) | |
G | 40 | 40 | 21 | 34 |
CL50_G50 | 40 | 40 | 21 | 34 |
CL70_G20 | 38 | 38 | 21 | 29 |
E | 39 | 40 | 22 | 58 |
CL | 40 | 40 | 23 | 57 |
NHL | 40 | 40 | 21 | 55 |
C_0.9 | 40 | 40 | 22 | 64 |
C_1.3 | 40 | 40 | 22 | 60 |
Pastes and Mortars | Ref. | Test Age | OP (%) | BD (kg /m3) | Fs (MPa) | Cs (MPa) | DME (GPa) | CC (kg/(m2min0.5)) | W24h 1 (kg/m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G | [14] | 2 y | 46.1 | 1128 | 2.42 ± 0.11 | 5.19 ± 0.27 | 5.04 ± 0.01 | 6.42 | 71.26 |
CL50_G50 | [14] | 2 y | 48.4 | 1104 | 1.61 | 3.24 ± 0.31 | 2.35 ± 0.01 | 6.23 | 76.26 |
CL70_G20 | [14] | 2 y | 50.7 | 1031 | 1.55 | 3.03 ± 0.40 | 1.87 ± 0.00 | 4.49 | 78.92 |
E | – | 120 d | – | 1743 ± 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.04 | 0.82 ± 0.05 | 3.50 ± 0.01 | – | – |
CL | [15] | 90 d | 25.8 | 1720 | 0.39 | 0.55 | 2.72 | 1.71 | 31.00 |
NHL * | – | 90 d | 26.2 | 1780 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.35 ± 0.002 | 1.86 ± 0.07 | 2.4 | 36.50 |
C_0.9 | [16] | 28 d | 20.2 | 1919 | 2.56 ± 0.21 | 9.66 ± 0.11 | 16.2 ± 0.9 | 0.43 * | 24.30 * |
C_1.3 | [17] | 2 y | 22.4 | 1875 | 2.00 ± 0.31 | 5.98 ± 0.79 | 10.1 ± 0.8 | 1.55 (1 y) | 17.47 2 (1 y) |
Requirements | [18] | – | – | – | 0.20–0.70 | 0.40–2.50 | 2.00–5.00 | – | – |
Pastes and Mortars | d (mm) | ΔM 24 h (g) | Q ((kg/s) × 10−9) | Wp (ng/m2∙s∙Pa) | WVP (kg/(m∙s∙Pa))∙10−12 | µ (-) | Sd (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G | 20.69 | 0.30 | 3.43 | 1718 | 35.53 ± 1.2 | 5.49 | 0.055 |
CL50_G50 | 21.06 | 0.30 | 3.54 | 1775 | 37.36 ± 1.2 | 5.22 | 0.052 |
CL70_G20 | 20.91 | 0.29 | 3.38 | 1802 | 37.68 ± 1.6 | 5.18 | 0.051 |
E | 22.43 | 0.15 | 1.69 | 960 | 21.50 ± 0.8 | 9.07 | 0.091 |
CL | 22.52 | 0.20 | 2.31 | 1166 | 26.24 ± 0.5 | 7.43 | 0.074 |
NHL | 21.12 | 0.17 | 1.97 | 991 | 20.92 ± 0.8 | 9.32 | 0.093 |
C_0.9 | 22.01 | 0.07 | 0.86 | 434 | 9.55 ± 0.8 | 20.42 | 0.204 |
C_1.3 | 21.59 | 0.11 | 1.25 | 624 | 13.48 ± 1.2 | 14.48 | 0.144 |
Pastes and Mortars | WVP (10−12 kg/(m∙Pa∙s)) | Resistance Factor µ (–) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Result | Range * | Result | Range * | |||
Gypsum | 35.5 | ▲ | 21.9–29.2 | 5.5 | ▼ | 7.0–9.1 |
Gypsum + lime | 37.4 37.7 | ▲ ▲ | 28.9 | 5.2 5.2 | ▼ ▼ | 6.7 |
Clay | 21.5 | ▲ | 7.8–8.8 | 9.1 | ▼ | 22.1–25.0 |
CL90 | 26.2 | ▲ | 5.3–16.0 | 7.4 | ▼ | 12.2–37.1 |
NHL3.5 | 20.9 | ▲ | 9.9 | 9.3 | ▼ | 19.6 |
Cement ** | 9.5 13.5 | 4.9–14.0 | 14.5 20.4 | 13.9–40.0 |
Pastes | Test Age | WVP (kg/(m∙Pa∙s)) E-11 | Sd (m) (d = 10 mm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wet Cup | Dry Cup (8 y) | Wet Cup | Dry Cup (8 y) | ||
G | 90 days | 4.915 | 3.553 | 0.035 | 0.055 |
2 years | 3.169 | 0.057 | |||
CL50_G50 | 90 days | 2.036 | 3.736 | 0.100 | 0.052 |
2 years | 2.397 | 0.083 | |||
CL70_G20 | 90 days | 3.282 | 3.768 | 0.054 | 0.051 |
2 years | 2.269 | 0.081 |
Plaster | Adsorption (g/m2) | Desorption (g/m2) | Ref. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(12 h) | (24 h) | (12 h) | (24 h) | |||
Clay | Ep | 74.43 ± 4.42 | 99.35 ± 4.89 | 34.76 ± 1.56 | 16.10 ± 1.51 | Present study |
<80 | 104 | >10 and <20 | <10 | [52] | ||
>60 | – | ≈0 | – | [53] | ||
<130 | – | ≈60 | – | [53] | ||
67.7 | – | – | – | [54] | ||
68.5 | – | – | – | [54] | ||
105.3 | – | – | – | [54] | ||
Ef | >60 and <80 | – | – | – | [55] | |
>80 and <100 | – | <20 | – | [53] | ||
<70 | ≈ 80 | ≈12 | ≈ 5 | [56] | ||
>21 and <38 | - | 0 | - | [57] | ||
E | >60 | 76 | <10 | <5 | [52] | |
≈80 | – | ≈ 0 | – | [53] | ||
≈100 | ≈20 | [53] | ||||
≈60 | >70 | >10 | <15 | [58] | ||
≈70 | ≈85 | ≈18 | >10 | [58] | ||
≈80 | <100 | <25 | >10 | [58] | ||
≈85 | ≈110 | ≈30 | [58] | |||
<70 | ≈ 85 | ≈ 20 | ≈10 | [56] | ||
≈80 | ≈83 | ≈ 10 | ≈0 | [59] | ||
≈60 | ≈78 | [59] | ||||
