Next Article in Journal
Electrospinning Processing of Polymer/Nanocarbon Nanocomposite Nanofibers—Design, Features, and Technical Compliances
Next Article in Special Issue
Resilience of Medium-to-High-Rise Ductile Coupled Shear Walls Located in Canadian Seismic Zones and Strengthened with Externally Bonded Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite: Nonlinear Time History Assessment
Previous Article in Journal
Experimental Investigation of Aloe Vera-Treated False Banana (Ensete Ventricosum) Fibre-Reinforced Polypropylene Composite
Previous Article in Special Issue
Synthesis of Cenospheres from Ash and Their Application
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
J. Compos. Sci.
Volume 7
Issue 7
10.3390/jcs7070289
jcs-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Research on the Production of Pigments Based on Composite Pellets in the Recycling of Industrial Waste

by
Bakhriddin Turakulov
1,*,
Kurmanbek Zhantasov
1,
Alexandr Kolesnikov
2,*,
Bakyt Smailov
1,3 and
Yury Liseitsev
4,*
1
Department of Scientific Research, M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent 160005, Kazakhstan
2
Department of Life Safety and Environmental Protection, M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent 160012, Kazakhstan
3
Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Tashkent 100000, Uzbekistan
4
Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690922, Russia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(7), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7070289
Submission received: 1 June 2023 / Revised: 7 July 2023 / Accepted: 10 July 2023 / Published: 13 July 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites for Construction Industry)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
This article presents the complex processing of low-grade and substandard chromium ores, as well as sludge tailings, with the production of composite chromium-containing materials and pigments, while improving environmental performance in the Republic of Kazakhstan through the utilization and processing of technogenic raw materials. In this work, to study the physicochemical properties of the starting materials, modern analytical, thermodynamic, chemical, granulometric, as well as computational, mathematical, laboratory, and experimental methods were used. In particular, studies of a method for producing composite pellets for chromite pigments based on industrial technogenic waste of the Republic of Kazakhstan are presented. Based on the results of the experimental studies, composite pellets were obtained, having a compressive strength of 150–220 kg/pellet and containing 49.7% of chromium oxide and 0.5–1.0% of carbon in its composition. The resulting chromite pigment based on the composite pellets is a modification of chromium oxohydroxide with the formula γ-CrOOH. The density of the resulting pigment is 3.4 kg/m3. The chromite pigment based on the composite pellets is recommended for use in various coloring compositions, including using it for printing on cotton and mixed fabrics intended for sewing outerwear.

1. Introduction

Currently, the issues of environmental protection and solution of environmental problems of industrial regions, with the aim of complex utilization of industrial waste and mineral raw materials, as well as improving the welfare of the population and preserving the fauna and flora of the Republic of Kazakhstan, are an urgent task [1,2].
Integrated processing of low-grade and substandard chromium ores, as well as sludge tailings, while improving environmental performance, dramatically increases the value of using non-traditional raw materials in factories for the production of composite chromium-containing products and pigments [3,4].
Currently, in the world practice for the production of pigments for the textile industry, there are many ways to obtain them based on chromium compounds, but the use of composite industrial waste in the form of internal overburden of coal mining, substandard chromite ores, and dust from aspiration systems has not been sufficiently studied. A systematic approach to chromite waste has not been developed as a raw material for the production of composite pigments containing surface-active modifiers and used for printing on cotton and mixed fabrics [5,6].
There is a known method for producing iron-containing inorganic pigments from technogenic waste [7,8,9,10,11]. Among the most demanded iron-containing pigments are iron oxide pigments, the color of which is mainly determined by the features of their composition and structure. The basis of yellow pigments is Fe(III) oxide hydrates: red—Fe (III) oxides and black—Fe2O3. Corresponding pigments can be successfully obtained from iron-containing industrial wastes [12,13,14]. Iron oxides can be included not only in the composition of iron oxide pigments themselves but also in the composition of mixed pigments obtained from industrial sludge, which have increased resistance to corrosion. The increase in anticorrosion properties is due to the presence of Zn, Cr, Ni, and Cu compounds in industrial wastes, which, to one degree or another, pass into the composition of the obtained pigments [15]. The development of the technology of mixed pigments allows one to rationally dispose of technogenic wastes of complex composition [16,17].
Pronounced anticorrosion properties are exhibited by pigments containing calcium ferrite. The ratio of iron oxide to calcium oxide in the sludge mixture intended for processing should be 1:2–1:4. Calcination of the mixture at 900 °C allows obtaining calcium ferrite suitable for use as an anticorrosive pigment [18,19].
In the Republic of Kazakhstan, the chromite ore deposits of the Kempirsay massif are located in Aktobe region, the southern tip of the Ural range—in Northern Mugodzhary.
The chromite ore of the Kempir say massif is a fine-grained rock with a massive texture. Porphyritic crystals of amphibole and laths of plagioclase stand out against the fine-grained background of the main ore mass [20,21].
Chromite ores are from light gray to gray with various inclusions, and internal overburden rocks are from light brown to dark brown, depending on the content of iron-manganese and chromium impurities in them [22,23,24].
Internal overburden rocks are wastes of brown coals of the coal mining industry [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33]. The use of internal overburden rocks in coal mining also seems to be appropriate due to the fact that, when producing pellets, they play the role of a fuel component and a quartz-containing material.
Aspiration dust is a waste of the Aktobe ferroalloy plant. The dust is a finely dispersed fine of a fraction of 0.01–1 mm with a content of metal chromium of 65–70%. Due to the fineness of the dust, it is practically a substandard material [34,35,36,37,38].
Thus, the presence of a large amount of coal-mining waste, aspiration dust, and substandard chromite ores; their poor study; and the lack of available technological solutions for practical use in the industry create conditions for the need to conduct research on methods of utilization and conditions for the thermal processing of starting raw materials and semi-finished products, with the creation of a technology for obtaining composite chromite pigments from industrial waste for printing on cotton and mixed fabrics [39,40,41].
The aim of this scientific work is to study the method of obtaining pigments based on composite pellets in the recycling of the industrial waste.

