Development of a Smart and Sustainable Rating System Platform for Saudi Neighborhoods

Abstract

Cities around the world are facing growing challenges related to climate change, urban sprawl, infrastructure strain, and digital transformation. In response, smart and sustainable urban development has become a global focus, aiming to integrate technology and environmental stewardship to improve the quality of life. The smart and sustainable city concept is typically applied at the city scale; however, its impact is most tangible at the neighborhood level, where residents interact directly with infrastructure, services, and community spaces. A variety of global frameworks have been developed to assess sustainability and technological integration. However, these models often fall short in addressing localized needs, particularly in regions with distinct environmental and cultural contexts. In Saudi Arabia, Vision 2030 emphasizes livability, sustainability, and digital transformation, yet there remains a lack of tailored tools to evaluate smart and sustainable progress at the neighborhood scale. This study develops HayyScore, a localized evaluation framework and prototype digital platform developed to assess neighborhood performance across five core categories: (i) Environment and Urban Resilience, (ii) Smart Infrastructure and Governance, (iii) Mobility and Accessibility, (iv) Quality of Life and Social Inclusion, and (v) Economy and Innovation. The HayyScore platform operationalizes this framework through an interactive web-based tool that allows users to input data through structured forms, calculate scores, receive category-based and overall certification levels, and view results through visual dashboards. The methodology involved a comprehensive review of global frameworks, expert input to define localized indicators, and iterative prototyping of the platform using Python 3.13.5 and Streamlit 1.45.1. To demonstrate its practical application, the prototype was tested on two Saudi neighborhoods: King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (KAPSARC) and King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM). Key platform features include automated scoring logic, category weighting, certification generation, dynamic performance charts, and a rankings page for comparing multiple neighborhoods. The platform is designed to be scalable, with the ability to add new indicators, support multilingual access, and integrate with real-time data systems in future iterations.

1. Introduction

The rapid growth of urban regions has elevated environmental, social, and economic stresses [1], making it essential to establish frameworks for urban planning and development. Issues such as unsustainable energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, air and water pollution, insufficient mobility systems, and social inequality already affect existing built environments [2]. These challenges are intensified by the presence of outdated, non-digital infrastructures that limit the effective operation and management of urban systems [3].

In response to these complexities, the concept of smart and sustainable cities has emerged as a fundamental approach to urban development by integrating technology, sustainability, and efficient resource management to enhance the quality of life [2]. Sustainable cities prioritize environmental stewardship, energy efficiency, and community well-being, while smart cities leverage digital technologies, data analytics, and Internet of Things (IoT) solutions to optimize urban services [4]. Combining the principles of sustainable cities and smart cities will ensure that the needs of current and future generations are met [5]. As these cities continue to grow, neighborhoods become essential units in translating larger urban sustainability initiatives into practical and localized action [6]. By applying these principles at the neighborhood scale, smart and sustainable neighborhoods ensure that urban growth aligns with long-term ecological and socio-economic goals. These neighborhoods play a crucial role in advancing urban sustainability by addressing environmental challenges, conserving resources, and promoting social inclusivity [7].

Saudi Arabia is currently undergoing a transformative phase under Vision 2030, which prioritizes sustainable urban development and the integration of smart city concepts [8]. This makes it crucial to create a framework that ensures smart and sustainable development [9]. The nation’s commitment to technology-driven and environmentally responsible urbanization is evident in large-scale initiatives such as the NEOM megacity, the Red Sea Project, ROSHN’s residential developments, and the Saudi Green initiative [10]. These projects aim to redefine urban living by incorporating cutting-edge technologies and sustainable design principles.

Despite the Kingdom’s efforts, there is a lack of standardized frameworks for assessing and benchmarking smart and sustainable city development in Saudi Arabia. Existing rating systems, such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND) [11,12], Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Methodology (BREEAM) Community [13], Qatar Sustainability Assessment System (QSAS), and MOSTADAM, primarily focus on sustainability without fully accounting for the country’s unique cultural, environmental, and urban characteristics. For instance, MOSTADAM, Saudi Arabia’s national rating system, evaluates sustainability performance mainly at the building scale but lacks indicators for digital infrastructure, data-driven governance, or smart mobility. Similarly, many urban projects, including Vision 2030 giga projects, are guided by global sustainability benchmarks rather than standardized smart and sustainable benchmarks.

While models like the Smart City Index and ISO 37122 [14] provide valuable global benchmarks, they do not sufficiently align with the distinct urban and socio-economic context of Saudi Arabia. Consequently, Saudi neighborhoods are evaluated inconsistently, relying on fragmented criteria that overlook the integration of smart technologies and localized sustainability priorities. Currently, there is no comprehensive, localized framework that evaluates both the smartness and sustainability of neighborhoods within the Saudi context.

This study aims to address this problem by developing a comprehensive platform that evaluates smart and sustainable neighborhoods in Saudi Arabia. The objectives of this study are to:

• Develop a localized framework for assessing smart and sustainable neighborhoods.
• Design a user-friendly platform to evaluate and rank neighborhoods based on their performance.

By focusing on the neighborhood scale, this research provides a more detailed and practical approach to urban development and ensures that projects align with Vision 2030’s sustainability and smart city goals. The proposed platform will serve as a standardized assessment tool, enabling policymakers, real estate developers, and urban planners to make informed, data-driven decisions. It will integrate key environmental, technological, and socio-economic factors to ensure that urban developments are both smart and sustainable.

This study addresses a significant gap in the field of urban planning in Saudi Arabia. This study offers urban planners, developers, and government officials a structured methodology for guiding future developments by creating an evaluation model tailored to the region. The framework will aid in enhancing resource efficiency, upgrading digital infrastructure, and encouraging sustainable growth, ensuring that new neighborhoods align with Saudi Arabia’s evolving urban priorities.

This research not only impacts the nation but also adds to the worldwide conversation about smart and sustainable cities by providing a framework that can be adapted to other Gulf and Middle Eastern nations facing similar urbanization issues. It also aligns with international sustainability goals, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities. By bridging the gap between sustainability and smart city development, this study promotes data-driven, technology-enabled urban planning, encouraging more resilient, efficient, and livable communities in Saudi Arabia.

