A High Burden of Infectious Tuberculosis Cases Among Older Children and Young Adolescents of the Female Gender in Ethiopia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Settings
2.2. Interventions
2.3. Data Source
2.4. Data Quality
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BCPTB | Bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB |
DHIS2 | Health District Health Information System 2 |
EPTB | Extra-pulmonary TB |
HIV | Human immunodeficiency virus |
LQAS | Lot quality assurance sampling |
TB | Tuberculosis |
UNHLM | United Nations High-Level Meeting |
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Variables | Total New TB # Cases | Male | % Male | Female | % Female |
New TB cases | 282,979 | 162,197 | 57.3 | 123,970 | 42.7 |
Relapse TB cases | 7471 | 4354 | 58.3 | 3117 | 41.7 |
All TB cases (new and relapse TB cases) | 290,450 | 166,479 | 57.3 | 127,087 | 42.7 |
TB cases with HIV-positive status and on ART by age category | 13,515 | 6418 | 47.5 | 7097 | 52.5 |
0–4 years | 303 | 205 | 67.7 | 98 | 32.3 |
5–14 years | 588 | 263 | 44.7 | 325 | 55.3 |
≥15 years | 12,624 | 5950 | 47.1 | 6674 | 52.9 |
TB cases by age group | |||||
0–4 years | 7776 | 4411 | 56.7 | 3365 | 43.3 |
5–9 years | 7781 | 3981 | 51.2 | 3800 | 48.8 |
10–14 years | 11,603 | 5508 | 47.5 | 6095 | 52.5 |
15–19 years | 30,625 | 16,808 | 54.9 | 138,817 | 45.1 |
20–24 years | 50,152 | 28,624 | 57.1 | 21,528 | 42.9 |
25–34 years | 73,498 | 42,380 | 57.7 | 31,118 | 42.3 |
35–44 years | 45,376 | 25,886 | 19,490 | 43 | |
45–54 years | 27,687 | 16,271 | 58.8 | 11,416 | 41.2 |
55–64 years | 16,489 | 10,148 | 61.5 | 6341 | 38.5 |
≥65 years | 11,992 | 8180 | 68.2 | 3812 | 31.8 |
BCPTB | 108,671 | 62,333 | 57.4 | 46,339 | 42.6 |
Clinical PTB | 108,671 | 32,660 | 57.5 | 24,176 | 42.5 |
EPTB | 63,172 | 33,068 | 52.3 | 30,104 | 47.7 |
Relapse | 7471 | 4354 | 58.3 | 3117 | 41.7 |
TB cases by region | |||||
Sidama | 17,041 | 10,030 | 58.9 | 7011 | 41.1 |
Gambella | 2447 | 1564 | 63.9 | 883 | 36.1 |
Dire Dewa | 3078 | 1824 | 59.3 | 1254 | 40.7 |
Amhara | 36,768 | 20,653 | 56.2 | 16,115 | 43.8 |
South West Ethiopia Region (SWEP) | 6544 | 3647 | 55.7 | 2897 | 44.3 |
Harari | 1560 | 887 | 56.9 | 673 | 43.1 |
Addis Ababa | 15,374 | 8049 | 52.4 | 7325 | 47.6 |
Afar | 5215 | 3172 | 60.8 | 2043 | 39.2 |
Somali | 14,654 | 8172 | 55.8 | 6482 | 44.2 |
Central Ethiopia Region (CER) | 10,395 | 5723 | 55.1 | 4672 | 44.9 |
South Ethiopia Region (SER) | 16,230 | 9143 | 56.3 | 7087 | 43.7 |
Benishangul Gumuz | 1805 | 1130 | 62.6 | 675 | 37.4 |
Oromia | 97,514 | 54,042 | 55.4 | 43,472 | 44.6 |
(a) | ||||||||
Variables | COR (for the ratio between males and females) | 95% CI | p-Value | |||||
Age Category | ||||||||
<5 years | 1 | |||||||
5–9 years | −1.151 | −1.899 | −0.403 | 0.003 | ||||
10–19 years | −1.432 | −2.087 | −0.778 | 0 | ||||
Adult >20 years | 0.085 | −0.481 | 0.651 | 0.769 | ||||
Type of TB | ||||||||
Clinical PTB | 1 | |||||||
BCPTB | 0.201 | −0.206 | 0.608 | 0.333 | ||||
EPTB | −0.869 | −1.283 | −0.454 | 0 | ||||
Region | ||||||||