2. Materials and Methods

Substandard industrial wastes, such as chromite ores, internal overburden rocks, and aspiration dust, were used as starting raw materials. The bulk density of the analyzed samples is as follows:
-
Chromite ores of class 0–10 mm—1.8–1.9 g/cm3;
-
Internal overburden rocks—1.2–1.3 g/cm3;
-
Aspiration dust (from Aktobe ferroalloy plant)—1.1–1.2 g/cm3.
To study the physicochemical properties of the starting materials, modern analytical (quantitative and qualitative), thermodynamic, chemical, granulometric, as well as computational, mathematical, laboratory, and experimental methods were used.

2.1. Instrumental Research Methods

Research work was carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM)(JSM-6490lV, Jeol, Tokyo, Japan), a multi-parameter portable cyberscanner (PCD 650 Eutech), an IR-Fourier spectrometer (Zhimadzu IR Prestige-21), a differential thermal analyzer (DTA), granule strength meter IPG-1M, and an X-ray energy-dispersive microanalyzer INCAEnergy (High Wycombe, UK).
The morphology of internal overburden rocks and substandard chromite ores was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) brand Jeol JSM-6490l V (Tokyo, Japan). The results are presented in Figure 1 and Figure 2a–e.
From Figure 1 and Figure 2, it follows that the size of the dispersed particles of internal overburden rocks ranges from 20 to 120 microns, and the particle size of substandard chromite ores is from 0.5 to 180 microns. This indicates the need for preliminary grinding of the initial charge materials to a class of less than 0.1 mm.
In the course of this experimental work, the average granulometric and chemical compositions of chromite waste, internal overburden rocks, and aspiration dust were determined and are given in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively.
It follows from Table 1 that the averaged granulometric composition of the starting materials is quite fine and has a positive effect on the process of obtaining chromite pellets.
It follows from Table 2 that the chromium content in chromite ore is 38.9%, and in the aspiration dust, it is 44.5%;it is enough to use such a content of useful components as starting materials for obtaining composite pellets from chromite pigments.

2.2. Methodology of the Experiment

In the course of this experimental work, substandard chromite ore in terms of chemical and granulometric composition, internal overburden rocks, and aspiration dust (from the Aktobe ferroalloy plant) were preliminarily crushed in a drum ball mill to a class of less than 0.1 mm; water was used as a binder in the granulation process, and then, raw composite pellets with a moisture content of 10–15% were obtained from the charge materials taken in certain proportions using a plant with a plate granulator having a diameter of 1 m and a speed-adjusting gearbox. The produced composite chromite pellets are shown in Figure 3.
Preliminary drying of the composite pellets was carried out at a temperature of 573–673 K for 15 min; then, the temperature in the pellet layer rose to 1427 K, and the pellets were kept at temperatures of 1227–1427 K for 20–25 min. Upon reaching a temperature of 1427 K in a layer between 100 and 200 mm, a decrease in the flow of natural gas to the gas-burner device was carried out with an excess of oxygen necessary for the combustion of carbon in the composite pellets containing internal overburden rocks [42,43,44].
The process of obtaining calcined composite pellets is a thermal process of agglomeration and consists of the following operations: grinding of the charge components; their dosing and mixing; pelletizing, drying, and high-temperature firing of granules; and their cooling and sorting, with the receipt of the finished product—calcined composite pellets. The technological scheme for obtaining composite pellets is shown in Figure 4.
Pigment synthesis. A certain mass of potassium hydroxide was placed in a porcelain mortar and crushed, a mass of hydroxide chromate was added, and the mixture was crushed for 25–30 min until a homogeneous powder was obtained (Figure 5). The powder was poured into a porcelain crucible and calcined for 35–45 min in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 873–923 K.
After calcination, the mixture was cooled and transferred to a porcelain mortar (for grinding). Distilled water was poured in the ratio semi-finished product: water = 1:0.5. The ground semi-finished product was transferred to a porcelain glass and washed 3–4 times with water. The suspension was filtered on a Buechner funnel, and the precipitate was washed 5–6 times with water. After that, the pigment was dried at 348–375 K. To improve the color of the pigment, it was subjected to secondary calcination at 873–923 K for 3–4 h [45,46].