The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: Section 2 reviews the literature on smart and sustainable neighborhoods, analyzing existing rating systems and their applicability to Saudi Arabia. Section 3 outlines the research methodology, framework development, and the design of the proposed digital platform. Section 4 presents the development of the HayyScore framework and platform, including indicator selection, evaluation methods, and the certification system. Section 5 discusses the findings in relation to existing literature and highlights the framework’s relevance, strengths, and potential applications. Finally, Section 6 concludes the study.

2. Literature Review

This literature review examines smart and sustainable urban development, focusing on the integration of digital technologies and sustainable design to address urbanization challenges. This review aims to thoroughly assess existing global and regional frameworks, identify their limitations, and justify the development of a new model aligned with the objectives of Saudi Vision 2030.

2.1. Smart and Sustainable Neighborhoods

The concept of smart and sustainable cities is most effectively applied at the neighborhood scale, given its manageable size, its potential for experimenting with sustainability initiatives, and a high level of interaction between residents [15]. Neighborhoods are where people truly experience urban life through living, working, and interacting with their communities. As such, smart and sustainable neighborhoods represent smaller, more focused reflections of what entire cities aim to achieve. Smart neighborhoods use technological tools to improve the functionality of daily services and infrastructure. These tools help monitor and manage systems like energy, mobility, and waste to make neighborhoods more efficient and responsive. In contrast, sustainable neighborhoods prioritize long-term environmental health, social equity, and community well-being [16]. This is evident in strategies promoting renewable energy use, emissions reduction, and walkability. When combined, these two dimensions work together to create livable, resilient, and adaptable neighborhoods that are supported by digital tools and focused on environmental, social, and economic sustainability goals.

2.1.1. Sustainable Neighborhoods

Sustainable neighborhoods represent a vital building block in the pursuit of urban sustainability. They serve as localized models where environmental, social, and economic considerations intersect at a scale that is manageable and impactful. These neighborhoods focus on greener spaces and energy-efficient buildings while fostering inclusive communities, promoting health and well-being, and encouraging civic participation. As cities worldwide deal with the consequences of climate change, resource scarcity, and urban inequality, neighborhoods are seen as a key place for transformative action [17,18].

At the core of sustainable neighborhood planning is the integration of the three pillars of sustainability: environmental, social, and economic factors, with a growing recognition of a fourth, i.e., institutional pillar, which emphasizes governance, transparency, and stakeholder inclusion [17,19]. These neighborhoods strive to balance livability and resilience by encouraging mixed land uses, walkability, local economic vitality, access to public spaces, and infrastructure that supports ecological goals. Moreover, they often promote innovation in mobility, renewable energy integration, waste management, and community engagement [20].

Despite broad agreement on what sustainability means in theory, real-world implementation remains fragmented. As several studies indicate, sustainable neighborhood initiatives often reflect the priorities of the developers or municipalities behind them. This may lead to an overemphasis on certain aspects, such as urban form or green technologies, at the expense of social inclusion or participatory governance [17,21]. For instance, large-scale developments may prioritize energy efficiency and architectural esthetics, while smaller, community-led projects are more likely to incorporate local participation and social cohesion. This divergence reveals a gap between the ideals of sustainability and what is achieved in practice.

Another challenge is the expansion of frameworks and terminologies, such as eco-neighborhoods, green developments, and resilient communities, each highlighting different sustainability goals without always achieving a comprehensive balance [22,23]. Some rely heavily on certification systems like LEED-ND or BREEAM, which provide useful standards but may not fully address the cultural, economic, or climatic contexts in which neighborhoods exist [24]. As a result, the success of sustainable neighborhoods often depends on how well these principles are adapted to local conditions, with a focus on stakeholder engagement and long-term impact [16].

2.1.2. Smart Neighborhoods

Smart neighborhoods are a growing area of interest in both research and real-world urban development. These neighborhoods bring together technology, sustainability, and community engagement at the scale where people experience city life most directly. At their foundation, smart neighborhoods are urban areas where digital tools like sensors, connected infrastructure, mobile applications, and data platforms are integrated to improve everyday living, environmental efficiency, service delivery, and local governance [25].

However, smart neighborhoods are not just about being technologically advanced. Their true value lies in how well they serve the people who live in them. A smart neighborhood uses innovation not only to optimize infrastructure, but also to promote inclusion, safety, sustainability, and participation [26]. Technology becomes a tool—not an end goal—for enhancing social connection, improving access to services, and fostering a stronger sense of place.

Recent research highlights how residents themselves are key to making neighborhoods smart. In a study conducted in Hong Kong [26], the author found that even simple digital tools such as neighborhood apps or group messaging platforms can play a transformative role when used to coordinate activities, share local news, or strengthen social ties. This process reflects how people actively shape smartness through everyday interactions, rather than relying only on top-down technology deployments.

To guide implementation and track progress, researchers have begun developing evaluation frameworks. Another study [27], for example, proposes a practical method for measuring neighborhood-level smartness based on key performance indicators (KPIs) that include digital infrastructure, environmental performance, resident satisfaction, and governance. His work also introduces a five-level maturity scale, which allows planners to evaluate where a neighborhood stands and what improvements are needed. This kind of structure helps move smart neighborhoods from abstract vision to measurable reality.

The environmental role of smart neighborhoods is also receiving increasing attention. Neighborhoods are found to be ideal spaces for promoting low-carbon lifestyles through smart mobility, energy-efficient buildings, and real-time monitoring of resources [7]. But these outcomes are most likely to succeed when residents feel a strong sense of ownership over their neighborhood. Factors like community trust, local pride, and place attachment are just as important as the presence of advanced technology [28].

Despite these advances, the field of smart neighborhoods is still developing. The current smart city research focuses on city-wide strategies, with fewer frameworks specifically designed for neighborhoods [29]. Additionally, the lack of a universal definition of “smart” continues to create confusion in both academia and policy circles. Many smart initiatives remain pilot projects or isolated experiments, with limited integration into broader urban planning systems.