60 | 70 | >10 and <20 | <10 | [38] | ||
30 | – | 0 | – | [57] | ||
EK | 30 | 35 | ≈0 | 0 | [38] | |
EB | 110 | 140 | >30 and <40 | ≈10 | [38] | |
Cement | C | 34.49 ± 3.02 | 47.99 ± 7.79 | 16.45 ± 2.13 | 11.54 ± 2.14 | Present study |
40.21 ± 3.45 | 56.84 ± 5.27 | 26.59 ± 3.15 | 17.89 ± 2.06 | Present study | ||
40 | 40 | ≈0 | ≈0 | [52] | ||
Gypsum | G | 25.54 ± 13.42 | 27.15 ± 16.62 | 3.90 ± 2.54 | 3.03 ± 1.96 | Present study |
G | 22 | 22 | ≈0 | ≈0 | [52] |
MC (%) | CL70_G20 | CL50_G50 | G | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RH (%) | 8 y | 2 y | 8 y | 2 y | 8 y | 2 y | ||||||
AV | SD | AV | SD | AV | SD | AV | SD | AV | SD | AV | SD | |
30 | 0.03 | 0.003 | 0.05 | 0.004 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.06 | 0.004 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.03 | 0.003 |
50 | 0.11 | 0.004 | 0.09 | 0.049 | 0.10 | 0.002 | 0.11 | 0.005 | 0.06 | 0.005 | 0.06 | 0.003 |
70 | 0.28 | 0.004 | 0.16 | 0.059 | 0.24 | 0.006 | 0.19 | 0.003 | 0.14 | 0.046 | 0.08 | 0.003 |
80 | 0.80 | 0.074 | – | – | 0.74 | 0.036 | – | – | 0.21 | 0.090 | – | – |
90 | – | – | 1.67 | 0.037 | – | – | 1.30 | 0.094 | – | – | 0.18 | 0.009 |
95 | 5.05 | 0.129 | – | – | 2.39 | 0.172 | – | – | 0.48 | 0.270 | – | – |
80 | 4.66 | 0.180 | – | – | 2.03 | 0.185 | – | – | 0.25 | 0.088 | – | – |
70 | 4.54 | 0.237 | 1.44 | 0.036 | 1.87 | 0.185 | 1.09 | 0.096 | 0.17 | 0.044 | 0.10 | 0.008 |
50 | 4.19 | 0.260 | 1.33 | 0.037 | 1.56 | 0.176 | 1.00 | 0.094 | 0.08 | 0.017 | 0.07 | 0.007 |
30 | 3.94 | 0.267 | 1.17 | 0.035 | 1.37 | 0.179 | 0.84 | 0.092 | 0.03 | 0.006 | 0.04 | 0.008 |
Pastes and Mortars | WVP (kg/(m∙s∙Pa)) × 10−12 | MC(12 h) (g/m2) | MC30 (%) | MC50 (%) | MC70 (%) | MC80 (%) | MC95 (%) | MC80 (%) | MC70 (%) | MC50 (%) | MC30 (%) | MBV (g/(m2%RH)) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G | 35.53 | 25.5 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.21 | 0.48 | 0.25 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.61 |
CL50_G50 | 37.36 | 43.6 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.24 | 0.74 | 2.39 | 2.03 | 1.87 | 1.56 | 1.37 | 1.03 |
CL70_G20 | 37.68 | 54.8 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.28 | 0.80 | 5.05 | 4.66 | 4.54 | 4.19 | 3.94 | 1.27 |
E | 21.50 | 74.4 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.44 | 0.64 | 1.29 | 0.80 | 0.53 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 1.49 |
CL | 26.24 | 16.5 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.42 |
NHL | 20.92 | 28.6 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.56 | 0.34 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.80 |
C_0.9 | 9.55 | 40.2 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.38 | 1.16 | 0.91 | 0.65 | 0.47 | 0.30 | 0.84 |
C_1.3 | 13.48 | 34.5 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.27 | 0.91 | 0.68 | 0.52 | 0.41 | 0.27 | 0.82 |
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Ranesi, A.; Faria, P.; Veiga, M.d.R. Traditional and Modern Plasters for Built Heritage: Suitability and Contribution for Passive Relative Humidity Regulation. Heritage 2021, 4, 2337-2355. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4030132
Ranesi A, Faria P, Veiga MdR. Traditional and Modern Plasters for Built Heritage: Suitability and Contribution for Passive Relative Humidity Regulation. Heritage. 2021; 4(3):2337-2355. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4030132
Chicago/Turabian StyleRanesi, Alessandra, Paulina Faria, and Maria do Rosário Veiga. 2021. "Traditional and Modern Plasters for Built Heritage: Suitability and Contribution for Passive Relative Humidity Regulation" Heritage 4, no. 3: 2337-2355. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4030132