The Concentration of Urban Functions Within Transformed City Areas Due to the Deployment of a Multimodal Transit Hub—A Case Study: Barcelona, Berlin, and London
Abstract
1. Introduction
- (I)
- What urban functions develop within urban transformation areas with MTHs and within MTHs themselves? To address this question, it is hypothesized that urban transformation areas are developed according to 15MC principles, as they encompass all of its urban functions, while an MTH has at least one urban function—commerce.
- (II)
- What is the urban structure of transformed areas with an MTH? As a possible answer, it is assumed that commercial and working areas concentrate around MTHs, while other urban functions are spread throughout the area.
- (III)
- What insights are provided by the economic value of urban functions in transformed city areas with MTHs into the significance of these projects? In exploring this question, it is proposed to compare the economic values of urban functions and MTHs. It is expected that the economic value of urban functions within transformed city areas with MTHs will show that investments are largely directed toward the development of urban functions in the surrounding areas of MTHs.
2. Materials and Methods
Mapping Urban Functions in Urban Transformation Areas and Within MTHs
3. Results
3.1. La Sagrera Station, Barcelona
3.1.1. Urban Functions Within the La Sagrera Station Area
3.1.2. Urban Functions Within La Sagrera Station
3.1.3. Estimated Investment Values for the Transformation of La Sagrera Station Area
3.2. Central Station, Berlin
3.2.1. Urban Functions Within the Heidestrasse Area (Europacity)
3.2.2. Urban Functions Within Berlin Central Station
3.2.3. Estimated Investment Values for the Transformation of Heidestrasse Area (Europacity)
3.3. King’s Cross Station, London
3.3.1. Urban Functions Within the King’s Cross Area
3.3.2. Urban Functions Within King’s Cross Station
3.3.3. Estimated Investment Values for the Transformation of the King’s Cross Area
4. Discussion
4.1. Concentration of Urban Functions Supports Urban Diversity
4.2. Prevalence of Investment in Urban Transformation Area over MTH
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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15MC Urban Function * | La Sagrera Station Area, Barcelona (AR = 160 ha) | Europacity, Berlin (AR = 60 ha) | King’s Cross Station Area, London (AR = 34 ha) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | |
Living (ha) | 6.40 | 14.19 | 0.00 | 5.39 | 0.00 | 3.34 |
Working (ha) | 20.47 | 2.36 | 6.91 | 4.34 | 8.79 | 4.84 |
Commerce (ha) | 0.00 | 8.82 | 0.00 | 4.34 | 0.10 | 1.18 |
Healthcare (ha) | 0.00 | 0.63 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Education (ha) | 0.00 | 6.99 | 2.28 | 1.98 | 0.00 | 2.29 |
Entertainment (ha) | 0.00 | 63.72 | 0.00 | 6.18 | 0.00 | 4.93 |
15MC Urban Function * | La Sagrera Station, Barcelona (AR = 28.89 ha) | Central Station, Berlin (AR = 6.50 ha) | King’s Cross Station, London (AR = 4.78 ha) |
---|---|---|---|
Living (ha) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Working (ha) | 0.00 | 1.10 | 0.00 |
Commerce (ha) | 0.95 | 0.58 | 0.71 |
Healthcare (ha) | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
Education (ha) | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Entertainment (ha) | 6.19 ** | 0.01 | 0.00 |
City | Year of Completion | Urban Transformation Area | Total Gross Area Within the Urban Transformation Area (GFA) * | Total Estimated Value for Construction of Buildings | Estimated Investment Value Per Square Meter of GFA | Total Area Under Public Open Spaces ** | Total Estimated Investment Value for Public Open Spaces | Estimated Investment Value Per Square Meter of Public Open Space | Overall Estimated Investment Value *** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barcelona | 2029–2050 | 160 ha | 942,935 m2 | EUR 1.46B | EUR 1548 | 128.56 ha | EUR 140.10M | EUR 109.00 | EUR 1.60B |
Berlin | 2010–2027 | 60 ha | 819,000 m2 | EUR 916.75M | EUR 1119 | 94.45 ha | EUR 83.25M | EUR 68.13 | EUR 1.00B |
London | 2011–2025 | 34 ha | 713,090 m2 | EUR 2.74B | EUR 3847 | 29.74 ha | EUR 56.73M | EUR 190.75 | EUR 2.80B |
City | Years of Construction | The Total Gross Area of the MTH Building (GFA) * | Total Estimated Investment Value | Estimated Investment Value Per Square Meter of the MTH Building |
---|---|---|---|---|
Barcelona | 2010–2026 | 28.89 ha | EUR 650M | EUR 2249 |
Berlin | 1995–2006 | 6.50 ha | EUR 700M | EUR 10,769 |
London | 2007–2012 | 4.78 ha | EUR 630M | EUR 13,179 |
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Anton, L.; Šmit, K.; Gašparović, S. The Concentration of Urban Functions Within Transformed City Areas Due to the Deployment of a Multimodal Transit Hub—A Case Study: Barcelona, Berlin, and London. Urban Sci. 2025, 9, 327. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9080327
Anton L, Šmit K, Gašparović S. The Concentration of Urban Functions Within Transformed City Areas Due to the Deployment of a Multimodal Transit Hub—A Case Study: Barcelona, Berlin, and London. Urban Science. 2025; 9(8):327. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9080327
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnton, Lucija, Krunoslav Šmit, and Sanja Gašparović. 2025. "The Concentration of Urban Functions Within Transformed City Areas Due to the Deployment of a Multimodal Transit Hub—A Case Study: Barcelona, Berlin, and London" Urban Science 9, no. 8: 327. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9080327
APA StyleAnton, L., Šmit, K., & Gašparović, S. (2025). The Concentration of Urban Functions Within Transformed City Areas Due to the Deployment of a Multimodal Transit Hub—A Case Study: Barcelona, Berlin, and London. Urban Science, 9(8), 327. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9080327