Scrub Typhus: Historic Perspective and Current Status of the Worldwide Presence of Orientia Species
Abstract
:1. Early History of Scrub Typhus and the Etiologic Agents of the Tsutsugamushi Triangle
1.1. Scrub Typhus Disease Presentation and Diagnosis
1.2. Early History of Scrub Typhus
China
Japan
The Etiology of Scrub Typhus in Japan
Indonesia
Taiwan
The Philippines
Australia
Vietnam
Korea
Malaysia
India, Burma, Ceylon, and the Maldives
1.3. The Tsutsugamushi Triangle
2. Scrub Typhus Outside the Tsutsugamushi Triangle
2.1. Case Investigations
Africa
United Arab Emirates
Chile
2.2. Serological Evidence of Scrub Typhus Outside the Tsutsugamushi Triangle
2.3. Molecular Evidence of Scrub Typhus Outside the Tsutsugamushi Triangle
2.4. Endemic Scrub Typhus in South America
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Location | Book or Individual |
---|---|---|
313 | China | Zhouhofang by Hong Ge |
610 | China | Yuan-Fang Chao |
1596 | China | Ben Cao Gang Mu by Shi-Zhen Li |
1810 | Japan | Hakuju Hashimoto |
1902 | Indonesia | Wilhelm Schüffner |
1908 | Philippines | P.M. Ashburn and C.F. Craig |
1908 | Taiwan | J. Hatori |
1910 | Australia | O. Smithson |
1915 | Vietnam | F. Noc and P. Gautron |
1915 | Malaysia | A. Kawamura Jr., H. Tanaka, A. Tamura |
1932 | India | C.R. Christian |
Synonyms | Country |
---|---|
Shashitsu | China |
Tsutsugamushi | Japan |
Kedani disease | Japan |
Japanese river fever | Japan |
Flood fever | Japan |
Island fever | Japan |
Akamushi disease | Japan |
Shimamushi disease | Japan |
Pseudotyphoid | Indonesia |
Chigger-borne rickettsiosis | Ubiquitous |
Mite-borne typhus | Ubiquitous |
Mite fever | Ubiquitous |
Rural or “K” form of tropical typhus | Malaysia |
Fiévre exanthématique avec ulcére primaire | French Indo-China |
Indian mite typhus | India |
Mijtekoorts | Indonesia |
Mossman fever | Australia |
Sarina fever | Australia |
Tropical typhus | Malaysia |
Rural typhus | French Indo-China |
Previous Agent Names | Country | Reference |
---|---|---|
Theileria tsutsugamushi | Japan | [12] |
Rickettsia orientalis | Japan | [16] |
Rickettsia tsutsugamushi | Japan | [17] |
Rickettsia akamushi | Japan | [18] |
Orientia tsutsugamushi | Japan | [22] |
Locations | Evidence |
---|---|
Belgian Congo, Africa | Outbreak investigation |
Republic of Congo, Africa | Case report |
Cameroon, Africa | Case report |
Tanzania, Africa | Case report |
Dubai, United Arab Emirates | Case report |
Chiloé Island, Chile, South America | Chiloé cases; continental cases; dog serosurveillance; molecular characterization of cases; detection of agent in mites and rodent tissues |
Kenya | Seroprevalence study; seroconversion cases; and molecular surveillance among mites and rodents |
Europe and West Africa | Rodents tissue surveillance |
Djibouti, Africa | Seroprevalence/conversion among abattoir workers |
South Africa | Dog blood |
Iquitos, Peru, South America | Seroprevalence/conversion among fever patients |
Agent | Location |
---|---|
Orientia tsutsugamushi | Tsutsugamushi Triangle |
Candidatus O. chuto | United Arab Emirates |
Ca. O. chuto-like | Kenya |
Candidatus O. chiloensis | Chile |
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Richards, A.L.; Jiang, J. Scrub Typhus: Historic Perspective and Current Status of the Worldwide Presence of Orientia Species. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2020, 5, 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5020049
Richards AL, Jiang J. Scrub Typhus: Historic Perspective and Current Status of the Worldwide Presence of Orientia Species. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2020; 5(2):49. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5020049
Chicago/Turabian StyleRichards, Allen L., and Ju Jiang. 2020. "Scrub Typhus: Historic Perspective and Current Status of the Worldwide Presence of Orientia Species" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 2: 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5020049