Unpacking Violence: Examining Socioeconomic, Psychological, and Genetic Drivers of Gun-Related Homicide and Potential Solutions
Abstract
1. Background
1.1. Historic Violence
1.2. Violent Crime in the U.S.
1.3. Ethnicity of Homicide
1.4. Biological and Social Factors in Male Violence
1.5. The Origins of Violence—Childhood Trauma and Poverty
1.6. Gun Ownership, Violence, and Poverty: A Comparative Global Perspective
1.7. Sources of Crime Guns
1.8. Understanding Mass Shootings: Patterns, Causes, and Prevention Challenges
1.9. Modern Challenges in Gun Violence Prevention
2. Conclusions
Policy Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Offender Ethnicity | % | per 100k | per 100k of That Race |
---|---|---|---|
White | 22% | 1.19 | 2.0 |
African American | 52% | 2.89 | 21.2 |
Hispanic | 12% | 0.79 | 4.2 |
Asian | 1% | 0.06 | 0.9 |
American Indian | 1% | 0.07 | 5.1 |
Unknown | 11% | 0.92 | NA |
Victim Ethnicity | % | per 100k | per 100k of that Race |
---|---|---|---|
White | 25% | 0.96 | 2.3 |
African American | 56% | 3.14 | 23.1 |
Hispanic | 14% | 0.01 | 5.1 |
Asian | 1% | 0.08 | 1.2 |
American Indian | 2% | 0.08 | 5.9 |
Unknown | 2% | 0.14 | NA |
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Menezes, J.; Batra, K. Unpacking Violence: Examining Socioeconomic, Psychological, and Genetic Drivers of Gun-Related Homicide and Potential Solutions. Urban Sci. 2025, 9, 190. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9060190
Menezes J, Batra K. Unpacking Violence: Examining Socioeconomic, Psychological, and Genetic Drivers of Gun-Related Homicide and Potential Solutions. Urban Science. 2025; 9(6):190. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9060190
Chicago/Turabian StyleMenezes, John, and Kavita Batra. 2025. "Unpacking Violence: Examining Socioeconomic, Psychological, and Genetic Drivers of Gun-Related Homicide and Potential Solutions" Urban Science 9, no. 6: 190. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9060190
APA StyleMenezes, J., & Batra, K. (2025). Unpacking Violence: Examining Socioeconomic, Psychological, and Genetic Drivers of Gun-Related Homicide and Potential Solutions. Urban Science, 9(6), 190. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9060190