3. Results and Discussion

The process of roasting composite pellets containing carbon in an oxidizing environment, in contrast to the roasting of pure chromite pellets, was accompanied by intense heat release due to the combustion of solid fuel from the surface of the pellets and required a certain technological, thermotechnical, and gas-dynamic operating mode of the firing unit [47,48].
Therefore, research was carried out on the heat treatment of composite pellets at different firing temperatures in a shaft furnace with heated air sucking through the layer of the material being fired.
Research data on the change in the chemical composition of composite pellets, depending on the content of solid fuel in them, and the firing temperature at 1073, 1173, 1273, and 1373 K for 20 min are given in Table 3, and the change in the strength properties of the composite pellets is shown in Figure 6.
It follows from Table 3 that due to the increase in the firing temperature from 1073 K and above, the chemical composition of the composite pellets becomes stronger, and this is explained by the burnout of solid fuel from the surface of the pellets. Moreover, with the increase in the content of internal overburden rocks, the heat treatment time of the pellets decreases.
In the process of the thermal treatment of composite pellets containing internal overburden and aspiration dust in a shaft furnace, it was found that at a temperature of 1073 K, in the high temperature zone of the furnace, the temperature in the material layer rises by 473–523 Kelvin, which can be explained by the burnout of solid fuel from the surface of the granules. To determine the duration of pellet roasting in relation to the technology of the production of chromite pellets on roasting machines, using calcined pellets as a bed, studies were carried out on the heat treatment of composite pellets from a mixture of chromium fines and aspiration dust containing internal overburden rocks on a bed of calcined composite pellets and without underlayment.
The height of the bed layer was 100 mm, and the height of the main layer of pellets subjected to heat treatment was 300 mm.
The combustion products of natural gas with a temperature of about 990–1020 K, up to the ignition temperature of carbon, located in the internal overburden on the surface of the pellets, were used as a heat carrier. After the carbon fire, the supply of natural gas to the hearth was stopped, and only air was supplied.
It follows from Figure 6 that when studying the thermotechnical characteristics of the heating process of the composite pellets, it was found that during the heat treatment of the pellets containing carbon from internal overburden rocks, on a bed of calcined pellets, compared with the heat treatment of pellets without an underlying layer of the bed, with the same content of internal overburden rocks in pellets being 7.5%, the heating of the pellets along the height of the material layer (curves 2 and 3) is 373–393 Kelvin higher. This significantly affects the strength properties of the composite pellets after calcination, as well as the time of their heat treatment. When studying the process of roasting chromite and internal overburden rock containing pellets, we took averaged samples and carried out numerous experiments to determine the optimal values. Based on the experiments performed, the optimal values do not exceed the permissible error in the range of 0.1–0.2% [49,50].
In the course of the research, the distribution of carbon over the volume of the composite pellets, determined during the self-grinding of the pellets, was studied in accordance with the research methodology of the authors [51].
When determining self-grinding, a mill was adopted, having: speed of rotation—80 rpm, working volume—5170 cm3, and working surface—1060 cm3. As an indicator of resistance to grinding, the value p was chosen, the reciprocal of self-grinding, and was equal to the difference in the amount of weight of the pellet sample remaining in the mill and dust. The grinding resistance index was determined by the formula [52]
p = M − Mb/M × 100%
where M is the weight of the pellets before grinding (g), and Mb is the weight of the pellets after grinding (g) at a constant number of revolutions of the mill and sampling every hour.
Based on the previous formula, it is possible to judge the strength properties of the composite pellets, i.e., the lower the self-grinding index, the lower the strength characteristics of the pellets. The ratio of the amount of the pulverized material formed to the initial mass of the pellet is determined by the formula [53]
M n . m . M o k = 1 − ( r i r o ) 3
where Mn.m. is the weight of the pulverized material (g), Mok is the weight of the pellet (g), ri is the current pellet radius (mm), and ro is the initial pellet radius (mm).
This formula can be used in determining the carbon content by volume of pellets by chemical analysis.
It follows from Table 4 that pellets calcined on a bed of calcined pellets have greater strength than pellets that have undergone heat treatment without a bed. This is explained by the fact that during the heat treatment of pellets without an underlying layer, due to the partial destruction of the lower layers of the pellets, the gas-dynamic firing mode is disturbed, which helps to reduce the time of normal heat treatment of the pellets by almost 1.5–2 times.
In the course of studying the distribution of carbon over the volume of composite pellets by chemical analysis, it was found that in the surface layer, which is about 0.1%, and in the inner layer, which is 10–15% of the volume of the pellets, the carbon content is equal to its initial value (Figure 7).
The decrease in the carbon content in the composite pellets taken for analysis from the bed can be explained by the burnout of carbon from the pellets during repeated heat treatment. As a result of experimental studies, it was established that the optimal amount of solid fuel required for the normal conduct of the heat treatment of pellets with internal overburden rocks in an oxidizing environment is from 2 to 3.5%.
It was established that in the process of burning carbon-containing composite pellets, in comparison with carbon-free chromite pellets, the heat treatment time is reduced by almost 1.5 times, which is explained by the burning out of carbon in the pellets.
It follows from Figure 8 that the content and ratio of excess oxygen to carbon in the pellets make it possible to raise the temperature in the layer of the material subjected to heat treatment by 200–250 K due to the heat of combustion of carbon (solid fuel);and makes it possible to improve the quality of composite pellets, in comparison with pure chromite ones, in terms of strength and yield of the finished product, and reduce the consumption of natural gas supplied for combustion in the furnaces of roasting machines.
During the experimental tests for roasting composite pellets, the process of temperature change along the height of the pellet layer was studied at a temperature of 1173 K in the hearth of the roasting bowl. The results are shown in Table 5 and Figure 9.
It follows from Table 5 that, in this mode, the temperature in the lower layers is about 1427 K, in the time interval of 15–25 min, and a reduction in natural gas consumption of up to 50% is achieved. The results of the experiment are shown in Figure 9.
It follows from Figure 8 that temperature changes along the height of the composite pellet bed under the influence of time during the firing process are characterized by a change in the square shape of the plane from red to saturated green [54].
Based on the results of the experimental studies, the composite pellet was obtained, having a compressive strength of 150–200 kg/pellet and containing 49–50% of chromium oxide and 0.5–1.0% of carbon in its composition. The phase composition of the obtained chromite pellets containing carbon and aspiration dust was determined using an incident beam monochromator and is shown in Figure 10.
The chemical composition of calcined composite pellets containing carbon and aspiration dust is shown in Figure 11 and Table 6.
It follows from Table 6 that the average content of chromium oxide in the composite pellet is 49.7%;this content of chromium is enough to use as a semi-product for the production of chromite pigments. Scheme of the recycling of composite chromite pellets with the pigment production is shown in Figure 12.
The chemistry of obtaining chromite pigments based on composite pellets when interacting with a solution of potassium hydroxide [55] is given as follows:
8Cr(OH)3 × H2O + KOH →KCr8(OH)25 × H2O
KCr8(OH)25 × H2O→8 (γ-CrOOH) + KOH + 9H2O
The chemical reaction is localized in the area of the interface between the solid phases of the starting material and the reaction products. Kinetic patterns were studied for chromite pigment having an emerald green color, and thehiding power was 38–42 g/m2.
The resulting chromite pigment is a modification of chromium oxohydroxide with the formula γ-CrOOH. The density of the resulting pigment is 3.4 kg/m3. The quality indicators of the obtained chromite pigment are presented in Table 7.
It follows from Table 7 that the obtained pigment sample in all quality indicators corresponds to and does not exceed the established norm according to the requirements of the technical specification. The characteristics of the obtained chromite pigment are presented in Table 8.
It follows from Table 8 that the obtained pigment sample corresponds to all characteristics and does not exceed the established norm according to the requirements of the technical specification.
It follows from the research results that during the granulation of the proposed charge mixture, with a pellet moisture content of 10–15%, raw granules are obtained with a compressive strength of 2.3–3.2 kg/pellet. In the process of roasting composite pellets, in comparison with chromite pellets that do not contain carbon, the heat treatment time is reduced by almost 1.5 times, which is explained by the process of burning out the carbon in the composite pellets.
In the heat treatment of composite pellets containing carbon, a decrease in natural gas consumption by up to 50% was found in comparison with the roasting of pure chromite pellets; this is due to the burnout of about 50% of the carbon of the solid fuel in the pellets. The average carbon content in the composite pellets after heat treatment is 2.35%, and in the bed of calcined pellets containing 2.4% of carbon, after the heat treatment, it is about 1% [56,57,58,59,60,61,62].
The increase in the content of Cr2O3 in the composite pellets by 9–10% of its initial content in the raw material is explained by the increase in the extraction of chromium oxide into the charge due to the chromium oxides contained in the aspiration dust, as well as the removal of volatile and organic substances from the composition of the charge subjected to the heat treatment. The composite pellets with a compressive strength of 150–200 kg/pellet and containing 49.7% of chromium oxide and 0.5–1.0% of carbon were obtained. To obtain a bright and with a purer color tone Cr2O3, it is necessary to have in its composition a fraction of particles ranging in size from 0.05 to 0.5 mm in an amount of up to 13%.
The resulting chromite pigment differs from analogues with a rich color, high light, and weather resistance. It is also resistant to concentrated sulfuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acids and alkalis and withstands heating up to a temperature not exceeding 368 K.