2.2. Urban Sustainability Rating Systems

Urban sustainability rating systems have become essential tools for guiding and evaluating the environmental and social performance of neighborhoods and cities. These systems are built upon the three core pillars of sustainability: environmental protection, social inclusion, and economic development [30]. They provide structured frameworks and standardized indicators that enable evidence-based decision-making to support long-term sustainable development [31]. The most prominent rating systems include:

2.2.1. Global Urban Sustainability Rating Systems

LEED for Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND)

Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), LEED-ND is among the most widely recognized sustainability evaluation systems for neighborhoods. It assesses urban developments based on various criteria, such as smart location, neighborhood design, and green infrastructure [31]. While LEED-ND offers a comprehensive sustainability assessment, it does not fully incorporate smart technology indicators such as IoT, AI, and real-time data monitoring, which are crucial for modern smart neighborhood evaluations [24]. There have been efforts to digitize LEED-ND, with tools such as the LEED online platform that help users track projects, submit documentation, and gain certification. However, the system still predominantly focuses on sustainability, with little integration of the technological advancements needed for smart city evaluations.

BREEAM Communities

BREEAM communities, developed in the UK, provide a sustainability assessment method focusing on community design, environmental performance, and resource efficiency. It promotes low-carbon development, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable transportation [32]. Though it is extensively utilized in Europe and elsewhere, its emphasis is primarily on environmental sustainability, with minimal incorporation of smart technologies or sophisticated digital solutions. BREEAM Communities, similar to LEED-ND, has worked to implement digital processes. With the introduction of the BREEAM online platform, users can digitally monitor their projects, access resources, and submit documentation. Nonetheless, the system continues to prioritize sustainability criteria, with no formal assessment of digital infrastructure, data integration, or smart service delivery [13].

2.2.2. Gulf Urban Sustainability Rating Systems

QSAS

QSAS is a sustainability rating system developed specifically for the Gulf region, and it is particularly relevant for Saudi Arabia due to its emphasis on the climatic and socio-economic challenges faced by Gulf countries. QSAS evaluates sustainability based on multiple criteria, including energy efficiency, water conservation, and urban connectivity. It is designed for the hot desert climate of the region and seeks to enhance the environmental performance of buildings and neighborhoods in a context that is culturally and environmentally specific [21]. QSAS, however, lacks the integration of advanced technologies like IoT and real-time monitoring, which are essential for assessing smart neighborhoods within the framework of contemporary urbanization. The system’s paper-based format limits its adaptability and responsiveness to dynamic urban data flows.

MOSTADAM

MOSTADAM is Saudi Arabia’s localized sustainability rating system, developed to align with the urban development objectives of Vision 2030. Launched with support from the Ministry of Housing and the Cleantech consulting firm Alpin, MOSTADAM aims to improve water and energy sustainability across the country [33]. It is specifically designed to address Saudi Arabia’s regional needs, local climate, and environmental conditions [34]. However, MOSTADAM has not yet incorporated smart technologies into its evaluation framework. Its main focus is on environmental sustainability, resulting in a significant gap in the evaluation of smart urban development. The absence of digitalization and urban data management tools limits its usefulness in guiding the smart transformation of neighborhoods.

Pearl Rating System

The Pearl Rating System is the United Arab Emirates (UAE)’s sustainability framework for buildings and communities. It emphasizes resource efficiency, cultural identity, and livability in arid environments. The system includes requirements for water, energy, and material conservation, but similar to QSAS and MOSTADAM, it does not incorporate smart technology benchmarks or real-time monitoring mechanisms [35].

2.3. Smart City Tools

While numerous frameworks have been developed to assess the sustainability of neighborhoods, there is still a lack of comprehensive frameworks specifically designed to evaluate or implement neighborhood-level smartness [27]. Sustainability rating systems have long been used to measure environmental and urban performance, but smart city assessment frameworks have emerged more recently to capture how cities leverage technology, data, and innovation to enhance urban living. The smart city concept is still evolving, and there is no universally accepted definition. However, it is broadly understood that smart cities employ information and communication technologies (ICT) to improve service delivery, enhance citizen well-being, promote sustainability, and drive economic development [36]. The most widely used smart city assessment tools and frameworks include:

2.3.1. Smart City Index

The Smart City Index (SCI), developed by the Institute for Management Development (IMD) and the Singapore University of Technology and Design, evaluates cities based on their smart infrastructure and technological integration. It assesses smart city development across key areas such as mobility, health and safety, governance, environment, and economic opportunities [37]. The ranking is based on both hard data and residents’ perceptions of how technology improves their quality of life. While the SCI provides a broad assessment of smart city capabilities, it primarily focuses on cities rather than neighborhoods [29]. Moreover, it does not account for region-specific sustainability challenges, making it less applicable as a standalone tool for evaluating smart and sustainable neighborhoods in Saudi Arabia.

2.3.2. ISO 37122: Indicators for Smart Cities

ISO 37122 [14] was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and provides a set of indicators to evaluate the smartness of cities. It focuses on elements like governance, infrastructure, mobility, economic growth, and environmental sustainability. ISO 37122 [14] aims to assist cities in measuring and enhancing their smart city initiatives by offering a clear framework for evaluating urban services and systems [29]. ISO 37122 [14] offers useful insights into the smartness of urban areas, but it lacks a specific framework for neighborhoods and is primarily focused on city-wide infrastructure and policies rather than localized, neighborhood-scale assessments.

2.4. Comparison of Global and Local Rating Systems

The review of existing rating systems presented in

Table 1. Comparison of global and local rating systems.

Rating System	Sustainability Focus	Smartness Focus	Key Limitations
LEED-ND	Strong focus on sustainability (land use, energy, walkability)	Some smart elements (transportation, energy grids)	Lacks IoT, AI, and criteria for smart technologies
BREEAM Communities	Assesses environmental, social, and economic sustainability	Encourages smart infrastructure, but does not provide a full smart rating	Lacks specific criteria for smart technologies and real-time monitoring
QSAS	Adapted for hot climates, evaluates sustainability factors	Does not include IoT or real-time monitoring	Not designed for smart city assessment
MOSTADAM (Saudi Arabia)	Focuses on sustainability for buildings and communities	No smart city or IoT integration	Lacks smart urban planning and digital transformation metrics
Pearl Rating System	Comprehensive sustainability assessment	Limited smart city integration	Does not incorporate IoT, AI, or real-time data analytics
Smart City Index (IMD)	No sustainability assessment	Focuses on city-wide smart initiatives	Not applicable to localized neighborhood evaluation
ISO 37122 [14]	Environmental, economic, and social indicators	Focuses on city-wide smart initiatives	Not applicable to neighborhood evaluation

shows a divide between sustainability- and technology-oriented frameworks. While global rating systems provide valuable insights, none address both dimensions at the neighborhood level, nor do they accommodate Saudi Arabia’s cultural or climatic context. This research seeks to add to the ongoing conversation around smart and sustainable urbanization in Saudi Arabia by presenting a tailored model that addresses the gap between global practices and local needs.

