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Volume 90
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10.3390/arm90040043
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Systematic Review

Association between Influenza and COVID-19 Viruses and the Risk of Atherosclerosis: Meta-Analysis Study and Systematic Review

by
Mahsa Jalili
1,2,
Kourosh Sayehmiri
3,*,
Nastaran Ansari
1,
Behzad Pourhossein
1,
Maryam Fazeli
1 and
Farid Azizi Jalilian
1,*
1
Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838738, Iran
2
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838636, Iran
3
Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam 6931851147, Iran
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Adv. Respir. Med. 2022, 90(4), 338-348; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm90040043
Submission received: 1 July 2022 / Accepted: 13 July 2022 / Published: 12 August 2022
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Abstract

There is a lot of evidence to suggest that patients infected with the COVID-19 and influenza viruses are at risk of atherosclerosis. Additionally, there are heterogeneous studies on the risk of arthrosclerosis in patients infected with the influenza and COVID-19 viruses. We conducted a case–control and cross-sectional study and examined the association between the risk of atherosclerosis, and influenza virus (IV-A and IV-B) and COVID-19 infections in this study. We searched for keywords such as influenza virus, COVID-19 and atherosclerosis in English and Persian in well-known databases such as PubMed, SID, Magiran and Google Scholar. In this study, we analyzed the information using a meta-analysis, the random effect model, the I2 index and STAT (version 11.2). The results from the analysis of ten studies on influenza virus and nine studies on COVID-19 reviewed individually (totaling 6428 samples for influenza virus infections and 10,785 samples for COVID-19 infections) demonstrated a risk of arthrosclerosis in patients with influenza and COVID-19 infections, with an OR (odds ratio) = 0.45 ((95% CI): 0.25 to 0.64) and an OR (odds ratio) = 1.04 ((95% CI): 0.82 to 1.26), respectively. The present study provides new insights into the risk of atherosclerosis in patients infected with the COVID-19 and influenza viruses. Therefore, it seems necessary to consider different strategies for managing and eradicating viral infections among individuals.
Keywords: influenza virus; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; 2019-nCOV; atherosclerosis; meta-analysis influenza virus; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; 2019-nCOV; atherosclerosis; meta-analysis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Jalili, M.; Sayehmiri, K.; Ansari, N.; Pourhossein, B.; Fazeli, M.; Azizi Jalilian, F. Association between Influenza and COVID-19 Viruses and the Risk of Atherosclerosis: Meta-Analysis Study and Systematic Review. Adv. Respir. Med. 2022, 90, 338-348. https://doi.org/10.3390/arm90040043

AMA Style

Jalili M, Sayehmiri K, Ansari N, Pourhossein B, Fazeli M, Azizi Jalilian F. Association between Influenza and COVID-19 Viruses and the Risk of Atherosclerosis: Meta-Analysis Study and Systematic Review. Advances in Respiratory Medicine. 2022; 90(4):338-348. https://doi.org/10.3390/arm90040043

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jalili, Mahsa, Kourosh Sayehmiri, Nastaran Ansari, Behzad Pourhossein, Maryam Fazeli, and Farid Azizi Jalilian. 2022. "Association between Influenza and COVID-19 Viruses and the Risk of Atherosclerosis: Meta-Analysis Study and Systematic Review" Advances in Respiratory Medicine 90, no. 4: 338-348. https://doi.org/10.3390/arm90040043

APA Style

Jalili, M., Sayehmiri, K., Ansari, N., Pourhossein, B., Fazeli, M., & Azizi Jalilian, F. (2022). Association between Influenza and COVID-19 Viruses and the Risk of Atherosclerosis: Meta-Analysis Study and Systematic Review. Advances in Respiratory Medicine, 90(4), 338-348. https://doi.org/10.3390/arm90040043

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