4. Conclusions

Based on the conducted research, the following findings and conclusions can be drawn; in particular, it was found that:
-
Industrial waste, such as substandard chromite ores and overburden and aspiration dust, according to their physicochemical characteristics, can act as a secondary mineral raw material for the formation of a raw mixture in the form of composite pellets with subsequent production of a pigment-dye;
-
Composite pellets can be obtained from industrial waste, in particular, raw granules with a pellet moisture content of 10–15% with a compressive strength of 2.3–3.2 kg/pellet, as well as calcined pellets with a compressive strength of 150–200 kg/pellet containing 49.7% chromium oxide and less than 1.0% carbon in its composition;
-
The resulting chromite pigment is a modification of chromium oxohydroxide with the formula γ-CrOOH with a density of 3.4 kg/m3 and has an emerald green color and a hiding power of 38–42 g/m2;
-
The synthesized light green chromite pigment based on Cr3+ oxides with brightness exceeding foreign samples, when tested as a dye, showed that, unlike the traditionally obtained Cr2O3, it retains its color tone in a tinting medium and gives a pleasant emerald green color.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, B.T., K.Z., and A.K.; methodology, B.T.; software, B.S.; validation, K.Z. and B.S.; formal analysis, B.T. and Y.L.; investigation, B.S.; resources, B.T.; data curation, B.S.; writing—original draft preparation, B.T.; writing—review and editing, B.T. and A.K.; visualization, B.S.; supervision, B.T. and Y.L.; project administration, B.T.; funding acquisition, B.T. and A.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Ministry of Higher Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, grant number AP15473325 Investigation of the possibility of obtaining chromite pigments from technogenic waste for the textile industry.

