Promoting Crowdsourcing for Urban Research: Cycling Safety Citizen Science in Four Cities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Areas and Time Frame
2.2. Promotion
2.3. BikeMaps.org Use
2.3.1. Web Sessions and Users
2.3.2. Incident Reporting
2.4. High-Use Events
2.5. Community Context
2.5.1. Mode Share
2.5.2. Cycling Facilities
2.5.3. Questionnaires
3. Results
3.1. Promotion
3.2. BikeMaps.org Use
3.3. High-Use Events
3.4. Community Context
3.4.1. Mode Share
3.4.2. Bicycle Facilities
3.4.3. Attitudes towards Cycling
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
City | Start | End | Number of Days | Events | Sessions | Incidents | Collisions | Near Misses | Hazards | Thefts | Complete Demographic Information | Median Age | Female |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Edmonton | 22 April 2016 | 2 May 2016 | 11 | Run, Walk, Ride; MEC Facebook post | 174 | 10 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 0.33 | 42 | 0.5 |
18 May 2016 | 19 May 2016 | 2 | NA | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
26 May 2016 | 26 May 2016 | 1 | NA | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
13 June 2016 | 17 June 2016 | 5 | Swag; EBC Presentation | 133 | 24 | 2 | 9 | 10 | 3 | 0.52 | 32 | 0.27 | |
21 June 2016 | 24 June 2016 | 4 | NA | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
30 June 2016 | 5 July 2016 | 6 | EBC Newsletter | 66 | 19 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 1 | 0.44 | 34 | 0.62 | |
11 July 2016 | 11 July 2016 | 1 | NA | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
15 July 2016 | 15 July 2016 | 1 | NA | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
4 August 2016 | 5 August 2016 | 2 | Facebook ad. | 15 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 60 | 1 | |
11 August 2016 | 15 August 2016 | 5 | Paths for People Twitter | 31 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 41.5 | 1 | |
25 August 2016 | 29 August 2016 | 5 | Troubadour Cycles FB | 43 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |||
17 September 2016 | 21 September 2016 | 5 | NA | 17 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 28 | 0 | |
27 September 2016 | 28 September 2016 | 2 | NA | 15 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 40 | 0 | |
Ottawa | 28 April 2016 | 12 May 2016 | 15 | MEC Facebook post | 238 | 31 | 2 | 8 | 20 | 1 | 0.37 | 49 | 0.36 |
17 May 2016 | 17 May 2016 | 1 | NA | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
23 June 2016 | 27 June 2016 | 5 | Ottawa launch | 63 | 11 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 0 | 0.73 | 35.5 | 0.12 | |
12 July 2016 | 20 July 2016 | 9 | Seat cover blitz | 142 | 24 | 2 | 6 | 14 | 2 | 0.68 | 33 | 0.33 | |
2 August 2016 | 3 August 2016 | 2 | Seat cover blitz | 34 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
22 August 2016 | 26 August 2016 | 5 | City of Ottawa email | 256 | 65 | 12 | 25 | 24 | 4 | 0.67 | 38 | 0.34 | |
29 August 2016 | 2 September 2016 | 5 | NA | 68 | 10 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0.7 | 33 | 0.43 | |
6 September 2016 | 8 September 2016 | 3 | NA | 73 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0.6 | 38 | 0.33 | |
12 December 2016 | 15 December 2016 | 4 | MetroNews | 99 | 11 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 0.9 | 51 | 0 | |
Victoria | 26 April 2016 | 4 May 2016 | 9 | MEC Facebook post | 172 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0.56 | 51 | 0.6 |
10 May 2016 | 13 May 2016 | 4 | Pre-Bike to Work Week | 55 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
16 May 2016 | 3 June 2016 | 19 | Saanich news; Bike to work week; | 349 | 37 | 7 | 20 | 5 | 5 | 0.75 | 32 | 0.32 | |
6 June 2016 | 10 June 2016 | 5 | NA | 78 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 48.5 | 0.5 | |
19 June 2016 | 24 June 2016 | 6 | NA | 102 | 8 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0.88 | 51 | 0.14 | |
22 August 2016 | 25 August 2016 | 4 | NA | 52 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |||