2.5. Cultural Context and Adaptation of Rating Systems in Saudi Arabia

The unique cultural, environmental, and socio-economic context of Saudi Arabia plays a significant role in shaping urban development within the country. In Saudi society, traditional values, family structures, and social cohesion are of utmost importance, and urban planning frameworks must reflect these priorities. Saudi Arabia’s rapid urbanization and commitment to Vision 2030 also bring forth new challenges that necessitate the adaptation of global rating systems to better align with local needs.

The current rating systems frequently overlook the unique cultural and environmental conditions present in Saudi Arabia. For instance, family-centric urban spaces, community engagement, and public safety are critical components that should be incorporated into the evaluation of smart and sustainable neighborhoods in Saudi Arabia. The desert climate, which brings extreme heat, limited water resources, and high energy demand, also requires a customized approach to energy efficiency and resource conservation.

Any rating system adopted in Saudi Arabia must also address the nation’s rapid technological advancements, which are central to Vision 2030. The digitalization of public services and the integration of smart technologies into daily life must be incorporated into these frameworks to ensure that smart city initiatives align with the needs and aspirations of Saudi citizens. This includes the integration of IoT, digital connectivity, and real-time data collection into the assessment of neighborhoods, allowing for a more dynamic and adaptable urban planning process.

3. Methodology

This section outlines the research design and methodology employed in developing a smart and sustainable neighborhood rating system. The section is divided into two main components: (i) the research methodology used to construct and refine the rating framework, and (ii) the platform development methodology to translate the framework into a functional assessment tool. Figure 1 is the graphical illustration of this study’s research approach.

3.1. Research Methodology

3.1.1. Research Design

This study follows a qualitative, exploratory approach. Since smart and sustainable urban development is still an emerging field in Saudi Arabia, this method allows for an in-depth exploration of international best practices and how they might be adapted to the Kingdom’s unique environmental, cultural, and regulatory context.

3.1.2. Data Collection

Data for indicator identification and framework development were collected from (i) Journal articles [38,39,40,41], (ii) International rating frameworks (e.g., LEED-ND, BREEAM Communities, ISO 37122 [14]), and (iii) Government policy documents (e.g., Saudi Vision 2030). Triangulation was achieved by analyzing the frequency, relevance, and adaptability of indicators across multiple sources for comparison and validation.

A structured indicator development process was adopted, comprising the following steps:

• Identification: Gathering of indicators from established international frameworks for smart and sustainable neighborhoods.
• Contextualization: Adaptation of indicators based on relevance to the Saudi Arabian context, using local planning policies and climate considerations as filters.
• Categorization: Organization of indicators into dimensions such as mobility, environment, governance, and livability.
• Validation: Indicators were validated against local documents and sustainability targets outlined in Vision 2030.

3.2. Platform Development Methodology

3.2.1. Development Strategy

The development of the platform utilized an integrated set of technologies, with each component serving a specific function in the overall system architecture, as shown in Figure 2. At the foundation, Excel was used to store indicator benchmarks and input data. Python served as the core processing engine, handling the scoring logic and data flow. To enable spatial visualization, geocoding was applied to map each neighborhood to its exact location using OpenStreetMap. Streamlit was implemented as the front-end interface to deliver a user-friendly web application.

3.2.2. Scoring System Design

Expert Survey

To ensure that the platform reflects local priorities and contextual relevance, an expert survey process was undertaken. This is to ensure that the selected categories and indicators are conceptually sound and contextually appropriate for application within Saudi Arabia. In addition to validating the framework, the survey aimed to derive the importance and relative weight of each category. This ensured that the scoring reflects the priorities relevant to the local context. Experts were selected based on their knowledge in fields directly related to smart and sustainable urban development. The inclusion criteria required: (i) Professional or academic experience in disciplines such as urban planning, sustainable architecture, smart city technologies, or environmental policy; (ii) familiarity with Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 framework and its implications for urban development. The expert validation was conducted through an individual online survey rather than group consultations, in order to capture independent assessment. A structured questionnaire was distributed to participants, which required them to evaluate: (i) the importance of categories and indicators within the rating system, (ii) potential revisions, removals, or additions to better align the framework with Saudi conditions. In total 35 experts participated in the validation process. The panel was multidisciplinary in nature comprising:

• Urban planners and designers from academic institutions and consultancy firms
• Architects and engineers with expertise in sustainable building practices
• Representatives from government and private sector entities engaged in housing, infrastructure and mobility development.

The participants were recruited through academic affiliations and targeted outreach to governmental agencies. This survey process aimed to strengthen the validity and reliability of the results by engaging a diverse pool of professionals with direct experience in Saudi Arabia’s urban development sector. Although the sample size is modest, the emphasis on the quality and relevance of participants’ expertise ensured that the findings were informed by context-specific knowledge.

Deriving Category Weights

Survey respondents rated different principles on a five-point Likert scale (1 = “Not important,” 5 = “Extremely important”), and the average ratings were used to derive the weights applied to each category in the scoring system.

For each principle, the mean score across all respondents was calculated:

$${Mean score}_i={\displaystyle \frac{{\sum }_{j=1}^n{Responses }_{ij}}{n}}$$

where

${Mean score}_i$ = average score for principle i

${Responses }_{ij}$= rating given by expert j to principle i

$n$ = number of respondents (35)

The mean scores of principles were then grouped under their respective categories (e.g., Environmental sustainability → Environment and Urban Resilience). The category mean was computed as the average of its indicators.

The weights were then derived by converting category means into percentages:

$${Weight}_c={\displaystyle \frac{{Mean score}_c}{{\sum Mean score}_{all}}} \times 100$$

where

${Weight}_c$ = weight of category c

${Mean score}_c$ = average of principle scores within category c

The final category weights are contained in

Table 2. Final Category Weights.

