Characteristics of Soil Structure and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes on Ten-Year Old Skid Trails with and without Black Alders (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Filed Measurements
2.3. Soil Sampling and Laboratory Anayses
2.4. Statistical Anayses
3. Results
3.1. Soil Physical Parameters
3.2. Comparison of Soil Physical Parameters in 2008 and 2018
3.3. Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Contents
3.4. Environmental Conditions during Greenhous Gas Measurements
3.5. Greenhouse Gas Fluxes
4. Discussion
4.1. Soil Recovery on the Skid Trail without Treatment
4.2. Soil Recovery on the Skid Trail Planted with Black Alders
4.3. Greenhouse Gas Fluxes
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sampling Depth * | Beech Stand | Skid Trail (Untreated) | Skid Trail (Alder) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | 2018 | 2008 | 2018 | 2018 | ||
Bulk density [g m−3] | 1 | 1.23 ± 0.04 a | 0.99 ± 0.03 b | 1.52 ± 0.04 a | 1.23 ± 0.01 b | 1.22 ± 0.11 b |
2 | 1.49 ± 0.03 a | 1.42 ± 0.01 b | 1.56 ± 0.04 a | 1.68 ± 0.10 a | 1.69 ± 0.10 a | |
Total porosity [%] | 1 | 50.1 ± 0.7 a | 65.2 ± 1.8 b | 43.3 ± 2.0 a | 57.1 ± 3.0 b | 57.9 ± 8.7 b |
2 | 42.4 ± 1.0 a | 47.7 ± 0.1 b | 39.8 ± 0.3 a | 40.9 ± 4.2 a | 37.7 ± 2.0 a | |
Macro porosity [%] | 1 | 13.3 ± 2.4 a | 15.8 ± 1.6 a | 3.3 ± 0.6 a | 19.8 ± 3.1 b | 18.3 ± 8.7 b |
2 | 9.8 ± 1.6 a | 8.5 ± 0.5 a | 4.2 ± 0.5 a | 11.1 ± 3.3 b | 3.6 ± 7.7 b |
Beech Stand | Skid Trail Untreated | Skid Trail Alder | |
---|---|---|---|
CH4 (kg ha−1 yr−1) | −2.53 ± 0.79 a | −2.14 ± 0.62 ab | −1.67 ± 0.56 b |
N2O (kg ha−1 yr−1) | 2.51 ± 0.23 a | 2.49 ± 0.35 a | 3.23 ± 0.70 b |
CO2 (Mg ha−1 yr−1) | 26.1 ± 5.5 a | 26.7 ± 5.3 a | 28.0 ± 6.5 a |
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Warlo, H.; Zimmermann, S.; Lang, F.; Schack-Kirchner, H. Characteristics of Soil Structure and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes on Ten-Year Old Skid Trails with and without Black Alders (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.). Soil Syst. 2022, 6, 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems6020043
Warlo H, Zimmermann S, Lang F, Schack-Kirchner H. Characteristics of Soil Structure and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes on Ten-Year Old Skid Trails with and without Black Alders (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.). Soil Systems. 2022; 6(2):43. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems6020043
Chicago/Turabian StyleWarlo, Hannes, Stephan Zimmermann, Friederike Lang, and Helmer Schack-Kirchner. 2022. "Characteristics of Soil Structure and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes on Ten-Year Old Skid Trails with and without Black Alders (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.)" Soil Systems 6, no. 2: 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems6020043