19 September 2016 | 24 September 2016 | 6 | NA | 118 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0.43 | 26 | 0.75 | |
17 October 2016 | 18 October2016 | 2 | NA | 28 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |||
11 January 2017 | 13 January 2017 | 3 | Times Colonist | 150 | 25 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0.6 | 41 | 0.31 | |
Kelowna | 19 April 2016 | 20 April 2016 | 2 | NA | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
25 April 2016 | 2 May 2016 | 8 | MEC Facebook post | 40 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||
9 May 2016 | 9 May 2016 | 1 | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
12 May 2016 | 12 May 2016 | 1 | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
16 May 2016 | 16 May 2016 | 1 | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
19 May 2016 | 19 May 2016 | 1 | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
26 May 2016 | 27 May 2016 | 2 | NA | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
30 May 2016 | 2 June 2016 | 4 | NA | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
20 June 2016 | 20 June 2016 | 1 | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
11 July 2016 | 11 July 2016 | 1 | NA | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
25 July 2016 | 25 July 2016 | 1 | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
22 August 2016 | 22 August 2016 | 1 | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
28 August 2016 | 28 August 2016 | 1 | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
1 September 2016 | 1 September 2016 | 1 | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
15 September 2016 | 15 September 2016 | 1 | NA | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
23 September 2016 | 27 September 2016 | 5 | NA | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
14 October 2016 | 14 October 2016 | 1 | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
17 October 2016 | 25 October 2016 | 9 | NA | 11 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 47 | 0 | |
22 November 2016 | 23 November 2016 | 2 | NA | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
26 November 2016 | 26 November 2016 | 1 | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
6 December 2016 | 6 December 2016 | 1 | NA | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
11 January 2017 | 11 January 2017 | 1 | NA | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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Cycling Facility | OSM Query | Attributes |
---|---|---|
Separated bike lane | highway = cycleway AND foot = no AND surface != (dirt OR gravel OR ground) | -Space for cyclists only: no pedestrians or automobile traffic. -Surface is improved (to distinguish from recreational trails). -Physical separation |
Painted bike lane | highway = * AND cycleway = lane | -Lines painted on a road shared with automobiles. |
Local street bikeway | Highway = * AND cycleway:shared | -Space shared with automobiles, usually indicated by signs or painted markings on the road (“sharrows”). |
Multi-use trail | (highway = cycleway OR highway = path OR highway = footway) AND (bicycle = designated AND foot = designated) OR (bicycle = yes AND foot = yes) AND (surface = (dirt OR gravel OR ground) | -Space shared between cyclists and pedestrians. -Intended to represent major shared paths, but also includes small sections of connecting trail. -Surface is improved (to distinguish from recreational trails) |
City | Date | Description | Lead | Medium | Audience | Key |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Edmonton | 2016-04-23 | Run, Walk, Ride | Team | In person | Cyclists | |
2016-04-28 | MEC 1 Facebook post | Other | Social | General | ||
2016-06-11 | Ritchie Bike Day | Team | In person | Cyclists | ||
2016-06-12 | Bike to Market | Team | In person | Cyclists | ||
2016-06-13 | Swag | Team | In person | Cyclists | ||
2016-06-14 | EBC 2 Presentation | Team | In person | Cyclists | ||
2016-07-01 | EBC 2 Newsletter | Team | Cyclists | |||
2016-07-30 | Heritage Festival | Team | In person | General | ||
