Study on Smoke Diffusion and Fire Ejection Behavior from Broken Windows of a High-Speed Train Carriage
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Numerical Simulation
2.1. Numerical Method
2.2. Combustion Model
2.3. Model Description and Boundary Conditions
2.4. Mesh Description and Sensitivity Test
2.5. Model Validation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fire Ejection Behavior with Different Numbers of Broken Windows
3.1.1. Flow Field Structure
3.1.2. Smoke Movement Characteristics
3.1.3. Fire Ejection Behavior
3.2. Fire Ejection Behavior with Different Positions of Broken Window
3.2.1. Flow Field Structure
3.2.2. Smoke Movement Characteristics
3.2.3. Fire Ejection Behavior
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- When a fire occurs inside the carriage, smoke rises and spreads upward under the influence of thermal buoyancy. Due to the structural asymmetry of seats upstream and downstream of the fire source, the flow field distribution becomes uneven on both sides during upward smoke dispersion. This causes the smoke to tilt toward the downstream side of the fire source, resulting in the highest temperature within the carriage also being observed downstream of the fire source. Therefore, passengers should evacuate to cooler areas further from the fire source as much as possible to minimize harm;
- (2)
- Compared to one window breakage, two window breakage facilitates more efficient outward dispersion of high-temperature smoke. This configuration reduces the longitudinal flow velocity at the center of the aisle and decreases the temperature by 83 K at 2.0 m height in the carriage aisle;
- (3)
- Compared to window rupture in the middle section of the carriage, when windows rupture at the end sections, high-temperature smoke has difficulty diffusing promptly to the exterior of the carriage. After impacting the ceiling, the smoke primarily flows toward both ends of the carriage, resulting in a significantly higher longitudinal flow velocity. The temperature at a height of 2.0 m in the carriage aisle increased by 270 K.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Grid Density | Middle Carriage (m) | Other Carriages (m) | Open Air (m) | Total Cells (107) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Coarse | 0.040 | 0.08 | 0.64 | 2 |
Middle | 0.025 | 0.05 | 0.40 | 4.1 |
Fine | 0.015 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 6.3 |
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Meng, S.; Zhou, D.; Chen, T. Study on Smoke Diffusion and Fire Ejection Behavior from Broken Windows of a High-Speed Train Carriage. Fire 2025, 8, 137. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8040137
Meng S, Zhou D, Chen T. Study on Smoke Diffusion and Fire Ejection Behavior from Broken Windows of a High-Speed Train Carriage. Fire. 2025; 8(4):137. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8040137
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeng, Shi, Dan Zhou, and Tao Chen. 2025. "Study on Smoke Diffusion and Fire Ejection Behavior from Broken Windows of a High-Speed Train Carriage" Fire 8, no. 4: 137. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8040137
APA StyleMeng, S., Zhou, D., & Chen, T. (2025). Study on Smoke Diffusion and Fire Ejection Behavior from Broken Windows of a High-Speed Train Carriage. Fire, 8(4), 137. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8040137