Data Availability Statement

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. American Chamber of Commerce in Kazakhstan. Analysis of Deviations of Kazakhstan’s Environmental Payments Systems from OECD-Country Standards, and Recommendations for Reforms, 9 April 2018; American Chamber of Commerce in Kazakhstan: Astana, Kazakhstan, 2018. [Google Scholar]
  2. Petrova, N.P. Solving the environmental problems of the region: A path to sustainable development. Bulletin of Russian Universities. Mathematics 2013, 18, 529–533. [Google Scholar]
  3. Tastanov, Y.; Serzhanova, N.; Ultarakova, A.; Sadykov, N.; Yerzhanova, Z.; Tastanova, A. Recycling of Chrome-Containing Waste from a Mining and Processing Plant to Produce Industrial Products. Processes 2023, 11, 1659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Donayev, A.; Kolesnikov, A.; Shapalov, S.; Sapargaliyeva, B.; Ivakhniyuk, G. Studies of waste from the mining and metallurgical industry, with the determination of its impact on the life of the population. News Natl. Acad. Sci. Repub. Kazakhstan Ser. Geol. Tech. Sci. 2022, 4, 55–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Zhantasov, K.T.; Myrkhalykov, Z.U.; Turakulov, B.B.; Zhantasov, M.K.; Kocherov, E.N.; Zhantasova, D.M. Improvement of a Preparation Process of Chromite Raw Material Used for Ferroalloys and Pigments Manufacture. Eurasian Chem. Technol. J. 2015, 17, 251–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Marciano, C. Participatory Design and Public Policies: The Case of the General Regional Waste Plan in Valle d’Aosta (Italy). Waste 2023, 1, 468–481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Splinter, K.; Moszyński, D.; Lendzion-Bieluń, Z. Microwave-Reactor-Based Preparation of Red Iron Oxide Pigment from Waste Iron Sulfate. Materials 2023, 16, 3242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Kriznar, A.; Ager, F.; Macías, L.R.; Ortega Feliu, I.; Tubío, B.G.; Respaldiza, M.Á. Pigments and Inks Applied in Juan Vespucci’s Portolan Chart (1520). Colorants 2022, 1, 411–423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Shoppert, A.; Valeev, D.; Diallo, M.M.; Loginova, I.; Beavogui, M.C.; Rakhmonov, A.; Ovchenkov, Y.; Pankratov, D. High-Iron Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) Valorization Using Hydrochemical Conversion of Goethite to Magnetite. Materials 2022, 15, 8423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Gilshtein, E.; Pfeiffer, S.; Siegrist, S.; Vlnieska, V.; Graule, T.; Romanyuk, Y.E. Photonic Sintering of Oxide Ceramic Films: Effect of Colored FexOy Nanoparticle Pigments. Ceramics 2022, 5, 351–361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Pugacheva, T.A.; Malkov, G.V.; Ilyin, A.A.; Indeikin, E.A.; Kurbatov, V.G. Core/Shell Pigments with Polyaniline Shell: Optical and Physical–Technical Properties. Polymers 2022, 14, 2005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Volokitina, I.E. Structure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloy 2024 after cryogenic cooling during ECAP. J. Chem. Technol. Metall. 2020, 55, 580–585. [Google Scholar]
  13. Volokitina, I. Effect of Cryogenic Cooling After Ecap on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy D16. Met. Sci. Heat Treat. 2019, 61, 234–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Volokitina, I. Evolution of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Copper under ECAP with Intense Cooling. Met. Sci. Heat Treat. 2020, 62, 253–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Felhősi, I.; Molnárné Nagy, L.; Horváth, S.; Pozman, T.; Bognár, J.; Szabó, T.; Keresztes, Z. Corrosion Protection and Heat Resistance of Paints for Outdoor Use. Materials 2023, 16, 2753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Tatíčková, Z.; Kudláček, J.; Zoubek, M.; Kuchař, J. Behaviour of Thermochromic Coatings under Thermal Exposure. Coatings 2023, 13, 642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Zhanikulov, N.N.; Khudyakova, T.M.; Taimasov, B.T.; Sarsenbayev, B.K.; Dauletiarov, M.S.; Kolesnikov, A.S.; Karshygayev, R.O. Receiving Portland Cement from Technogenic Raw Materials of South Kazakhstan. Eurasian Chem.-Technol. J. 2019, 21, 333–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. Liu, K.; Chen, F.; Guo, Y.; Liu, Y.; Wang, S.; Yang, L. Influence of Basicity and Calcium-Containing Substances on the Consolidation Mechanism of Fluxed Iron Ore Pellets. Metals 2022, 12, 1057. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Volokitin, A.; Naizabekov, A.; Volokitina, I.; Kolesnikov, A. Changes in Microstructure and Properties of Austenitic Steel AISi 316 During High-Pressure Torsion. J. Chem. Technol. Metallur. 2022, 57, 809–815. [Google Scholar]
  20. Saveliev, D.E.; Makatov, D.K.; Vishnevskiy, A.V.; Gataullin, R.A. Accessory Minerals in the Chromitite Ores of Dzharlybutak Ore Group of Kempirsai Massif (Southern Urals, Kazakhstan): Clues for Ore Genesis. Minerals 2023, 13, 263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Garuti, G.; Pushkarev, E.V.; Gottman, I.A.; Zaccarini, F. Chromite-PGM Mineralization in the Lherzolite Mantle Tectonite of the Kraka Ophiolite Complex (Southern Urals, Russia). Minerals 2021, 11, 1287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Xiang, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, D.; Wu, S. Mining Investment Risk Assessment for Nations along the Belt and Road Initiative. Land 2022, 11, 1287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Zhantasov, K.; Zhantasov, M.; Turakulov, B.; Kocherov, Y. Beneficiation of off-grade chromite ore for production of inorganic substances. Eur. Int. J. Sci. Technol. 2013, 2, 35–40. [Google Scholar]