Category	Mean Score	Final Weight %
Environment and Urban Resilience	4.4	25%
Smart Infrastructure and Governance	4.1	20%
Mobility and Accessibility	4.4	25%
Quality of Life and Social Inclusion	3.7	15%
Economy and Innovation	3.7	15%

. The detailed final indicators data for the two real-life neighborhoods in Saudi Arabia are contained in

Table A2. Data for KAPSARC and KFUPM.

Indicator	KAPSARC	KFUPM
Residents living within 500 m of a park or green space (%)	100%	100%
Buildings designed with passive cooling or natural ventilation features (%)	0%	20%
Green spaces using drought-resistant or native plant species (%)	90%	30%
Presence of infrastructure designed for flood risk reduction (Y/N)	Yes	Yes
Properties in the neighborhood with access to high-speed fiber or 5G connectivity (%)	100%	100%
Total energy generated from renewable sources (%)	25%	15%
Presence of electronic waste recycling points or drop-off boxes (Y/N)	No	Yes
Area with restricted vehicle access (%)	25%	15%
Streets with pedestrian sidewalks and cycling lanes (%)	90%	50%
Public spaces under smart surveillance (%)	95%	90%
Average response time of emergency services (minutes)	7	8
Availability of upskilling or vocational programs within the neighborhood (Y/N)	Yes	Yes
Percentage of residents’ income spent on housing	0% (employer provided housing)	0% (employer provided housing)
Presence businesses using reuse/recycling or zero waste practices (Y/N)	Yes	Yes
Number of co-working/innovation spaces/research parks	5	5

.

Scoring Logic

The indicators in the framework were assigned a benchmark score to provide a reference point for evaluating neighborhood performance. Benchmark values were derived from a combination of international and national sources, including global organizations such as the United Nations, World Health Organization, and Saudi Arabian government data/reports on urban development, infrastructure, and social services. The scoring for the indicators is binary:

1 point = benchmark met or exceeded

0 points = benchmark not met

$$Indicator score=\left\{\begin{array}{l}1 if benchmark met\\ 0 if benchmark not met\end{array}\right.$$

For each category, the indicator scores are averaged to produce a category performance score:

$$Category score={\displaystyle \frac{ \sum Indicator scores}{Total indicators in category}}$$

The category score is then multiplied by its category weight from the Table 2

$$Weighted score=Category score\times Category weight$$

The final score is obtained by summing the weighted scores across all categories

$$Final Score=\sum _{c=1}^5{Category score}_c\times {Category weight}_c$$

The final score determines the certification level according to the predefined threshold.

4. Results

4.1. Framework

4.1.1. Framework Formulation

The categories and indicators used in this smart and sustainable neighborhood rating system were derived through a structured synthesis of both global best practices and national strategic priorities. International and local sustainability frameworks provided foundational guidance on environmental performance, green buildings, and community well-being. Smart city dimensions were integrated to emphasize digital infrastructure, real-time monitoring, and technology-enabled services. Importantly, the framework was localized by aligning with Saudi Vision 2030, incorporating themes such as livability, innovation, economic diversification, and digital governance. Figure 3 illustrates the conceptual foundations derived from each framework. The result is a cohesive, category-based structure that reflects both international standards and local development goals, ensuring the framework is globally informed and contextually relevant. It consists of five main categories representing the pillars of a smart and sustainable neighborhood: (i) Environment and Urban Resilience, (ii) Smart Infrastructure and Governance, (iii) Mobility and Accessibility, (iv) Quality of Life and Social Inclusion, and (v) Economy and Innovation.

These categories provide a basis for assessing neighborhood performance across physical, technological, social, and institutional dimensions.

4.1.2. Proposed Framework

The final framework includes 54 indicators across the five categories, each accompanied by a measurable criterion. The indicators serve as the backbone of the rating system, enabling an objective assessment of a neighborhood’s smartness and sustainability.

• Environment and Urban Resilience: The preservation of the environment and natural resources is both a moral responsibility and a strategic objective outlined in Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030. The Environment and Urban Resilience category aligns with this national agenda by promoting neighborhood-level practices that support ecological health, environmental quality, and climate adaptability. It highlights the importance of integrating green building principles and passive design strategies to address environmental challenges such as extreme heat, flooding, desertification, and pollution. This category aims to foster neighborhoods that are healthy and capable of withstanding long-term environmental stresses, thereby contributing to the Kingdom’s broader goals of sustainability. The selected indicators for the Environment and Urban Resilience category are outlined in

  Table 3. Indicators for evaluating the Environment and Urban Resilience category.

  Category	Sub-Category	Indicator	Description
  Environment and Urban Resilience	Urban planning	Mixed-use development	Ratio of mixed-use developments per neighborhood
  		Heat mitigation strategies	% of streets with shading, cool pavements, and greenery
  		Heat resilient infrastructure	% neighborhood infrastructure designed with heat and sandstorm-resistant materials
  		Flood management systems	Presence of infrastructure within the neighborhood designed for flood risk reduction (e.g., drainage, retention basins, permeable pavements) Y/N
  	Green buildings	Green building certifications	Percentage of buildings in the neighborhood certified under recognized green building standards
  		Building retrofitting	% of older buildings retrofitted for energy efficiency
  		Passive design features	% of buildings designed with passive cooling or natural ventilation features
  	Air quality	Environmental monitoring	% of the neighborhood area monitored by real-time environmental sensors (air, noise, pollution)
  	Green spaces and biodiversity	Urban green cover	% of total neighborhood area covered by vegetation or landscaped green spaces
  		Parks and public spaces accessibility	% of residents living within 500 m walking distance of a public park or green open space
  		Native and adaptive planting	% of green spaces using drought-resistant or native plant species

  .
• Smart Infrastructure and Governance: Vision 2030 envisions a digitally advanced and efficiently governed nation, where technology plays a key role in enhancing urban life. The Smart Infrastructure and Governance category supports these goals by encouraging neighborhoods to adopt intelligent systems that improve service delivery, connectivity, and urban management. This includes the integration of digital tools for energy and water efficiency, real-time data monitoring, and responsive infrastructure capable of addressing residents’ needs. This category contributes to the national goal of building smarter, more resilient, and future-oriented communities by fostering digital readiness and innovation at the neighborhood level. The selected indicators for the Smart Infrastructure and Governance category are presented in

  Table 4. Indicators for evaluating the Smart Infrastructure and Governance category.