City administration | 1 | |||||||
Amhara | −0.263 | −0.979 | 0.453 | 0.472 | ||||
Benishangul Gumuz | 0.274 | −0.442 | 0.99 | 0.453 | ||||
Gambella | −0.103 | −0.837 | 0.632 | 0.784 | ||||
National | −0.182 | −0.897 | 0.534 | 0.619 | ||||
Southern Nations and Nationality and Peoples Region (SNNPR) | −0.37 | −0.912 | 0.172 | 0.181 | ||||
Oromia | −0.146 | −0.862 | 0.57 | 0.689 | ||||
Pastoralist | 0.107 | −0.414 | 0.629 | 0.687 | ||||
Sidama | 0.208 | −0.508 | 0.924 | 0.568 | ||||
Geographic Category | ||||||||
City administration | 1 | |||||||
Agrarian | −0.102 | −0.522 | 0.319 | 0.635 | ||||
National | −0.178 | −0.893 | 0.538 | 0.627 | ||||
Pastoralist | 0.081 | −0.485 | 0.647 | 0.779 | ||||
(b) | ||||||||
Variables | COR (for the ratio * between males and females) | 95% CI | p-value | AOR (for the ratio between males and females) | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
Age Category | ||||||||
<5 years | 1 | 1 | ||||||
5–9 years | −1.151 | −1.899 | −0.403 | 0.003 | −1.258 | −2.007 | −0.509 | 0.001 |
10–19 years | −1.432 | −2.087 | −0.778 | 0 | −1.527 | −2.182 | −0.872 | 0 |
Adult >20 years | 0.085 | −0.481 | 0.651 | 0.769 | 0.013 | −0.553 | 0.579 | 0.964 |
Type of TB | ||||||||
Clinical PTB | 1 | 1 | ||||||
BCPTB | 0.201 | −0.206 | 0.608 | 0.333 | 0.16 | −0.246 | 0.567 | 0.439 |
EPTB | −0.869 | −1.283 | −0.454 | 0 | −0.928 | −1.342 | −0.513 | 0 |
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Dememew, Z.; Deribew, A.; Zegeye, A.; Janfa, T.; Kegne, T.; Alemayehu, Y.; Gebreyohannes, A.; Deka, S.; Suarez, P.; Datiko, D.; et al. A High Burden of Infectious Tuberculosis Cases Among Older Children and Young Adolescents of the Female Gender in Ethiopia. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10, 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10030079
Dememew Z, Deribew A, Zegeye A, Janfa T, Kegne T, Alemayehu Y, Gebreyohannes A, Deka S, Suarez P, Datiko D, et al. A High Burden of Infectious Tuberculosis Cases Among Older Children and Young Adolescents of the Female Gender in Ethiopia. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2025; 10(3):79. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10030079
Chicago/Turabian StyleDememew, Zewdu, Atakilt Deribew, Amtatachew Zegeye, Taye Janfa, Teshager Kegne, Yohannes Alemayehu, Asfawosen Gebreyohannes, Sidhartha Deka, Pedro Suarez, Daniel Datiko, and et al. 2025. "A High Burden of Infectious Tuberculosis Cases Among Older Children and Young Adolescents of the Female Gender in Ethiopia" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 10, no. 3: 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10030079
APA StyleDememew, Z., Deribew, A., Zegeye, A., Janfa, T., Kegne, T., Alemayehu, Y., Gebreyohannes, A., Deka, S., Suarez, P., Datiko, D., & Schwarz, D. (2025). A High Burden of Infectious Tuberculosis Cases Among Older Children and Young Adolescents of the Female Gender in Ethiopia. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 10(3), 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10030079