  24. Pownceby, M.I.; McCallum, D.A.; Bruckard, W.J. Automated and Quantitative Mineralogy Applied to Chromite Ore Characterization and Beneficiation. Minerals 2023, 13, 440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Smailov, B.M.; Zharkinbekov, M.A.; Tuleshova, K.T.; Issabayev, N.N.; Tleuov, A.S.; Beisenbayev, O.K.; Esirkepova, M.M.; Azimov, A.M. Kinetic research and mathematical planning on the obtaining of potassium humate from brown coal of the Lenger deposit. Rasayan J. Chem. 2021, 14, 1899–1905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Ismailov, B.; Zakirov, B.; Kadirbayeva, A.; Koshkarbayeva, S.; Smailov, B.; Azimov, A.; Issabayev, N. Methods for Obtaining Phosphorus-Containing Fertilizers Based on Industrial Waste. Inorganics 2023, 11, 224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Nguyen, T.T.P.; Nguyen, V.T.; Hoang, N.; Hoang, V.D.; Luu, X.D.; Le, T.M.H.; Nguyen, T.H.; Hoang, N.B.; Tran, T.K.N.; Chu, M.N. Studies on Red Mud Material to Use for Combustion of Vietnam Pulverized Coal. Inorganics 2022, 10, 58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Thabit, Q.; Nassour, A.; Nelles, M. Facts and Figures on Aspects of Waste Management in Middle East and North Africa Region. Waste 2023, 1, 52–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Rakhimova, G.; Stolboushkin, A.; Vyshar, O.; Stanevich, V.; Rakhimov, M.; Kozlov, P. Strong Structure Formation of Ceramic Composites Based on Coal Mining Overburden Rocks. J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7, 209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Roine, A.; Outokumpu, H.S.C. Chemistry for Windows. Chemical Reaction and EguilibriumLoftware with Extensive Thermochemical Datebase; Outokumpu Resaerch OY: Pori, Finland, 2020. [Google Scholar]
  31. Kolesnikova, O.; Syrlybekkyzy, S.; Fediuk, R.; Yerzhanov, A.; Nadirov, R.; Utelbayeva, A.; Agabekova, A.; Latypova, M.; Chepelyan, L.; Volokitina, I.; et al. Thermodynamic Simulation of Environmental and Population Protection by Utilization of Technogenic Tailings of Enrichment. Materials 2022, 15, 6980. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Naizabekov, A.B.; Kolesnikov, A.S.; Latypova, M.A.; Fedorova, T.D.; Mamitova, A.D. Current Trends to Obtain Metals and Alloys with Ultrafine-Grained Structure. Prog. Phys. Met. 2022, 23, 629–657. [Google Scholar]
  33. Kolesnikov, A.S.; Zhanikulov, N.N.; Syrlybekkyzy, S.; Kolesnikova, O.G.; Shal, A.L. Utilization of Waste from the Enrichment of Non-Ferrous Metal Ores as Secondary Mineral Raw Materials in the Production of Cement Clinker. Ecol. Ind. Russ. 2023, 27, 19–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Abbazov, I.; Kaldybaev, R.; Bektureyeva, G.; Kerimbekova, Z.; Yeshzhanov, A.; Botabaev, N.; Kaldybayeva, G.; Kenzhibayeva, G.; Izteuov, G.; Kolesnikov, A. Theoretical Researching of Particle Movement in Cleaning Zone of Dust-Arrester. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2023, 32, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Kolesnikova, O.; Vasilyeva, N.; Kolesnikov, A.; Zolkin, A. Optimization of raw mix using technogenic waste to produce cement clinker. MIAB. Min. Inf. Anal. Bull. 2022, 60, 103–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. De Azevedo, A.R.G.; Marvila, M.T.; Antunes, M.L.P.; Rangel, E.C.; Fediuk, R. Technological Perspective for Use the Natural Pineapple Fiber in Mortar to Repair Structures. Waste Biomass Valorization 2021, 12, 5131–5145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Fediuk, R.; Amran, M.; Vatin, N.; Vasilev, Y.; Lesovik, V.; Ozbakkaloglu, T. Acoustic Properties of Innovative Concretes: A Review. Materials 2021, 14, 398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Abid, S.R.; Gunasekaran, M.; Ali, S.H.; Kadhum, A.L.; Al-Gasham, T.S.; Fediuk, R.; Vatin, N.; Karelina, M. Impact Performance of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete against Repeated Drop Weight Impact. Crystals 2021, 11, 91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Amran, M.; Fediuk, R.; Murali, G.; Vatin, N.; Karelina, M.; Ozbakkaloglu, T.; Krishna, R.S.; Kumar, S.A.; Kumar, D.S.; Mishar, J. Rice Husk Ash-Based Concrete Composites: A Critical Review of Their Properties and Applications. Crystals 2021, 11, 168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Fediuk, R. High-strength fibrous concrete of Russian Far East natural materials. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2016, 116, 012020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Rajendran, P.; Rathinasabapathy, R.; Chandra Kishore, S.; Bellucci, S. Computational-Simulation-Based Behavioral Analysis of Chemical Compounds. J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7, 196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Zhantasov, K.T.; Myrhalykov, Z.U.; Turakulov, B.B.; Erubai, A.; Dosaliev, K. The possibility of obtaining sintered pellets for the production of textile pigments and intermediate products from industrial waste. ResearchGate 2015, 359, 115–117. [Google Scholar]
  43. Cardinale, A.M.; Carbone, C.; Molinari, S.; Salviulo, G.; Ardini, F. MgAl-NO3 LDH: Adsorption Isotherms and Multivariate Optimization for Cr(VI) Removal. Chemistry 2023, 5, 633–645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Kydyralyeva, A.S.; Beisenbayev, O.K.; Ortaev, A.E.; Smailov, B.M.; Nadyrov, K.S.; Issa, A.B.; Ibadullaev, A.S. Technology for the production of composite polymer materials based on recycled polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate with the addition of modified sodium montmorillonite. Rasayan J. Chem. 2023, 15, 319–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Festa, G.; Scatigno, C.; Armetta, F.; Saladino, M.L.; Ciaramitaro, V.; Nardo, V.M.; Ponterio, R.C. Chemometric Tools to Point Out Benchmarks and Chromophores in Pigments through Spectroscopic Data Analyses. Molecules 2022, 27, 163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Aso, S.; Onoda, H. Synthesis of Cobalt-Substituted Manganese Phosphate Purple Pigments. Materials 2023, 16, 4132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Gao, L.; Li, B. The Effects of Surfactant and Metal Ions on the Stability and Rheological Properties of Nanoemulsions Loaded with Gardenia Yellow Pigment. Appl. Nano 2023, 4, 61–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Skopintseva, O.V.; Ganova, S.D.; Buzin, A.A.; Fedotova, V.P. Measures to reduce dusting during loading and transportation of solid mineral resources. Gorn. Zhurnal 2019, 12, 76–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Douzapau, M.; Roy Chowdhury, S.; Singh, S.; Ibukun, O.J.; Haldar, D. Stimuli-Responsive Designer Supramolecular Polymer Gel. Chemistry 2023, 5, 691–702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Chung, C.