  Category	Sub-Category	Indicator	Description
  Smart Infrastructure and Governance	Smart utility metering	Smart energy and water meters	% of properties with integrated smart meters for energy and water usage tracking
  		Leak detection	Presence of automated leak detection systems Y/N
  		Greywater systems	% of buildings equipped with greywater recycling systems
  	Smart waste systems	Sensor-based collection	Presence of sensor-based bins for waste management Y/N
  		Waste separation	% of public spaces equipped with recycling bins
  		Organic composting	Presence of community composting systems Y/N
  		Electronic waste management	Presence of electronic waste recycling collection points or drop-off boxes Y/N
  	Energy efficiency	Smart street lighting	Presence of adaptive lighting controls Y/N
  		Building energy consumption	Average energy consumption per m2 across residential and commercial buildings
  		Renewable energy use	% of total energy generated from renewable sources (e.g., rooftop solar panels)
  	Connectivity and data	Public Wi-Fi access	% Wi-Fi coverage in public spaces
  		5G and fiber connectivity	% of properties in the neighborhood with access to high-speed fiber or 5G connectivity

  .
• Mobility and Accessibility: This category focuses on creating neighborhoods that are inclusive, well-connected, and easy to navigate. It promotes a shift toward more sustainable and people-centered modes of transportation by encouraging walkability, safe cycling infrastructure, and access to reliable transit options. Reducing dependence on private vehicles helps to minimize traffic congestion and environmental impact, while improving public health and overall quality of life. This category supports the development of urban environments that prioritize accessibility, safety, and efficiency for all residents, regardless of age, ability, or socioeconomic background. The selected indicators for the Mobility and Accessibility category are presented in

  Table 5. Indicators for evaluating the Mobility and Accessibility category.

  Category	Sub-Category	Indicator	Description
  Mobility and Accessibility	Sustainable transport	Public transport coverage	% of residents living within 800 m walking distance of a public transport stop
  		Pedestrian and cycling infrastructure	% of streets with dedicated pedestrian sidewalks and cycling lanes
  		Smart traffic management	Use of AI for congestion and signal control Y/N
  		EV infrastructure	Number of charging stations per 1000 residents
  		Car-free zones	% of district with restricted vehicle access
  		Unified mobility app	Existence of a unified digital platform for accessing local public and shared transport services. Y/N

  .
• Quality of Life and Social Inclusion: This category emphasizes the creation of inclusive, safe, and engaging neighborhood environments that enhance the well-being of all residents, aligning with the “vibrant society” pillar of Vision 2030. It reflects the Kingdom’s commitment to strengthening social cohesion, promoting cultural heritage, and improving access to essential services such as education, healthcare, and public safety. The category supports the preservation of national identity through the protection of heritage sites and the organization of cultural events that celebrate Saudi traditions. It also encourages community engagement in local decision-making, the integration of digital platforms for civic participation, and universal accessibility for people of all abilities. This category contributes to building connected and resilient neighborhoods that embody the values of compassion, inclusion, and cultural pride envisioned in Vision 2030. The selected indicators for the Quality of Life and Social Inclusion category are outlined in

  Table 6. Indicators for evaluating the Quality of Life and Social Inclusion category.

  Category	Sub-Category	Indicator	Description
  Quality of life and Social Inclusion	Safety and security	Surveillance coverage	% of public spaces under smart surveillance
  		Emergency response time	Average response time of emergency services
  		Crime rates	Number of reported crimes per 1000 residents annually
  		Fire and disaster safety compliance	% of residential and commercial buildings compliant with fire and life safety standards
  	Cultural identity and heritage	Cultural events	Number of heritage and cultural events annually
  		Protected heritage sites	% of cultural/historic landmarks preserved
  	Community engagement and inclusion	Public participation	% of local planning and development decisions that incorporate resident input
  		Community events	Number of public events annually
  		Digital feedback tools	Availability of digital platform or mobile apps for residents to submit feedback on local services Y/N
  		Universal accessibility	% of public areas accessible to disabled people
  	Education	Access to education	% of population within 1 km of schools
  		Smart learning infrastructure	Availability of digital classrooms Y/N
  		Access to lifelong learning	Presence upskilling and vocational programs within the neighborhood
  	Health and well-being	Proximity to health services	% of residents within 1 km of a hospital/clinic
  		Smart healthcare services	Availability of telemedicine services Y/N

  .
• Economy and Innovation: This category supports Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 objective to build a thriving economy driven by innovation, entrepreneurship, and local opportunity. It emphasizes the importance of fostering economic activity at the neighborhood level by promoting access to employment, encouraging small businesses, and supporting digital and creative industries. The category recognizes the role of local innovation hubs, co-working spaces, and digital infrastructure in attracting talent and enabling knowledge-based growth. It also encourages the integration of emerging technologies and entrepreneurial initiatives that align with national strategies for economic diversification. By embedding innovation into the fabric of neighborhood development, this category contributes to creating dynamic, future-ready communities that support both economic resilience and social advancement. The selected indicators for the Economy and Innovation category are presented in

  Table 7. Indicators for evaluating the Economy and Innovation category.

  Category	Sub-Category	Indicator	Description
  Economy and Innovation	Economic development	Local business growth	% increase in startups per year
  		Employment rate	% employed working-age population
  		Economic diversity	% of local businesses distributed across multiple economic sectors (e.g., retail, technology, tourism, services, manufacturing)
  		Housing affordability	% of income spent on housing (including utilities)
  	Digital startups	E-commerce readiness	% of businesses with digital services
  		Smart tech startups	% of startups offering smart city solutions
  	Circular economy	Zero-waste practices	Availability of businesses using reuse/recycling or zero waste practices
  	Innovation ecosystem	Emerging tech use	Presence of AI, blockchain, IoT in government or infrastructure Y/N
  		Urban innovation hubs	Number of co-working/innovation spaces/research parks
  		Innovation credit	Exceptional innovative project/solution

  .

4.2. Proposed Platform (HayyScore)

Based on the smart and sustainable neighborhood assessment framework formulated in Section 4.1, the HayyScore platform was developed. Hayy, meaning “neighborhood” in Arabic, serves as the inspiration behind the platform’s name. This platform serves as a practical tool to translate the framework into an interactive, user-friendly digital solution. The platform is designed to support urban stakeholders, such as planners, consultants, and developers, in evaluating neighborhood performance across key sustainability and smartness dimensions. HayyScore allows users to input data through structured forms or dropdown selections, which are then processed to assign scores to each indicator based on predefined qualitative and quantitative criteria. These scores are aggregated across categories, generating an overall score that determines the neighborhood’s certification level.

The results are visually displayed through charts, feedback summaries, and certification badges, while a dashboard interface enables users to compare and rank multiple neighborhoods. In this prototype version of HayyScore, 15 representative indicators were selected from the full framework to demonstrate the core scoring and certification logic in a streamlined and time-efficient manner. However, the platform is fully scalable and capable of integrating the complete set of indicators to provide a comprehensive assessment in future iterations.

The 15 indicators were systematically selected from the full set of 54 based on their relevance to the Saudi context, the availability of benchmark data, and the corresponding data from the neighborhood being assessed. This selective approach ensured that the prototype platform could effectively demonstrate its scoring and evaluation process using measurable and contextually valid indicators, while the remaining indicators are retained for inclusion in future iterations as data accessibility improves.

Platform Walkthrough

To demonstrate how the HayyScore platform functions in practice, this section walks through each page, evaluating two neighborhoods in Saudi Arabia—KAPSARC and KFUPM. The walkthrough below highlights how the user interacts with each section of the platform, from starting the assessment to inputting data, viewing dashboard outputs, and exploring rankings.

• Landing Page: The platform opens a landing page with the platform’s name, HayyScore (Figure 4), at the center of the screen and a single button labeled “Start Assessment”.
• Submitting Neighborhood Data: After clicking the start assessment button, the user is directed to the input page, where they are asked to provide neighborhood details and indicator data. At the top of the page (Figure 5), the user enters: Neighborhood Name: KAPSARC, Region: Riyadh Province (selected from a dropdown menu), City: Riyadh (typed manually).

Below (Figure 6), the page is divided into five sections, representing the main categories: (i) Environment and Urban Resilience, (ii) Smart infrastructure and Governance, (iii) Mobility and Accessibility, (iv) Quality of life and Social Inclusion, and (v) Economy and Innovation. Each section includes a set of indicators with descriptions and fields to enter either numeric values or yes/no selections. These inputs form the basis for the neighborhood’s performance evaluation.

In this example, the user inputs data reflecting KASPSARC’s current urban development characteristics. Once all required fields for the indicators are completed, the form is submitted to trigger the scoring and visualization process.

3.

Dashboard Page: After submission, the user is redirected to the neighborhood’s dashboard. This page provides (see Figure 7 and Figure 8) an immediate and comprehensive visual summary of the neighborhood’s performance: (i) A header displays the neighborhood’s name, region, and city, (ii) A donut chart highlights the total score (83.3/100) and certification level (Gold), (iii) A bar chart shows individual category scores, helping identify strengths and areas for improvement, (iv) An interactive map, using OpenStreetMap, visualizes the location based on user inputs.

4.

Scoring System: The smart and sustainable neighborhood rating system in this prototype employs a weighted, points-based method to evaluate neighborhood performance across the five categories, using a simplified set of 15 representative indicators. These indicators were selected from the full 54-indicator framework to demonstrate the platform’s scoring and certification logic in a manageable and time-efficient manner.

Each of the 15 indicators contributes 1 point if fulfilled, resulting in a maximum raw score of 15 points. To ensure that the evaluation reflects both expert judgment and local development priorities, the platform applies category weights derived from a stakeholder survey. Experts rated the relative importance of each category, and their responses were converted into proportional weights to give more influence to categories deemed most critical, as shown in

Table 8. Category weight distribution.

Category	Weight (%)
Environment and Urban Resilience	25%
Smart Infrastructure and Governance	20%
Mobility and Accessibility	25%
Quality of Life and Social Inclusion	15%
Economy and Innovation	15%

.

When users input data for each indicator, the platform evaluates each value against predefined benchmarks, drawn from a mix of international and local standards. Each indicator is then scored from 0 to 100, reflecting its performance.

The scoring process follows three key steps:

• Normalize indicator scores based on benchmark alignment (0–100 scale)
• Calculate the average score per category
• Apply category weights to compute the final score: weighted score = ∑ (category score × category weight)

The result is a total score out of 100, which forms the basis for certification and ranking. In KAPSARC’s case, the platform calculated a total score of 70.4, which is a weighted average of all category-level scores.

5.

Certification Levels: The platform translates the total weighted score into a certification level using a five-tiered system. Each tier reflects a range of performance aligned with the overall objectives of smart and sustainable development, as shown in

Table 9. Certification Levels.

Certification Level	Certification Badge	Score Range	Meaning
Platinum		85–100	Elite leadership in smart and sustainable development
Gold		70–84	Strong performance aligned with best practices
Silver		55–69	Good performance, with room for improvement
Certified		40–54	Meets minimum smart and sustainable criteria
No Certification		0–39	Does not meet required standards

.

To promote continuous progress, the platform also calculates the additional points needed for a neighborhood to reach the next tier, encouraging stakeholders to set performance improvement goals. KAPSARC’s score of 70.4% places it in the gold tier, indicating it meets many of the standards but still has notable room for improvement, particularly in infrastructure and governance, which could be enough to achieve platinum certification.

6.

Ranking Page: Finally, the user visits the rankings page (Figure 9), where the evaluated neighborhood is listed in a sortable table. Each entry includes the neighborhood name, region and city, score, and certification level.

The user can stop here or enter a new neighborhood. This feature allows multiple neighborhoods to be entered and compared based on the ranking (see Figure 10).

5. Discussion

This section interprets the findings presented in Section 4 in light of the comprehensive literature review. It evaluates the strengths of the proposed framework and HayyScore platform, critically reflects on its alignment with global and local practices, and explores the practical potential for implementation in Saudi Arabia.

