Inflammation and Peripheral Arterial Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Endothelial Dysfunction
3. Inflammation and PAD
4. C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
5. Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
- Expression of Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [60]
- Production of neutrophils in the bone marrow
- Secretion of MCP-1 and IL-8 by endothelial cells and macrophages.
- Changing leukocytes into atherosclerotic plaque by producing ICAM-1 by smooth muscle cells (SMCs)
- Transformation of SMCs into foam cells
6. Interleukins in PAD
7. Selectins
8. Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | Prevalence (%) | Number |
---|---|---|
Murabito, J.M. et al., 2002 [4] | 3.9 | 5124 |
Selvin, E. et al., 2004 [5] | 4.3 | 2174 |
Sigvant, B. et al., 2007 [6] | 18 | 5080 |
Alzamora, M.T. et al., 2010 [7] | 7.6 | 3786 |
Signorelli, S. et al., 2010 [8] | 2.3 | 9100 |
Fowkes, F.G.R. et al., 2013 [9] | PAD prevalence increases by 28.7% in low-income or middle-income countries (LMIC) and 13.1% in high income countries. | Review of 34 published studies (2000–2010). |
American Heart Association (AHA), 2018 [10] | individuals ≥ 80 years 22.7% individuals 40–49 years 1.6% | |
Ramos, R. et al., 2009 [11] | 4.5 | 6262 |
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Signorelli, S.S.; Marino, E.; Scuto, S. Inflammation and Peripheral Arterial Disease. J 2019, 2, 142-151. https://doi.org/10.3390/j2020012
Signorelli SS, Marino E, Scuto S. Inflammation and Peripheral Arterial Disease. J. 2019; 2(2):142-151. https://doi.org/10.3390/j2020012
Chicago/Turabian StyleSignorelli, Salvatore Santo, Elisa Marino, and Salvatore Scuto. 2019. "Inflammation and Peripheral Arterial Disease" J 2, no. 2: 142-151. https://doi.org/10.3390/j2020012