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Volume 9
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Article

Agroecological Alternatives for Substitution of Glyphosate in Orange Plantations (Citrus sinensis) Using GIS and UAVs

by
María Guadalupe Galindo Mendoza
1,
Abraham Cárdenas Tristán
1,
Pedro Pérez Medina
1,
Rita Schwentesius Rindermann
2,*,
Tomás Rivas García
3,
Carlos Contreras Servín
1 and
Oscar Reyes Cárdenas
1
1
Laboratorio Nacional de Geoprocesamiento de Información Fitosanitaria (LaNGIF), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona #550-2a, Primer Piso, Lomas de San Luis, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
2
Centro de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias para el Desarrollo Rural Integral (CIIDRI), Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Carretera México-Texcoco km 38.5, Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, Mexico
3
Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture Research Group (ASORE), SECIHTI-Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Carretera México-Texcoco, km 38.5, Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Drones 2025, 9(6), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9060398
Submission received: 25 March 2025 / Revised: 14 May 2025 / Accepted: 15 May 2025 / Published: 28 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Use of UAVs for Monitoring and Analysis of Forage and Agricultural Crops: Technologies, Methods and Applications)
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Abstract

Field mapping is one of the most important aspects of precision agriculture, and community drones will be able to empower young rural entrepreneurs who will be the generational replacement of a new agrosocial paradigm. This research presents an agroecological participatory innovation methodology that utilizes precision technology through geographic information systems and unmanned aerial vehicles to evaluate the integrated ecological management of weeds for glyphosate substitution in a transitional area of Citrus sinensis in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Modeling methods and spatial analyses supported by intelligent georeference protocols were used to determine the number of weeds with tolerance and glyphosate resistance. Four control flights were conducted to monitor seven treatments. Glyphosate-resistant weeds were represented with the highest number of individuals and frequency in all experimental treatments. Although the treatment with maize stubble showed a slightly better result than the use of Mucuna pruriens mulch, which prevents the emergence of glyphosate resistant weeds before emergence, the second treatment is considered better in terms of the cost–benefit ratio, not only because of significantly lower cost but also because of the additional benefits it offers. Geospatial technologies will determine the nature of citrus and fruit tree agroecological treatments and highlight areas of the plot with binomial soil and plant nutrient deficiencies and pest and disease infestations, which will improve the timely application of bio-inputs through the development of accurate maps of agroecological transitions.
Keywords: agroecological alternatives; glyphosate; cultivation of oranges; GIS; UAVs agroecological alternatives; glyphosate; cultivation of oranges; GIS; UAVs

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Galindo Mendoza, M.G.; Cárdenas Tristán, A.; Pérez Medina, P.; Schwentesius Rindermann, R.; Rivas García, T.; Contreras Servín, C.; Reyes Cárdenas, O. Agroecological Alternatives for Substitution of Glyphosate in Orange Plantations (Citrus sinensis) Using GIS and UAVs. Drones 2025, 9, 398. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9060398

AMA Style

Galindo Mendoza MG, Cárdenas Tristán A, Pérez Medina P, Schwentesius Rindermann R, Rivas García T, Contreras Servín C, Reyes Cárdenas O. Agroecological Alternatives for Substitution of Glyphosate in Orange Plantations (Citrus sinensis) Using GIS and UAVs. Drones. 2025; 9(6):398. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9060398

Chicago/Turabian Style

Galindo Mendoza, María Guadalupe, Abraham Cárdenas Tristán, Pedro Pérez Medina, Rita Schwentesius Rindermann, Tomás Rivas García, Carlos Contreras Servín, and Oscar Reyes Cárdenas. 2025. "Agroecological Alternatives for Substitution of Glyphosate in Orange Plantations (Citrus sinensis) Using GIS and UAVs" Drones 9, no. 6: 398. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9060398

APA Style

Galindo Mendoza, M. G., Cárdenas Tristán, A., Pérez Medina, P., Schwentesius Rindermann, R., Rivas García, T., Contreras Servín, C., & Reyes Cárdenas, O. (2025). Agroecological Alternatives for Substitution of Glyphosate in Orange Plantations (Citrus sinensis) Using GIS and UAVs. Drones, 9(6), 398. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9060398

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