-C.; Hwang, J.-J. Porous Diatomaceous Earth/Nano-Zinc Oxide Composites: Preparation and Antimicrobial Applications. J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7, 204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Taits, E.M.; Andreeva, I.A. Methods of Analysis and Testing of Coals; Nedra: Moscow, Russia, 1983; 301p. [Google Scholar]
  52. Zhirov, D.K. Development of a technique for determining the index of grinding of materials in centrifugal-impact mills. Chem. Phys. Mesoscopy 2016, 18, 49–60. [Google Scholar]
  53. GOST 15137-77; Iron and Manganese Ores, Agglomerates and Pellets. Determination of Tumbler Strength. All-Russian Classifier of Standards: Moscow, Russia, 1994.
  54. Zhantasov, K.T.; Myrhalykov, Z.U.; Moldabekov, S.M.; Turakulov, B.B.; Minakovsky, A.F.; Suleymenov, B.U. Agronomical field testing of new kinds of multicomponent mineral fertilizers. Eurasian Chem.-Technol. J. 2015, 17, 79–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Chekhomova, L.F. Synthesis and Modification of Chromium Oxides and Abrasive and Pigment Materials Based on Them. Ph.D. Thesis, Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, Russia, 1999. [Google Scholar]
  56. Smailov, B.M.; Aravind, U.K.; Zakirov, B.S.; Azimov, A.M.; Tleuov, A.S.; Beisenbayev, O.K.; Aimenov, Z.T.; Issabayev, N.N. Technology for obtaining chelated organomineral microfertilizers based on humate-containing components. Rasayan J. Chem. 2023, 16, 428–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Lin, S.-K. Publisher’s Note to Launch Colorants—A Scientific Journal of Dyes, Pigments and Color Chemistry. Colorants 2022, 1, 3–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Kulikova, E.Y.; Balovtsev, S.V.; Skopintseva, O.V. Complex estimation of geotechnical risks in mine and underground construction. Sustain. Dev. Mt. Territories. 2023, 15, 7–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Zhangabay, N.; Sapargaliyeva, B.; Utelbayeva, A.; Yermakhanov, M.; Mussayeva, S. Experimental Analysis of the Stress State of a Prestressed Cylindrical Shell with Various Structural Parameters. Materials 2022, 15, 4996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  60. Volokitina, I.; Siziakova, E.; Fediuk, R.; Kolesnikov, A. Development of a Thermomechanical Treatment Mode for Stainless-Steel Rings. Materials 2022, 15, 4930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Filin, A.E.; Kurnosov, I.Y.; Kolesnikova, L.A.; Ovchinnikova, T.I.; Kolesnikov, A.S. Description of the methodology for conducting an experiment on dust deposition of mining and metallurgical production. Ugol 2022, 9, 67–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Kulikova, A.A.; Kovaleva, A.M. Use of tailings of enrichment for laying of the developed space of mines. MIAB. Min. Inf. Anal. Bull. 2021, 2, 144–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Jcs 07 00289 g001 550
Figure 1. Morphology of internal overburden rocks on reflected electron probe (magnification ×200).
Figure 1. Morphology of internal overburden rocks on reflected electron probe (magnification ×200).
Jcs 07 00289 g001
Jcs 07 00289 g002 550
Figure 2. Morphology of substandard chromite ores on reflected electron probe. (a) Magnification ×100; (b) magnification ×500; (c) magnification ×1000; (d) magnification ×5000.
Figure 2. Morphology of substandard chromite ores on reflected electron probe. (a) Magnification ×100; (b) magnification ×500; (c) magnification ×1000; (d) magnification ×5000.
Jcs 07 00289 g002
Jcs 07 00289 g003 550
Figure 3. Produced composite chromite pellets.
Figure 3. Produced composite chromite pellets.
Jcs 07 00289 g003
Jcs 07 00289 g004 550
Figure 4. Technological scheme for obtaining composite pellets.
Figure 4. Technological scheme for obtaining composite pellets.
Jcs 07 00289 g004
Jcs 07 00289 g005 550
Figure 5. Raw materials for synthesis of chromite pigment.
Figure 5. Raw materials for synthesis of chromite pigment.
Jcs 07 00289 g005
Jcs 07 00289 g006 550
Figure 6. Change in temperature from layer height during roasting of chromite and composite pellets.
Figure 6. Change in temperature from layer height during roasting of chromite and composite pellets.
Jcs 07 00289 g006
Jcs 07 00289 g007 550
Figure 7. Dependence of carbon distribution by volume of composite pellets. 1—surface, light layer, not containing carbon; 2—inner, dark layer, containing carbon.
Figure 7. Dependence of carbon distribution by volume of composite pellets. 1—surface, light layer, not containing carbon; 2—inner, dark layer, containing carbon.
Jcs 07 00289 g007
Jcs 07 00289 g008 550
Figure 8. Change in temperature along the height of the material layer during the heat treatment of composite pellets containing carbon from internal overburden rocks on the bed of calcined pellets containing carbon from internal overburden rocks (a) and without the bed (b). Temperature value: 1—in the hearth; 2—at a depth of 100 mm from the surface of the pellets; 3—at a depth of 200 mm; 4—on the firing grate (400 mm from the surface of the pellets).
Figure 8. Change in temperature along the height of the material layer during the heat treatment of composite pellets containing carbon from internal overburden rocks on the bed of calcined pellets containing carbon from internal overburden rocks (a) and without the bed (b). Temperature value: 1—in the hearth; 2—at a depth of 100 mm from the surface of the pellets; 3—at a depth of 200 mm; 4—on the firing grate (400 mm from the surface of the pellets).
