Fire Resistance of Phosphogypsum- and Hemp-Based Bio-Aggregate Composite with Variable Amount of Binder
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Gypsum-Based Binder and Hemp Shives as Bio-Aggregate
2.2. Mixture Composition
2.3. Testing Methods
3. Results
3.1. Physical and Mechanical Properties
3.2. Reaction to Fire
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Increased amount of gypsum creates a dense BAC structure, which ensures the protection of separate hemp shives, leading to the general fire performance improvement. A char layer on high-gypsum-content BAC was formed which reduced the pHRR because of the limitation of mass and thermal transfer.
- The constituents and impurities present in PG attracted adsorbed moisture during conditioning before the test. Adsorbed water and gypsum dehydration during the test reduced heat release from the material structure. However, no significant improvement for samples with PG was detected.
- The total HRR was significantly affected by gypsum content in the BAC. THR reduction from 1.18 kJ/g to 0.05 kJ/g was achieved. BACs with a density of 400 kg/m3 and high gypsum content (300 kg/m3) reduced MAHRE by 58–64% compared with low-density BACs (200 kg/m3) with gypsum content of 100 kg/m3.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | BG | PG |
---|---|---|
LOI 950 °C | 22.43 | 19.24 |
Na2O | 0.31 | 0.48 |
MgO | 3.92 | 0.21 |
Al2O3 | 1.68 | 0.71 |
SiO2 | 3.73 | 1.07 |
P2O5 | 0 | 0.57 |
SO3 | 30.9 | 37.38 |
CaO | 35.64 | 37.16 |
TiO2 | 0.05 | 0.11 |
Fe2O3 | 0.46 | 0.22 |
As2O3 | 0.07 | 0.09 |
SrO | 0.23 | 2.25 |
CeO2 | 0.01 | 0.24 |
TOTAL | 99.42 | 99.74 |
Composition | Component | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HS | BG | PG | Set Retarder | W | W/B | |
B1 | 120 | 100 | - | - | 180 | 1.90 |
B2 | 200 | - | - | 260 | 1.30 | |
B3 | 300 | - | - | 290 | 1.0 | |
P1 | - | 100 | 0.3 | 180 | 1.90 | |
P2 | - | 200 | 0.6 | 260 | 1.30 | |
P3 | - | 300 | 0.9 | 290 | 1.0 |
Mixture Composition | Density, kg/m3 | Compressive Strength, MPa | Thermal Conductivity, W/(m·K) | Adsorbed Moisture, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
B1 | 190 ± 10 | 0.11 ± 0.05 | 0.058 | 3.8 |
B2 | 300 ± 15 | 0.36 ± 0.05 | 0.070 | 3.6 |
B3 | 395 ± 15 | 0.57 ± 0.08 | 0.086 | 3.5 |
P1 | 210 ± 10 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.070 | 9.3 |
P2 | 320 ± 15 | 0.28 ± 0.08 | 0.072 | 9.2 |
P3 | 400 ± 15 | 0.35 ± 0.08 | 0.101 | 9.2 |
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Bumanis, G.; Andzs, M.; Sinka, M.; Bajare, D. Fire Resistance of Phosphogypsum- and Hemp-Based Bio-Aggregate Composite with Variable Amount of Binder. J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7, 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7030118
Bumanis G, Andzs M, Sinka M, Bajare D. Fire Resistance of Phosphogypsum- and Hemp-Based Bio-Aggregate Composite with Variable Amount of Binder. Journal of Composites Science. 2023; 7(3):118. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7030118
Chicago/Turabian StyleBumanis, Girts, Martins Andzs, Maris Sinka, and Diana Bajare. 2023. "Fire Resistance of Phosphogypsum- and Hemp-Based Bio-Aggregate Composite with Variable Amount of Binder" Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 3: 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7030118