2016-08-04 | Facebook advertisement | Team | Social | General | ||
2016-08-11 | Paths for People Twitter | Other | Social | Cyclists | ||
2016-08-18 | SnapChat Geo-filter | Team | Social | General | ||
2016-08-25 | Troubadour Cycles FB 3 | Other | Social | Cyclists | ||
Ottawa | 2016-04-28 | MEC 1 Facebook post | Other | Social | General | |
2016-06-02 | Ottawa launch | Team | In person | Cyclists | ||
2016-07-12 | Seat cover blitz | Team | In person | Cyclists | ||
2016-08-02 | Seat cover blitz | Team | In person | Cyclists | ||
2016-08-22 | City of Ottawa Email | Other | Social | Cyclists | ||
2016-10-14 | Seat cover blitz | Team | In person | Cyclists | ||
2016-12-12 | MetroNews | Other | General | |||
Victoria | 2016-04-28 | MEC 1 Facebook post | Outside | Social | General | |
2016-05-12 | Pre-Bike to Work Week | Team | In person | Cyclists | ||
2016-05-19 | Saanich news | Other | General | |||
2016-05-25 | Commuter challenge | Team | In person | Cyclists | ||
2016-05-30 | Bike to work week | Team | In person | Cyclists | ||
2016-05-31 | Bike to work week (Colwood) | Team | In person | Cyclists | ||
2016-05-31 | Bike to work week (UVic 4) | Team | In person | Cyclists | ||
2016-06-01 | Bike to work week (Saanich) | Team | In person | Cyclists | ||
2016-06-02 | Bike to work week (Blenkinsop) | Team | In person | Cyclists | ||
2016-06-02 | Bike to work week (UVic 4) | Team | In person | Cyclists | ||
2017-01-10 | Times Colonist | Other | General | |||
Kelowna | 2016-04-28 | MEC 1 Facebook post | Other | Social | General |
Metric | Edmonton | Ottawa | Victoria | Kelowna |
---|---|---|---|---|
Date of first team-led event | 23 April 2016 | 2 June 2016 | 12 May 2016 | NA/ |
Medium: In Person | 6 | 4 | 8 | 0 |
Medium: Social | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Medium: Print | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Audience: Cyclists | 8 | 4 | 8 | 0 |
Audience: General | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
Total | 12 | 6 | 11 | 1 |
Description | Edmonton | Ottawa | Victoria | Kelowna |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total sessions over study period | 880 | 1661 | 2281 | 100 |
Maximum number daily sessions | 61 | 142 | 91 | 26 |
Mean daily sessions | 5 | 7 | 9 | 2 |
SD daily sessions | 7 | 12 | 9 | 4 |
Count of unique users | 807 | 1512 | 1767 | 90 |
Ratio of sessions: unique users | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.1 |
Percent users female | 39 | 37 | 38 | 53 |
Percent users older than 35 | 54 | 64 | 60 | 60 |
Description | Edmonton | Ottawa | Victoria | Kelowna |
---|---|---|---|---|
Incidents (count) | 104 | 316 | 216 | 9 |
Collisions (percent of incidents) | 22% | 13% | 24% | 22% |
Near misses (percent of incidents) | 40% | 34% | 43% | 33% |
Hazards (percent of incidents) | 21% | 47% | 26% | 22% |
Thefts (percent of incidents) | 16% | 5% | 7% | 22% |
Ratio of sessions: incident mapped | 10 | 6 | 14 | 17 |
Incidents (collisions and near-misses) with complete age and gender information | 65% | 67% | 68% | 67% |
Incidents reported by females | 38% | 40% | 31% | 0% |
Incidents reported by people older than 35 | 56% | 62% | 71% | 100% |
City | Start | End | Promotion Events | Sessions | Incidents | Median Age for Incidents | Gender for Incidents (% Female) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Victoria | 16 May 2016 | 3 June 2016 | Saanich news; Bike to work week | 349 | 37 | 32 | 32% |
Ottawa | 22 August 2016 | 26 August 2016 | City of Ottawa email newsletter | 256 | 65 | 38 | 34% |
Ottawa | 28 April 2016 | 12 May 2016 | MEC Facebook post | 238 | 31 | 49 | 36% |
Edmonton | 22 April 2016 | 2 May 2016 | Run, Walk, Ride; MEC Facebook post | 174 | 10 | 42 | 50% |
Victoria | 26 April 2016 | 4 May 2016 | MEC Facebook post | 172 | 10 | 51 | 60% |
Victoria | 11 January 2017 | 13 January 2017 | Times Colonist | 150 | 25 | 41 | 31% |
Ottawa | 12 July 2016 | 20 July 2016 | Seat cover blitz | 142 | 24 | 33 | 33% |
Edmonton | 13 June 2016 | 17 June 2016 | Swag; EBC Presentation | 133 | 24 | 32 | 27% |