Jcs 07 00289 g008
Jcs 07 00289 g009 550
Figure 9. Change in process temperature along the height of the pellet bed.
Figure 9. Change in process temperature along the height of the pellet bed.
Jcs 07 00289 g009
Jcs 07 00289 g010 550
Figure 10. Defactrogram of chromite pellets.
Figure 10. Defactrogram of chromite pellets.
Jcs 07 00289 g010
Jcs 07 00289 g011 550
Figure 11. Micrograph of composite pellets.
Figure 11. Micrograph of composite pellets.
Jcs 07 00289 g011
Jcs 07 00289 g012 550
Figure 12. Scheme of the recycling of composite chromite pellets with the pigment production.
Figure 12. Scheme of the recycling of composite chromite pellets with the pigment production.
Jcs 07 00289 g012
Table
Table 1. Averaged granulometric composition of substandard chromite raw material, internal overburden rocks and aspiration dust.
Table 1. Averaged granulometric composition of substandard chromite raw material, internal overburden rocks and aspiration dust.
MaterialContent of Material of Class (mm) in %
+105–103–51–30–1
Substandard chromite ore4.418.843.211.822.8
Internal overburden rocks-7.821.722.947.6
Aspiration dust---3.496.6
Table
Table 2. Averaged chemical composition of substandard chromite raw material, internal overburden rocks, and aspiration dust.
Table 2. Averaged chemical composition of substandard chromite raw material, internal overburden rocks, and aspiration dust.
MaterialContent Of Components, in % Mass
Cr2O3CaOMgOSiO2Fe2O3SO3totalAl2O3CMoisture
Substandard chromite ore38.90.2619.2722.7810.110.026.76-1.9
Internal overburden rocks-5.12.332.79.91.812.835.4-
Aspiration dust44.50.150.1510.8411.180.0187.67-1.6
Table
Table 3. Change in the chemical composition of composite pellets depending on the firing temperature, K at 20 min exposure.
Table 3. Change in the chemical composition of composite pellets depending on the firing temperature, K at 20 min exposure.
MaterialPellets, Firing Temperature, K
Raw Materials1073117312731373
Cr2O3CCr2O3CCr2O3CCr2O3CCr2O3C
Purely chromite20.9absent21.2absent21.8absent22.4absent22.6absent
Chromite with 5% of internal overburden rock 19.84.321.12.222.02.022.22.022.2.1.9
Chromite with 7.5% of internal overburden rock19.46.021.23.021.82.922.12.622.22.6
Chromite with 10% of internal overburden rock18.98.621.34.021.63.922.23.622.23.5
Table
Table 4. Dynamics of change in the strength of composite pellets from chromite waste and aspiration dust containing 7.5% of internal overburden rock, depending on the heat treatment time.
Table 4. Dynamics of change in the strength of composite pellets from chromite waste and aspiration dust containing 7.5% of internal overburden rock, depending on the heat treatment time.
MaterialStrength of Pellets
In Compression of Fractions, mm		By GOST 15137-77
20181614to shock,abrasion,
%+5 mm%−0.5 mm
Raw23242020--
Calcined without a bed during 25 min1490204016201290935
Calcined on a bed of pellets during 45 min1900247022401610944
Table
Table 5. Change in temperature along the height of the pellet bed.
Table 5. Change in temperature along the height of the pellet bed.
NameTemperature Measurement Depth (mm)
Time, min100200300
Chromite
pellets
containing
carbon and
aspiration
dust		 Temperature, K
15142714271173
20132714271473
25129314031473
30117313231423
35103312131343
4087310731223
457239281098
Table
Table 6. Chemical composition of calcined composite pellets containing carbon and aspiration dust.
Table 6. Chemical composition of calcined composite pellets containing carbon and aspiration dust.
Sample NumberContent of Components, in % Mass
Cr2O3CaOMgOSiO2Fe2O3SO3totalCfreeCO2
149.90.5614.027.237.910.070.77<0.1
249.40.6014.027.47.820.060.62<0.1
349.70.6014.128.06.610.050.84<0.1
449.80.5513.8528.66.120.550.93<0.1
Average49.70.5013.9827.87.120.570.79<0.1
Table
Table 7. Quality indicators of chromite pigment samples.
Table 7. Quality indicators of chromite pigment samples.
Requirements of Technical Specification 20.12.24-335-35749547-2020
IndicatorsNormObtained Sample
Mass fraction of the main substance
in terms of CrOOH∙H2O, % not less than		8891 ± 1
Mass fraction of water and volatile substances, % no more 97.5 ± 1
pH of water extract6.5–8.57.3 ± 0.5
Mass fraction of substances soluble
in water, % no more		1.00.35 ± 0.1
Hiding property, g/m, no more5038 ± 1
Residue on sieve No. 0063 after wet
screening, % no more		0.060.05 ± 0.01
Table
Table 8. Characteristics of chromite pigment samples.
Table 8. Characteristics of chromite pigment samples.
Composition, Mass. %Hiding Property, g/m2Color Characteristics
CrOOH·H2O SubstancesWater SolubleH2O XYZλ, nmP, %
940.32.238 14222149633
950.33.137 15181850231
920.66.239 16222250131
950.46.137 17232350128
940.45.639 12191849736
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Turakulov, B.; Zhantasov, K.; Kolesnikov, A.; Smailov, B.; Liseitsev, Y. Research on the Production of Pigments Based on Composite Pellets in the Recycling of Industrial Waste. J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7, 289. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7070289

AMA Style

Turakulov B, Zhantasov K, Kolesnikov A, Smailov B, Liseitsev Y. Research on the Production of Pigments Based on Composite Pellets in the Recycling of Industrial Waste. Journal of Composites Science. 2023; 7(7):289. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7070289

Chicago/Turabian Style

Turakulov, Bakhriddin, Kurmanbek Zhantasov, Alexandr Kolesnikov, Bakyt Smailov, and Yury Liseitsev. 2023. "Research on the Production of Pigments Based on Composite Pellets in the Recycling of Industrial Waste" Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 7: 289. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7070289

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop