Urban Green Spaces and Their Need in Cities of Rapidly Urbanizing India: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sources of Information for the Review
3. Identification of Key Problems
3.1. Adverse Impacts of Unplanned Urbanization
3.2. Challenges in Creating Green Spaces in Unplanned Urbanization
3.3. Challenges with the Creation of Green Spaces
3.4. Problems of Urban Water Supply and Sanitation
4. Solution Strategies
4.1. Provisioning and Creation of Urban Green Spaces
4.2. Water Management for Urban Green Spaces
4.3. Wastewater Treatment and Use for Urban Green Spaces
- Preliminary treatment by rotating micro screens
- Vortex grit chambers
- Lagoons treatment (anaerobic, facultative and polishing), including recent developments in improving lagoons performance
- Anaerobic treatment processes viz. anaerobic lagoons, up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors, anaerobic filters and anaerobic piston reactor
- Physicochemical processes such as chemically enhanced primary treatment
- Constructed wetlands
- Stabilization reservoirs for wastewater reuse and other purposes
- Overland flow
- Infiltration-percolation
- Septic tanks
- Submarine and large rivers outfalls
4.4. Carbon Sequestration
4.4.1. Carbon Sequestration Potential
4.4.2. Main Plants Grown in Indian Cities and Their Carbon Sequestration Potential
5. Role of Wastewater Management in Urban Green Spaces
5.1. Perspectives of Green Spaces in ‘Smart Cities’ of India
5.2. Treatment and Non Potable Reuse of Wastewater
5.3. Outlook for Urban Green Spaces through Reuse of Treated Wastewater
Wetland Option for Treated Wastewater
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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City | Population in Millions | Population Density (km−2) | Geographical Area (km2) | Green Cover % (in km2; 2017) | Per Capita Green Space (m2; 2018) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delhi | 28.50 | 12,591 | 1484.00 | 20.00 (296.80) | 10.41 |
Mumbai | 23.50 | 20,482 | 603.00 | 36.48 (220.00) | 9.36 |
Kolkata | 15.20 | 24,400 | 1380.00 | 7.30 (100.74) | 6.61 |
Bangalore | 13.90 | 4381 | 2196.00 | 2.09 (46.03) | 3.31 |
Hyderabad | 11.57 | 18,480 | 650.00 | 1.66 (10.79) | 0.93 |
Chennai | 9.88 | 14,350 | 1189.00 | 15.00 (178.35) | 18.05 |
Ahmedabad | 8.41 | 9900 | 464.00 | 17.00 (78.88) | 9.38 |
Surat | 6.55 | 1376 | 326.50 | 11.84 (38.66) | 5.90 |
Gandhinagar | 6.33 | 660 | 649.00 | 54.00(188.46) | 29.77 |
Jaipur | 3.71 | 598 | 467.00 | 5.43 (24.75) | 6.67 |
Nagpur | 2.94 | 11,000 | 285.90 | 18.00 (51.42) | 17.49 |
Mysore | 1.70 | 6911 | 128.40 | 20.19 (25.92) | 15.25 |
Chandigarh | 1.05 | 9252 | 114.00 | 35.00(39.90) | 38.00 |
City | Green Space (%) | Major Plant Species |
---|---|---|
New Delhi | 11.90 | Banyan tree, Peepal tree, Bael, Jamun, Ber, Arjun |
Mumbai | 6.20 | Bhendi tree, Banyan trees, Tamarind tree, Coconut palm, Paral tree, Padauk trees, Mahogany tree, Cajuput tree, Baobab tree, Star Apple, Baobab tree, Peltophorum tree, Gulmohar tree |
Chennai | 7.50 | Sansiveria, Dieffenbachia, Dracaena, Spider plant, Earth star, Money plant, Pothos, Syngonium |
Hyderabad | 1.66 | Bougainvillea, Neerium, Adeneum, Lantana, Euphorbia russelia |
Bengaluru | 2.96 | Australian wattle, Butterfly tree, Red silk-cotton tree, Popcorn bush cedar, Coconut palm, Gulmohur, Indian cork tree, Indian elm, Teak, Silver oak, Orange champak |
Kolkata | 7.30 | Neem, Peepal, Banyan, Radhachura, Krishnachura, Tamarind, Coconut, Betelnut tree |
Pune | 1.40 | Cadamb, Tetu, Awala, Chandan, Tamhan, Muchkund, Cadamb, Kanchan, Putranjiva, Semla Kanchan, Kapila, Murudsheng Ritha, Undi |
Panaji | 10.00 | Coconut, Teak, Sal, Cashew, Mango, Jackfruit tree |
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Ramaiah, M.; Avtar, R. Urban Green Spaces and Their Need in Cities of Rapidly Urbanizing India: A Review. Urban Sci. 2019, 3, 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030094
Ramaiah M, Avtar R. Urban Green Spaces and Their Need in Cities of Rapidly Urbanizing India: A Review. Urban Science. 2019; 3(3):94. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030094
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamaiah, Manish, and Ram Avtar. 2019. "Urban Green Spaces and Their Need in Cities of Rapidly Urbanizing India: A Review" Urban Science 3, no. 3: 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030094