Victoria | 19 September 2016 | 24 September 2016 | NA | 118 | 7 | 26 | 75% |
Victoria | 19 June 2016 | 24 June 2016 | NA | 102 | 8 | 51 | 14% |
Ottawa | 12 December 2016 | 15 December 2016 | MetroNews | 99 | 11 | 51 | 0% |
Victoria | 6 June 2016 | 10 June 2016 | NA | 78 | 2 | 48.5 | 50% |
Ottawa | 6 September 2016 | 8 September 2016 | NA | 73 | 6 | 38 | 33% |
Ottawa | 29 August 2016 | 2 September 2016 | NA | 68 | 10 | 33 | 43% |
Edmonton | 30 June 2016 | 5 July 2016 | EBC Newsletter | 66 | 19 | 34 | 62% |
City | Personal Vehicle | Public Transit | Walking | Bicycle |
---|---|---|---|---|
Edmonton | 82.2 | 11.3 | 4.1 | 1.1 |
Ottawa | 67.7 | 21.8 | 7.1 | 2.4 |
Victoria | 70.7 | 11.1 | 10.0 | 5.9 |
Kelowna | 87.2 | 3.4 | 4.9 | 2.6 |
City | Population 1 | Painted Lane | Separated Lane | Shared Lane | Multi-Use |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Edmonton | 1,366,050 | 27 | 0 | 9 | 301 |
Ottawa | 934,243 | 260 | 2 | 3 | 98 |
Victoria | 383,360 | 142 | 0 | 13 | 96 |
Kelowna | 194,882 | 199 | 0 | 0 | 11 |
Item | Response | Edmonton | Ottawa | Victoria | Kelowna | Overall |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Gender | Female | 297 (59%) | 283 (56%) | 275 (55%) | 160 (53%) | 1016 (56%) |
Male | 206 (41%) | 218 (47%) | 226 (45%) | 140 (47%) | 790 (41%) | |
Median Age | Years | 54 | 57 | 58 | 61 | 57 |
Bicycling is unsafe | Agree | 93 (18%) | 119 (24%) | 125 (25%) | 64 (21%) | 401 (22%) |
Disagree | 346 (59%) | 329 (66%) | 307 (61%) | 203 (68%) | 1185 (66%) | |
Don’t know | 64 (13%) | 53 (11%) | 70 (14%) | 33 (11%) | 220 (12%) | |
Bicycle lanes cause congestion * | Agree | 193 (38%) | 137 (27%) | 138 (27%) | 47 (16%) | 515 (29%) |
Disagree | 237 (47%) | 290 (58%) | 312 (62%) | 220 (73%) | 1059 (59%) | |
Don’t know | 73 (15%) | 74 (15%) | 52 (10%) | 33 (11%) | 232 (13%) | |
If you never ride a bicycle, please describe in your own words why | Physical ability | 71 (33%) | 58 (29%) | 88 (36%) | 59 (43%) | 276 (35%) |
Safety | 38 (17%) | 37 (18%) | 43 (18%) | 25 (18%) | 143 (18%) | |
Built environment | 37 (17%) | 43 (21%) | 51 (21%) | 14 (10%) | 145 (18%) | |
Convenience | 33 (15%) | 35 (17%) | 34 (14%) | 17 (13%) | 119 (15%) | |
Natural environment | 21 (10%) | 14 (7%) | 9 (4%) | 12 (9%) | 56 (7%) | |
Access to a bike | 6 (3%) | 6 (3%) | 11 (5%) | 6 (4%) | 29 (4%) | |
Other | 12 (6%) | 9 (4%) | 7 (3%) | 3 (2%) | 31 (4%) | |
If you never ride a bicycle, describe what would need to change for you to ride a bicycle | Physical ability | 40 (16%) | 37 (15%) | 55 (17%) | 25 (17%) | 157 (16%) |
Safety | 30 (12%) | 25 (10%) | 40 (12%) | 13 (9%) | 108 (11%) | |
Built environment | 79 (31%) | 71 (29%) | 95 (29%) | 50 (34%) | 295 (30%) | |
Convenience | 20 (8%) | 25 (10%) | 45 (14%) | 22 (15%) | 112 (11%) | |
Natural environment | 16 (6%) | 16 (7%) | 6 (2%) | 7 (5%) | 45 (5%) | |
Access to a bike | 31 (12%) | 44 (18%) | 52 (16%) | 16 (11%) | 143 (15%) | |
Social | 7 (3%) | 6 (2%) | 11 (3%) | 3 (2%) | 27 (3%) | |
Other | 29 (12%) | 20 (8%) | 28 (8%) | 12 (8%) | 89 (9%) |
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Share and Cite
Ferster, C.; Nelson, T.; Laberee, K.; Vanlaar, W.; Winters, M. Promoting Crowdsourcing for Urban Research: Cycling Safety Citizen Science in Four Cities. Urban Sci. 2017, 1, 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci1020021
Ferster C, Nelson T, Laberee K, Vanlaar W, Winters M. Promoting Crowdsourcing for Urban Research: Cycling Safety Citizen Science in Four Cities. Urban Science. 2017; 1(2):21. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci1020021
Chicago/Turabian StyleFerster, Colin, Trisalyn Nelson, Karen Laberee, Ward Vanlaar, and Meghan Winters. 2017. "Promoting Crowdsourcing for Urban Research: Cycling Safety Citizen Science in Four Cities" Urban Science 1, no. 2: 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci1020021
APA StyleFerster, C., Nelson, T., Laberee, K., Vanlaar, W., & Winters, M. (2017). Promoting Crowdsourcing for Urban Research: Cycling Safety Citizen Science in Four Cities. Urban Science, 1(2), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci1020021