5.1. Localizing Global Framework

Developing the smart and sustainable neighborhood framework is an important step toward aligning global best practices with the unique priorities of Saudi Arabia. As highlighted in the literature [15,29], adaptation to local spatial, cultural, and governance contexts is essential for the success of smart city and neighborhood initiatives.

The five-category structure of the framework reflects a well-rounded view of what contributes to smart and sustainable neighborhoods, in line with approaches discussed in the literature [25,27]. Instead of concentrating on a single aspect, it thoughtfully combines environmental, social, technological, and economic factors into an integrated model. This helps overcome the limitations seen in systems like QSAS and MOSTADAM, which often overlook the importance of smart technologies in urban development [21,33].

By embedding indicators that respond specifically to Saudi Arabia’s climatic challenges, cultural traditions, and rapid digital transformation ambitions under Vision 2030, HayyScore delivers a framework that is not only globally informed but contextually relevant. It aligns with calls for neighborhood-scale assessments that consider institutional and governance pillars alongside environmental and social factors [17,27].

5.2. Advantage over Existing Tools

A significant contribution of HayyScore is its integration of smart technology indicators that are often missing in traditional sustainability rating systems [13,24]. The framework moves beyond the smart-versus-sustainable debate by offering a synthesis that captures the dynamic interplay between technology and sustainability at the neighborhood level. Furthermore, HayyScore includes socio-cultural dimensions, recognizing that the success of smart neighborhoods depends on resident participation, cultural preservation, and social cohesion, which are often overlooked in international tools [26,42]. This focus resonates with Vision 2030’s Vibrant Society pillar, emphasizing family values, heritage, and community engagement. The framework’s attention to climate-specific challenges, such as heat mitigation, water scarcity, and desert-adapted landscaping, also addresses environmental realities unique to Saudi Arabia, which many global systems fail to incorporate [21].

Unlike existing tools such as LEED-ND or BREEM communities, which primarily emphasize environmental performance, HayyScore integrates smart infrastructure, governance, and cultural adaptability within a unified evaluation model. It also bridges the gap between international best practices and local policy frameworks, enabling a more contextually grounded and operationally relevant assessment for Saudi neighborhoods.

5.3. Implementation in Saudi Arabia

The implementation of HayyScore has significant implications for urban policy and real estate field in Saudi Arabia. It offers a practical tool that urban consultants and developers can use to guide design decisions and monitor progress. Its alignment with Vision 2030 reinforces its relevance, particularly in relation to national goals for smart governance, sustainable development, and regional equity.

In this prototype version of HayyScore, 15 representative indicators were selected from the full framework to demonstrate the core scoring and certification logic in a streamlined and time-efficient manner. However, the platform is fully scalable and capable of integrating the complete set of 54 indicators to provide a comprehensive assessment in future iterations. This scalability ensures that HayyScore can evolve alongside emerging data availability and stakeholder needs. In addition to that, by integrating culturally relevant indicators such as heritage site preservation and community event participation, the platform supports the social fabric of Saudi neighborhoods. This addresses critiques that many global smart frameworks neglect local values, traditions, and informal dynamics [26,42].

While the research presents a practical contribution to urban evaluation in the Saudi context, certain limitations must be acknowledged. The framework was developed using secondary sources, expert surveys, and testing the platform across multiple neighborhoods. These steps provided an initial level of empirical validation, ensuring that the indicators and scoring logic are grounded in both theory and practice. However, broader empirical testing remains necessary to further validate and refine the framework’s applicability across diverse urban contexts in Saudi Arabia.

Additionally, the platform currently relies on user-submitted data, which introduces risks related to accuracy, consistency, and potential bias. Without a built-in verification mechanism, the results may be skewed. Future research should focus on expanding the application of HayyScore by integrating real-time data collection methods, such as IoT sensors and GIS platforms, to improve the accuracy and timeliness of assessments while reducing reliance on manual input. Additionally, the platform’s policy relevance would be strengthened by developing third-party verification processes, establishing minimum baseline criteria for certification, and integrating the framework within municipal planning systems. The following roadmap outlines key areas of advancement:

• Expansion of indicators:
  • Gradually integrate the remaining indicators to move from the current 15 toward the full set of 54.
• Improved data collection:
  • Reduce reliance on manual user inputs by integrating IoT sensors, GIS platforms, and open data sources.
  • Develop mechanisms for real-time monitoring of environmental, mobility, and infrastructure metrics.
• Verification and certification:
  • Implement third-party verification to strengthen credibility
  • Define minimum baseline thresholds for certification to ensure that neighborhoods meet fundamental sustainability and smartness criteria before being ranked.
  • Explore institutional partnerships to align HayyScore with municipal planning systems.
• Platform design
  • Provide tailored feedback and recommendations for each neighborhood

6. Conclusions

This study set out to address a growing gap in the evaluation of smart and sustainable urban development at the neighborhood level within Saudi Arabia. Global sustainability frameworks and smart city assessment tools offer useful foundations for evaluating environmental and technological performance. However, they often fail to address the spatial, climatic, and cultural realities of specific national contexts. In Saudi Arabia, the combination of rapid urban expansion, extreme environmental conditions, and an ambitious national digital transformation agenda necessitates the creation of a localized and adaptable framework that measures sustainability and also captures the evolving smartness of neighborhoods.

To respond to this need, the research developed an evaluation framework designed specifically to assess the smart and sustainable performance of Saudi neighborhoods. The framework consists of five categories: (i) Environment and Urban Resilience, (ii) Smart Infrastructure and Governance, (iii) Mobility and Accessibility, (iv) Quality of Life and Social Inclusion, and (v) Economy and Innovation. Within these categories, the indicators were selected to evaluate a range of physical, technological, social, and institutional factors that together define the performance of a smart and sustainable neighborhood. The framework was operationalized through the development of the HayyScore platform, which features automated dashboards, ranking systems, and category-level breakdowns to facilitate comparative analysis and decision making.

In conclusion, this study offers a step towards operationalizing smart and sustainable neighborhood assessment in Saudi Arabia. By combining global frameworks with local priorities and providing a scalable digital platform, it lays the groundwork for more informed, inclusive, and future-ready urban development in the Kingdom.